scholarly journals Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in biota – levels and effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins ◽  
Chain Lengths

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are highly complex technical mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes with carbon-chain lengths from C10-C13 and chlorine content between 49 and 70%. They are produced by chlorination of n-alkanes and do not occur naturally. Because of their physical properties (viscosity, flame resistance) they are used in many different applications, such as lubricant additives, PVC plasticizers and flame retardants in paints, adhesives and sealants. Among the chlorinated paraffin mixtures, SCCPs have the highest potential for release into the environment, because of their higher vapour pressure and water solubility (about 10-100 times higher than for PCBs). SCCPs can reach the environment through production, storage or use, as well as through leeching, runoff and volatilization from contaminated areas. Despite the fact that they are one of the most challenging groups of compounds to quantify and analyze, SCCPs have been detected in biota and humans, as well as a variety of environmental matrices such as sediments and air. SCCPs have also been detected in remote places such as the Arctic (Reth et al., 2006) and dated sediment cores, suggesting long-range atmospheric transport and persistence in the environment. SCCPs have been found to be toxic to aquatic and soil organisms, fish and there is some evidence of carcinogenicity. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge and highlights the need for further research in order to improve future monitoring efforts.

scholarly journals Status of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in matrices and research gap priorities in Africa: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (38) ◽  
pp. 52844-52861
Author(s):  
Vhodaho Nevondo ◽  
Okechukwu Jonathan Okonkwo
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Stockholm Convention ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Indoor Dust ◽  
Guidance Document ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Gap

AbstractChlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been applied as additives in a wide range of consumer products, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, mining conveyor belts, paints, sealants, adhesives and as flame retardants. Consequently, CPs have been found in many matrices. Of all the CP groups, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have raised an alarming concern globally due to their toxicity, persistence and long-range transportation in the environment. As a result, SCCPs were listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in May 2017. Additionally, a limit for the presence of SCCPs in other CP mixtures was set at 1% by weight. CPs can be released into the environment throughout their life cycle; therefore, it becomes crucial to assess their effects in different matrices. Although about 199 studies on SCCP concentration in different matrices have been published in other continents; however, there are scarce/or limited studies on SCCP concentration in Africa, particularly on consumer products, landfill leachates and sediment samples. So far, published studies on SCCP concentration in the continent include SCCPs in egg samples, e-waste recycling area and indoor dust in Ghana and South Africa, despite absence of any production of SCCPs in Africa. However, there still remains a huge research gap in the continent of Africa on SCCPs. Consequently, there is a need to develop robust SCCP inventories in Africa since the Stockholm Convention has already developed guidance document in this respect. This review, therefore, examines the state of knowledge pertaining to the levels and trends of these contaminants in Africa and further provides research gaps that need to be considered in order to better understand the global scale of the contaminant.

scholarly journals Carbon Chain Decomposition of Short Chain Chlorinated Paraffins Mediated by Pumpkin and Soybean Seedlings

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 6765-6772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanlin Li ◽  
Xingwang Hou ◽  
Weifang Chen ◽  
Jiyan Liu ◽  
Qunfang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Decomposition ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins

scholarly journals The underlying challenges that arise when analysing short-chain chlorinated paraffins in environmental matrices

2020 ◽  
Vol 1610 ◽  
pp. 460550 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. van Mourik ◽  
R. Lava ◽  
J. O'Brien ◽  
P.E.G. Leonards ◽  
J. de Boer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Chain ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins

scholarly journals Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Growth onO-Acylcarnitines and Identification of a Short-Chain Acylcarnitine Hydrolase

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 3355-3363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie A. Meadows ◽  
Matthew J. Wargo
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Genomic Location ◽  
Amine Compounds ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

ABSTRACTTo survive in various environments, from host tissue to soil, opportunistic bacterial pathogens must be metabolically flexible and able to use a variety of nutrient sources. We are interested inPseudomonas aeruginosa's catabolism of quaternary amine compounds that are prevalent in association with eukaryotes. Carnitine and acylcarnitines are abundant in animal tissues, particularly skeletal muscle, and are used to shuttle fatty acids in and out of the mitochondria, where they undergo β-oxidation. We previously identified the genes required for carnitine catabolism as the first four genes in the carnitine operon (caiX-cdhCAB;PA5388toPA5385). However, the last gene in the operon,PA5384, was not required for carnitine catabolism. We were interested in determining the function of PA5384. Bioinformatic analyses along with the genomic location ofPA5384led us to hypothesize a role for PA5384 in acylcarnitine catabolism. Here, we have characterized PA5384 as anl-enantiomer-specific short-chain acylcarnitine hydrolase that is required for growth and hydrolysis of acetyl- and butyrylcarnitine to carnitine and the respective short-chain fatty acid. The liberated carnitine and its downstream catabolic product, glycine betaine, are subsequently available to function as osmoprotectants in hyperosmotic environments and induce transcription of the virulence factor phospholipase C,plcH. Furthermore, we confirmed that acylcarnitines with 2- to 16-carbon chain lengths, except for octanoylcarnitine (8 carbons), can be utilized byP. aeruginosaas sole carbon and nitrogen sources. These findings expand our knowledge of short-chain acylcarnitine catabolism and also point to remaining questions related to acylcarnitine transport and hydrolysis of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines.

scholarly journals Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1701
Author(s):  
R. A. Ilyas ◽  
S. M. Sapuan ◽  
M. R. M. Asyraf ◽  
D. A. Z. N. Dayana ◽  
J. J. N. Amelia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Thermoplastic Composites ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Metal Derivatives ◽  
Resistance Performance

Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used in recent years, particularly as flame retardants, due to their superior characteristics, including high thermal behavior, low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. The fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing the combustion capability of composite materials through the inclusion of metallic fireproof materials to protect the composites. The final properties of the metal-filled thermoplastic composites depend on several factors, including pore shape and distribution and morphology of metal particles. For example, fire safety equipment uses polyester thermoplastic and antimony sources with halogenated additives. The use of metals as additives in composites has captured the attention of researchers worldwide due to safety concern in consideration of people’s life and public properties. This review establishes the state-of-art flame resistance properties of metals/polymer composites for numerous industrial applications.

scholarly journals Medium- and Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in Mature Maize Plants and Corresponding Agricultural Soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weifang Chen ◽  
Xingwang Hou ◽  
Yanwei Liu ◽  
Xinxiao Hu ◽  
Jiyan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins ◽  
Maize Plants
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