Ransoming Russians from Tatars: Justification and Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Donald Ostrowski
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Sliding Scale ◽  
The Government ◽  
Modern Russian

The early modern Russian government and Russian Orthodox Church identified as one of their main duties the ransoming of Russian Christians from Muslim Tatar captors. The process of ransoming could be an involved one with negotiations being carried on by different agents and by the potential ransomees themselves. Different amounts of ransom were paid on a sliding scale depending upon the ransomee’s social status, gender, and age. One of our main sources for the justification of this practice was the Stoglav (100 Chapters) Church Council in 1551, which discussed the issue of ransom in some detail. The Law Code (Ulozhenie) of 1649 specifies the conditions and amounts to be paid to redeem captives. Church writers justified the ransoming of Christian captives of the Muslim Tatars by citing Scripture, and they also specified that the government should pay the ransom out of its own treasury.

scholarly journals Early Modern Russian State, "Tsar’s Discourse" and Russian Orthodox Church in the XV-XVII Centuries

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara I. Lipich ◽  
Vasiliy V. Lipich ◽  
Tatiana M. Penskaya ◽  
Vitaly V. Penskoy ◽  
Roman V. Shilishpanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Modern Russian

scholarly journals The Yedinoverie Church in the Dnipro Ukraine in the structure of the Russian Orthodox Church (the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries)

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Natalia Dianova
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Article ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

In the presented scientific article, an attempt was made to study the origins of the origin of the Yedinoverie Church in the Dnipro Ukraine, the main stages of its development in the 19th and early 20th centuries and the definition of a place of common faith in the structure of the Russian Orthodox Church. Historical conditions and peculiarities of the emergence of uniformity are analyzed as a form of compromise between the Old Believers and the official Orthodox Church. The role of the Slavonic and Kherson Archbishop Nikifor (Feotoki) in the origin of the common religion and the reaction of the Holy Synod to its actions is examined. The process of creating Yedinoverie Church and the dynamics of its development in different regions of the Dnipro Ukraine is studied. In the context of the topic under consideration, scientific and interest documents are published and archived, which give an opportunity to consider certain aspects of the activities of the clergymen of the faith Edinoverie Church. The attitude of soviet power and the official Orthodox Church to the unity of faith at various stages of the period under investigation is considered. The main criteria of pressure on the Old Believers to join them in the Yedinoverie Church are clarified. It is noted that the activities of the Russian government did not bring the desired results and the number of co-religionists did not increase significantly. The reasons were the unwillingness of the Old Believers to change their spiritual priorities and the disappointment in the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church. With time, already in the first half of the XX century, the Yedinoverie Church, fulfilling its mission of associating schismatics with official Orthodoxy, became an integral part of the Russian Orthodox Church. Its church temples and monasteries gradually changed their status to Orthodox.

scholarly journals History of the Syrian Christians on the pages of the book “The Urmia Tragedy. The Life of the Holy Martyr Pimen (Belolikov, 1879–1918), Bishop of Semirechensk and Vernen”

2021 ◽  
pp. 946-952
Author(s):  
Z. P. Inozemtseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comprehensive Study

The peer-reviewed monographic study by Archimandrite Damaskin (Orlovsky), dedicated to the little-studied problem of the missionary activity of the Russian Orthodox Church and the policy of the Russian government towards the Christian part of the Syrian people, has been carried out on the basis of a vast array of archival primary sources, many of which have been thus introduced into scientific use. It is noted that the peer-reviewed work is one of the first, where the author, acting simultaneously as historian and as agiator, recreates the historical canvas of the saint’s life on the basis of a comprehensive study of archival sources, including documented testimonies of persons who were canonized, but whose names and works were crossed out from the official historiography. The review shows that the historical and agiographic context of the author's study has allowed him to quickly and comprehensively recreate historical facts and events, fates of individuals and to reveal their morality. The reviewer appreciates the historical significance of the book's materials, believing that they deserve the closest attention of historians, foreign policy specialists, political scientists, clergy, scholars in historical psychology. The book will be of interest to teachers and students studying the history of religions and of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Attempts to Restore the Institution of Deaconess at the end of the Synodal Period and Possible Actualization in the Modern Russian Church

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-210
Author(s):  
Андрей Александрович Зотин
Keyword(s):  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
History Of ◽  
Modern Russian

В трудах Е. Е. Голубинского и С. В. Троицкого есть размышления о просфирнях как о воз можных преемницах диаконисс. В этом контексте представляется интересным проанализировать гипотезы Е. Е. Голубинского и С. В. Троицкого относительно преемства русских просфирен и византийских диаконисс, и в свете новых открывшихся данных попытать ся определить возможную вероятность гипотезы. Помимо этого в Русской Церкви не однократно предпринимались попытки возрождения этого древнего чина, что в свою очередь наталкивает на соображения относительно возможного восстановления института диаконисс в Русской Церкви сегодня. Открывается перспектива для размышлений o том, нужен ли древний институт Русской Церкви, какими возможными функциями можно наделить их представительниц и есть ли место для диаконис в иерархической устройстве Русской Церкви. В статье - с учётом современных канонических и литургических исследований - анализируются гипотезы Е. Е. Голубинского и С. В. Троицкого, затем, на основании краткого рассмотрения истории чина диаконисс в Древней Церкви и освещения попыток восстановления института служительниц в конце Синодального периода, автором предлагаются возможные канонические границы служения диаконисс в современной Русской Православной Церкви. Based on a brief review of the history of the rite of deaconesses in the ancient Church and coverage of attempts to restore the institution of ministers at the end of the Synodal period, the author suggests possible canonical boundaries of the ministry of deaconesses in the modern Russian Orthodox Church.

scholarly journals The Construction of Russian Orthodox Churches in Erebuni

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
В.С. Блохин
Keyword(s):  
Political Connections ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Parochial School ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Administrative Center ◽  
Apostolic Church

Актуальность выбранной тематики определяется современным состоянием связей между Русской православной и Армянской апостольской церквами. Систематический характер данные связи приобрели после вхождения Восточной Армении в состав России. В настоящее время деятельность православных храмов на территории Армении и армянских епархий в России является одним из факторов, способствующих укреплению не только церковных, но и политических отношений между двумя государствами. Цель статьи — анализ феномена возникновения русских православных храмов в административном центре Восточной Армении — Эривани (совр. Ереван, Республика Армения), во второй половине XIX — начале XX века. Кратко приводится степень изученности указанной тематики. Предмет исследования составляет комплекс обстоятельств, связанных с процессом появления русских православных храмов в Эривани. На основании неопубликованных ранее архивных источников из фондов Национального архива Республики Армения воссозданы детали строительства церковноприходской школы и Николаевского православного кафедрального собора, показаны технические недостатки здания собора, обнаружившиеся в ходе его использования для богослужебных целей, приведены имена и фамилии первых священнослужителей собора. Проанализированный материал позволяет сформулировать вывод об укреплении к рубежу XIX–XX веков позиций Русской православной церкви в Восточной Армении в целом и в Эривани как губернском центре в частности, что было вызвано в наибольшей степени политическими мотивами: активизацией русификаторского курса в Закавказье, стремлением Российского правительства воздействовать на русских сектантов. Историческое значение процесса возникновения православных храмов в Эривани заключается, во-первых, в появлении традиций русского православия в будущей столице Армении, во-вторых, в создании обстоятельств для учреждения Эриванского (Ереванского) викариатства Русской православной церкви в 1912 году и, в-третьих, в поддержании межконфессиональных связей между Русской православной и Армянской апостольской церквами в современных условиях. The present state of relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Armenian Apostolic Church accounts for the relevance of the issues discussed in the article. When Eastern Armenia became part of Russia, the relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Armenian Apostolic Church acquired a systemic character. In our time, Russian Orthodox churches functioning in the territory of Armenia and Armenian eparchies promote religious and political connections between the two countries. The aim of the article is to analyze the construction of Russian Orthodox churches in Erebuni, the administrative center of Eastern Armenia (now known as Yerevan, the capital of the Republic of Armenia) in the late 19th— early 20th centuries. The article explores the circumstances associated with the appearance of Russian Orthodox churches in Erebuni. The article investigates previously unpublished archival documents stored in the National Archival Fund of the Republic of Armenia. The article reconstructs the details of the construction of St. Nicolas Orthodox Cathedral and Erebuni parochial school. The article shows some architectural drawbacks of the cathedral which became obvious when the cathedral was opened and started functioning. The article provides names and surnames of the first priests who served in the cathedral. The analyzed data enables the author to conclude that at the turn of the 19th — 20th centuries, the Russian Orthodox church strengthened its position in Erebuni and in Eastern Armenia, in general. The situation was politically motivated by the pro-Russian sentiments Transcaucasia and by the desire of the Russian government to exert pressure on Russian sectaries. The appearance of Russian Orthodox churches in Erebuni is historically significant, for it encouraged the spread of Russian Orthodox traditions in the capital of Armenia, promoted the establishment of the Armenian Apostolic Vicariate in Russia in 1912, and encouraged the inter-confessional relations between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Armenian Apostolic Church in modern conditions.

scholarly journals Męczeństwo i zniewolenie Rosyjskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej w latach 1917-1970

Sympozjum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2 (41)) ◽  
pp. 167-221
Author(s):  
Marian Radwan
Keyword(s):  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Unsuccessful Attempt ◽  
Theological Schools ◽  
Security Service ◽  
The Government

Martyrdom and enslavement of the Russian Orthodox Church (1917-1970) The Russian Orthodox Church was deprived of a patriarch by the tsar Peter I the Great in 1721 and since then had been ruled by every next monarch. The position of a patriarch was restored in 1917, when the Synod chose Tikhon Biellavin (died in 1925), by secret voting. When the Russian Provisional Government was overthrown by bolsheviks, the new government started to subordinate the Orthodox Church. There were many attempts of destroying the Orthodox Church by pro-government religious groups, deceptional taking over the Orthodox administration, accusing the Patriarch Tikhon, and executing people defending churches during sacral pretiosas depriving action. The Orthodox Church’s independence was cut short in 1927 after the so-called Declaration of Metropolitan Sergei Stragorodski was published. Since then, his opponents had been persecuted, and his supporters had got promoted. The process of the Russian Orthodox Church enslavement ended when the Council of the Russian Orthodox Church Affairs with the security service officer Karpow as a director was established. The Council had its impact on the election of patriarchs Stragorodski and Simansky and bishops nominations. Orthodox churches, theological schools, monasteries, were liquidated massively, the 169 Męczeństwo i zniewolenie Rosyjskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej w latach 1917-1970 number of dioceses was reduced, as well. On the Karpov’s and the government order, there was an unsuccessful attempt of establishing the Orthodox Vatican in Moscow. Patriarchs Stragorodsky and Simansky ruled according to governmental demands, not faithful people’s needs. Od 1721 roku z woli cara Piotra Wielkiego Rosyjska Cerkiew Prawosławna została pozbawiona patriarchy i na jej czele stawał każdorazowy monarcha. Urząd ten został przywrócony dopiero w 1917 roku, kiedy Synod w tajnym głosowaniu doprowadził do wyboru metropolity T. Biełławina (†1925). Po obaleniu Rządu Tymczasowego przez bolszewików nowe władze podjęły starania o podporządkowanie sobie Cerkwi. W ramach tej inicjatywy podejmowano próby rozbicia Cerkwi przez prorządowe ugrupowania religijne (np. Żywa Cerkiew W. Wwiedienskiego, Ruch georgiewski G. Jackowskiego), podstępne przejęcie administracji cerkiewnej, przygotowania do postawienia przed sądem patriarchy Tichona, wykonanie wyroków śmierci na osobach broniących cerkwi podczas akcji odbierania cerkwiom sakralnych precjozów. Niezależność Cerkwi została złamana w 1927 roku po publikacji tzw. Deklaracji metropolity S. Stragorodz168 kiego. Jego oponenci odtąd byli prześladowani (P. Polańskij, C. Smirnow, J. Petrowych), a lojalni duchowni awansowani. Powołanie tzw. Rady ds. Rosyjskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej na czele z oficerem władz bezpieczeństwa G. Karpowem zakończyło proces zniewalania Cerkwi. Rada ta manipulowała wyborem patriarchy Stragorodzkiego i A. Szymańskiego oraz nominacjami biskupów. Masowo likwidowano cerkwie, szkolnictwo teologiczne, klasztory, redukowano liczbę diecezji. Na polecenie władz z udziałem Karpowa podjęto nieudaną próbę utworzenia w Moskwie Prawosławnego Watykanu. Zarówno Stragorodzki, jak i Szymański kierowali się głównie żądaniami władz politycznych a nie oczekiwaniami wiernych.

scholarly journals Foreign policy factor in State-Church relations in the Soviet Union during World War II and early post-war

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Especial II) ◽  
pp. 170-179
Author(s):  
Ruslan Rustamovich Ibragimov ◽  
Aivaz Minnegosmanovich Fazliev ◽  
Chulpan Khamitovna Samatova ◽  
Boturzhon Khamidovich Alimov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War

The objective of the research was to study Russian State and Orthodox church relations in the context of world war II and the early post-war years. The line of this article is due to the important role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the history, modern political and cultural life of Russia. In this sense, the period of State-Church relations in the USSR during world war II, known in Russia as a great patriotic war, is of great scientific interest because it was the time when the government was forced to make adjustments to its religion policy. Methodologically based on a wide range of documentary sources, the authors of the article have identified the place and role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the foreign policy of the USSR during the approach. In this sense, it is felt that the role of the Russian Orthodox Church in building relations with the allies of the anti-Hitler coalition and its place in the expansion of the Soviet political system in Eastern Europe was of paramount importance as a foreign policy factor.

scholarly journals Russian Foreign Ministry and the Reorganization of Russian Orthodox Churches Abroad in 1860-s

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
V. O. Pechatnov ◽  
V. V. Pechatnov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Balance Of Interests ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Ministry

Based on the unearthed documents from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire, the article examines an interaction of Russian diplomacy and Russian orthodox churches abroad in the process of their reform in the early 1860-s. This reorganization was undertaken in context of the “Great reforms” of Alexander II and aimed at rationalization of the previous system of subordination of those churches to civil and ecclesiastical authorities in St. Petersburg. The architects of the reform initiated by the Tzar himself sought to create a unified system of subordination and financing of those churches with identical criteria for their personnel, their rights and duties vis-à-vis heads of diplomatic missions. Accordingly, the Russian Foreign Ministry became responsible for their operation and financing while in ecclesiastical matters they were to answer to the Holy Synod. Foreign Ministry and personally Alexander Gorchakov, as demonstrated in the article, played a leading role in the reform preparation and implementation conducted on an inter-agency basis with the Holy Synod, Ministry of the Court and Finance Ministry taking part. The heads of diplomatic missions and of the affiliated churches were also consulted in the process. The authors trace all stages of these complex negotiations that resulted in achieving a balance of interests between all the actors involved. The newly created system proved to be quite efficient and lasted till the end of the Russian empire. The reorganization revealed a state of the churches abroad and their clergy that was a crème of Russian Orthodox Church. The reform experience is also instructive as a case study of Russian government apparatus in action.

Church–state conflict in Moldova: the Bessarabian Metropolitanate

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucian Turcescu ◽  
Lavinia Stan
Keyword(s):  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
European Court ◽  
History Of ◽  
Romanian Orthodox Church ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The article’s main focus is the relationship between the re-established Bessarabian Orthodox Metropolitanate and the government of the post-Soviet Republic of Moldova. The article demonstrates that the Moldovan government refused recognition to the nascent church until 2002 primarily for two reasons: first and foremost, the Moscow Patriarchate opposed the idea of another Orthodox Christian church in Moldova outside of its jurisdiction; second, the government feared that the newly independent Republic of Moldova would fall under the influence of neighboring Romania, whose Orthodox Church offered patronage to the Bessarabian Metropolitanate. After a historical overview of the Orthodox Church in the Republic of Moldova, the article first presents and analyzes the history of the conflict between the Bessarabian Metropolitanate and the post-Soviet Moldovan government, and second, the European Court of Human Rights verdict ordering the government to recognize the Metropolitanate, before verdict’s implementation, and reactions to it. All these are done with an eye on intra-national relations among Moldova, Romania, and Russia, as well as those between the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church in connection with this conflict.

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