scholarly journals Męczeństwo i zniewolenie Rosyjskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej w latach 1917-1970

Sympozjum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (2 (41)) ◽  
pp. 167-221
Author(s):  
Marian Radwan
Keyword(s):  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Unsuccessful Attempt ◽  
Theological Schools ◽  
Security Service ◽  
The Government

Martyrdom and enslavement of the Russian Orthodox Church (1917-1970) The Russian Orthodox Church was deprived of a patriarch by the tsar Peter I the Great in 1721 and since then had been ruled by every next monarch. The position of a patriarch was restored in 1917, when the Synod chose Tikhon Biellavin (died in 1925), by secret voting. When the Russian Provisional Government was overthrown by bolsheviks, the new government started to subordinate the Orthodox Church. There were many attempts of destroying the Orthodox Church by pro-government religious groups, deceptional taking over the Orthodox administration, accusing the Patriarch Tikhon, and executing people defending churches during sacral pretiosas depriving action. The Orthodox Church’s independence was cut short in 1927 after the so-called Declaration of Metropolitan Sergei Stragorodski was published. Since then, his opponents had been persecuted, and his supporters had got promoted. The process of the Russian Orthodox Church enslavement ended when the Council of the Russian Orthodox Church Affairs with the security service officer Karpow as a director was established. The Council had its impact on the election of patriarchs Stragorodski and Simansky and bishops nominations. Orthodox churches, theological schools, monasteries, were liquidated massively, the 169 Męczeństwo i zniewolenie Rosyjskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej w latach 1917-1970 number of dioceses was reduced, as well. On the Karpov’s and the government order, there was an unsuccessful attempt of establishing the Orthodox Vatican in Moscow. Patriarchs Stragorodsky and Simansky ruled according to governmental demands, not faithful people’s needs. Od 1721 roku z woli cara Piotra Wielkiego Rosyjska Cerkiew Prawosławna została pozbawiona patriarchy i na jej czele stawał każdorazowy monarcha. Urząd ten został przywrócony dopiero w 1917 roku, kiedy Synod w tajnym głosowaniu doprowadził do wyboru metropolity T. Biełławina (†1925). Po obaleniu Rządu Tymczasowego przez bolszewików nowe władze podjęły starania o podporządkowanie sobie Cerkwi. W ramach tej inicjatywy podejmowano próby rozbicia Cerkwi przez prorządowe ugrupowania religijne (np. Żywa Cerkiew W. Wwiedienskiego, Ruch georgiewski G. Jackowskiego), podstępne przejęcie administracji cerkiewnej, przygotowania do postawienia przed sądem patriarchy Tichona, wykonanie wyroków śmierci na osobach broniących cerkwi podczas akcji odbierania cerkwiom sakralnych precjozów. Niezależność Cerkwi została złamana w 1927 roku po publikacji tzw. Deklaracji metropolity S. Stragorodz168 kiego. Jego oponenci odtąd byli prześladowani (P. Polańskij, C. Smirnow, J. Petrowych), a lojalni duchowni awansowani. Powołanie tzw. Rady ds. Rosyjskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej na czele z oficerem władz bezpieczeństwa G. Karpowem zakończyło proces zniewalania Cerkwi. Rada ta manipulowała wyborem patriarchy Stragorodzkiego i A. Szymańskiego oraz nominacjami biskupów. Masowo likwidowano cerkwie, szkolnictwo teologiczne, klasztory, redukowano liczbę diecezji. Na polecenie władz z udziałem Karpowa podjęto nieudaną próbę utworzenia w Moskwie Prawosławnego Watykanu. Zarówno Stragorodzki, jak i Szymański kierowali się głównie żądaniami władz politycznych a nie oczekiwaniami wiernych.

Ransoming Russians from Tatars: Justification and Practice

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Donald Ostrowski
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Sliding Scale ◽  
The Government ◽  
Modern Russian

The early modern Russian government and Russian Orthodox Church identified as one of their main duties the ransoming of Russian Christians from Muslim Tatar captors. The process of ransoming could be an involved one with negotiations being carried on by different agents and by the potential ransomees themselves. Different amounts of ransom were paid on a sliding scale depending upon the ransomee’s social status, gender, and age. One of our main sources for the justification of this practice was the Stoglav (100 Chapters) Church Council in 1551, which discussed the issue of ransom in some detail. The Law Code (Ulozhenie) of 1649 specifies the conditions and amounts to be paid to redeem captives. Church writers justified the ransoming of Christian captives of the Muslim Tatars by citing Scripture, and they also specified that the government should pay the ransom out of its own treasury.

Winning the Battle by Losing the War: The Lautsi Case and the Holy Alliance between American Conservative Evangelicals, the Russian Orthodox Church and the Vatican to Reshape European Identity

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasquale Annicchino
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
European Court ◽  
Grand Chamber ◽  
Pyrrhic Victory

The compulsory display of crucifixes in Italian public schools does not violate the European Convention on Human Rights. The victory before the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in the Lautsi judgment of a variegated coalition of actors ranging from the strong alliance between the Vatican and the Italian Government to the Russia of the New Orthodoxy as well as to American Conservative Evangelicals, promises to change our understanding of church-state relationship in Europe and signals the emergence of a ‘new ecumenism’ in which the religious groups of different traditions work together toward common political goals. But was this judgment a real success for the Holy Alliance that successfully overturned the first Lautsi decision? I will argue that the March 2011 decision may result in a pyrrhic victory. The continuous reliance on State support to defend majority religious privileges may endanger, rather than benefit, religious vitality.

scholarly journals Splits and sects in the Azov region and the authorities of the Russian Empire: Failed compromise in the nineteenth century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-489
Author(s):  
Tamara S. Olenich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Interfaith Relations ◽  
Azov Region ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the features of the emergence and spread of sectarian organizations and Old Believer communities in the Azov region in the 19th century. It is shown that the processes of the spread of sectarian organizations century were very active, which is explained by the fact that sectarian organizations had a broad social base and expanded dynamically, despite restrictions from the official government. The laws in force at that time limited the activities carried out by the Russian Orthodox Church in counteracting the process of promoting sectarian teachings at that time. The article illustrates that some of the representatives of sectarianism disguised themselves as Orthodox and compactly lived within the boundaries of church parishes. Proselytizing sectarianism was especially active in the territory of the Yekaterinoslav province by organizations such as the Molokans, Khlysts, Skoptsy, Old Believers, and others. This article characterizes the prevailing political and legal conditions for the spread of the sects, as well as the features of the system of religious relations that have developed in the region. On the basis of archival data, the number of such sects as the Molokans, the Whips, the Old Believers and the Evangelists, etc., was studied. The specificity of religious relations between representatives of different religious groups in the Azov region is analyzed within the framework of a unique phenomenon — a polymodel system of the interfaith relations.

scholarly journals The Moscow Theological Academy during the rectorate of Archbishop Filaret (Vahromeyev) (1966-1973): A Historical Sketch

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-113
Author(s):  
Иоанн Кечкин ◽  
Илья Рязанов
Keyword(s):  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Archival Data ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Theological Seminary ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Theological Schools ◽  
Scientific Potential ◽  
History Of ◽  
Doctoral Dissertations ◽  
Historical Sketch

Статья посвящена истории Московских духовных школ во время ректорства архиепископа Филарета (Вахромеева). На основании архивных данных рассмотрена личность владыки Филарета, его путь от студента Московской духовной семинарии до ректора академии. В этот период Академия продолжает развивать свой научный потенциал, пишутся и защищаются как магистерские, так и докторские диссертации. К преподаванию в Академии привлекаются наиболее способные выпускники. Московскую духовную академию посещают многочисленные официальные иностранные делегации, что даёт Академии возможность играть всё более важную роль во внешней деятельности Русской Православной Церкви. The article is devoted to the history of Moscow Theological Schools during the rectorcy of Archbishop Filaret (Vahromeev). Based on archival data, the personality of Vladyka Filaret and his path from a student at Moscow Theological Seminary to Rector of the Academy is examined. During this period the Academy continues to develop its scientific potential, both master's and doctoral dissertations are written and defended. The most gifted graduates are attracted to teaching in the Academy. Numerous official foreign delegations visit the Moscow Theological Academy, which enables the Academy to play an increasingly important role in external activities of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Legal Training of Graduates of Theological Schools

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
Александр Задорнов
Keyword(s):  
Canon Law ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Canonical Theory ◽  
Theological Schools ◽  
The Future ◽  
Legal Training

Актуальные программы бакалавриата и магистратуры духовных школ Русской Православной Церкви должны обеспечить, среди прочего, появление целого поколения квалифицированных церковных правоведов. Последние должны быть способны не только представлять актуальные аналитические доклады, исходящие из канонической теории, но и создать ту практику правоприменения, которая позволит развиваться каноническому праву в будущем. В настоящей статье рассматриваются возможности и перспективы повышения правовой подготовки студентов духовных школ, а также первоочередные задачи для этой работы. The actual programs of undergraduate and master’s studies of theological schools of the Russian Orthodox Church should ensure, among other things, the emergence of a whole generation of qualified Church legal scholars. The latter should be able not only to present rel evant analytical reports emanating from canonical theory, but also to create the practice of en forcement that will allow the development of canon law in the future. This article examines the possibilities and prospects for improving the legal training of students of theological schools, as well as the priorities for this work.

scholarly journals Foreign policy factor in State-Church relations in the Soviet Union during World War II and early post-war

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Especial II) ◽  
pp. 170-179
Author(s):  
Ruslan Rustamovich Ibragimov ◽  
Aivaz Minnegosmanovich Fazliev ◽  
Chulpan Khamitovna Samatova ◽  
Boturzhon Khamidovich Alimov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
World War ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War

The objective of the research was to study Russian State and Orthodox church relations in the context of world war II and the early post-war years. The line of this article is due to the important role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the history, modern political and cultural life of Russia. In this sense, the period of State-Church relations in the USSR during world war II, known in Russia as a great patriotic war, is of great scientific interest because it was the time when the government was forced to make adjustments to its religion policy. Methodologically based on a wide range of documentary sources, the authors of the article have identified the place and role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the foreign policy of the USSR during the approach. In this sense, it is felt that the role of the Russian Orthodox Church in building relations with the allies of the anti-Hitler coalition and its place in the expansion of the Soviet political system in Eastern Europe was of paramount importance as a foreign policy factor.

Church–state conflict in Moldova: the Bessarabian Metropolitanate

2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucian Turcescu ◽  
Lavinia Stan
Keyword(s):  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
European Court ◽  
History Of ◽  
Romanian Orthodox Church ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The article’s main focus is the relationship between the re-established Bessarabian Orthodox Metropolitanate and the government of the post-Soviet Republic of Moldova. The article demonstrates that the Moldovan government refused recognition to the nascent church until 2002 primarily for two reasons: first and foremost, the Moscow Patriarchate opposed the idea of another Orthodox Christian church in Moldova outside of its jurisdiction; second, the government feared that the newly independent Republic of Moldova would fall under the influence of neighboring Romania, whose Orthodox Church offered patronage to the Bessarabian Metropolitanate. After a historical overview of the Orthodox Church in the Republic of Moldova, the article first presents and analyzes the history of the conflict between the Bessarabian Metropolitanate and the post-Soviet Moldovan government, and second, the European Court of Human Rights verdict ordering the government to recognize the Metropolitanate, before verdict’s implementation, and reactions to it. All these are done with an eye on intra-national relations among Moldova, Romania, and Russia, as well as those between the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Russian Orthodox Church in connection with this conflict.

scholarly journals Russian Orthodoxy, Russian Nationalism, and Patriarch Aleksii II

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Knox
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Cultural Body ◽  
The Military

The Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) is a highly visible institution in Russia, and arguably the most prominent and influential religious or cultural body. The Orthodox Church figures prominently in various discussions as the driving force behind Russia's post-Soviet renewal and recovery. Surveys show that Russians trust the Orthodox Church more than any other public institution, including law courts, trade unions, mass media, the military, the police and the government. Estimates of the number of self-identified Orthodox adherents range from 50 million, which amounts to slightly more than one-third of Russia's population, to 70 million, or roughly one half of the population. A leading newspaper consistently ranks Patriarch Aleksii II, head of the Moscow Patriarchate, the governing body of the Orthodox Church, in the top 15 of the country's most influential political figures. These indicators confirm that the Orthodox Church has a significant role in Russia's post-Soviet development. This is widely accepted by commentators both within and without the Orthodox Church, and within and without Russia.

scholarly journals International Activity of the Russian Orthodox Church during the “New Deal” Between the State and the Church. Periodization and the Elements of Crisis

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 104-129
Author(s):  
A. L. BEGLOV
Keyword(s):  
New Deal ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Unsuccessful Attempt ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
International Activities ◽  
The New Deal ◽  
The Church

The article describes the international activities of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate during the “new deal” in the state-church relations (late 1930s – first half of the 1950s). Depending on the direction of the international activities of the Russian Church, which the Soviet leadership considered to be the priority of the moment, the author outlines five main stages of the “new deal”. The first stage dated to the late 1930s – 1943, when the “new policy” remained a secret policy of the Stalinist leadership aimed at including Orthodox religious structures in the new territories, included into the USSR in 1939–1940, into the management system of the Moscow Patriarchate, and then to establish contacts with allies on religious channels through the anti-Hitler coalition. The second stage occurred in 1943–1948, when the main efforts of church diplomacy were aimed at including the Orthodox Churches of Eastern Europe in the orbit the influence of the Moscow Patriarchate and (after 1945) an unsuccessful attempt was made to achieve the leading role of the Russian Orthodox Church in the world Orthodoxy. The third stage occurred in 1948– 1949, when the crisis of the “new deal” took shape. Finally, the fourth stage began after 1949 with the inclusion of the Russian Orthodox Church in the international movement for peace and overcoming the crisis of state-church relations. The author pays special attention to the Moscow meeting of the heads and representatives of the Orthodox Churches of 1948, which revealed a divergence in the interests of the state and the Church and launched a crisis of the “new deal”. In addition, the article makes an excursion into the history of foreign policy activity of representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church in the period before the 1917 revolution, as well as its international relations in the interwar period�

The Missionizing Marketplace

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellie R. Schainker
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Literary Biographies

Chapter 2 uses the story of the convert from Judaism turned missionary Alexander Alekseev to highlight the overall reactive missionary policy of the state and the Orthodox Church with regard to Jews. The chapter analyzes self-appointed convert missionaries, their struggles with the strict translation politics of the Holy Synod, and how many leveraged foreign, non-Orthodox investments in proselytizing Jews to access Hebrew and Yiddish publications of scriptures. The intellectual and literary biographies of individual convert missionaries further illuminate how toleration and multiconfessionalism created ambivalence about proselytizing Jews, and how everyday Jewish encounters with Christianity were mediated by a range of religious groups beyond just the Russian Orthodox Church. These convert cum missionary stories are instructive for thinking about how converts navigated the multiconfessional landscape and were acutely aware of the marketplace of religion for Jews in a confessional state.

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