Do Small Powers Retrench?

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-92
Author(s):  
Ritsa Panagiotou ◽  
Nikolaos Tzifakis
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Policy Shift ◽  
Small Powers ◽  
Power And Influence

Abstract This article analyses and develops the rationale behind the foreign policy of the syriza-led government towards the Western Balkans. It challenges the prevalent view in the academic literature that there was continuity between policies of the syriza government and its predecessors. By analysing the track record of Greek foreign policy towards the region from 2009 to 2019, it argues that from mid-2016 onwards syriza implemented a major policy shift and adopted a policy of retrenchment. This change was a response to the country’s diminished economic and diplomatic power and influence in the region, as well as a reaction to the widening gap between Greek and Turkish capabilities. The adjustment of Greek foreign policy to the realities of the protracted economic crisis demonstrates that the theory of MacDonald and Parent concerning the policies followed by great powers in acute economic decline may also be applied to the study of policies followed by small powers in decline.

Geopolitics and Domestic Politics: Greece's Policy Towards the Great Powers During the Unravelling of the Inter-War Order, 1934–1936

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-156
Author(s):  
SOTIRIS RIZAS
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
Political Dynamics ◽  
Policy Shift

AbstractThis article examines the evolution of Greece's foreign policy from a position of relative detachment to an increasing involvement in international affairs that eventually led to the country's realignment with Britain during the Abyssinian crisis. It is argued that Greece's foreign policy shift was a result of an interplay between a perceived threat of Italian revisionism, Britain's reappearance in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Abyssinian crisis and domestic political dynamics that led to the defeat of Eleftherios Venizelos who favoured a foreign policy detached from combinations of great powers.

New challenges to the economic security of Russia and the world and counteraction methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1246-1263
Author(s):  
S.B. Zainullin ◽  
O.A. Zainullina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Global Threat

Subject. The 2020 economic crisis has become a global threat to the economic security of States, corporations and households. The elimination of this threat to economic security is a key priority of the State. Objectives. The article is dedicated to factors of the current crisis, both individually and in aggregate, as well as forecasts of the economic development during the crisis. Methods. The study is based on the scientific knowledge as dialectic, a combination of historical and logical unity, structural analysis, traditional methods of economic analysis and synthesis. Results. We carried out the comparative analysis of crisis theories, forecasted the economic development of the IMF, the World Bank, the Audit Chamber, and considered analytical agencies in dynamics, taking into account adjustments when the crisis manifests itself. Counteraction methods are reviewed from theoretical and practical perspectives. The article also analyzed the international expertise in crisis management. Conclusions and Relevance. The economic crisis was found to be at its initial stage, with negative scenarios being more probable. Proposed and implemented, local measures can mitigate the economic decline, prevent massive bankruptcies and a social explosion. Meanwhile, measures to restructure the economic policy may contribute to overcoming the crisis. The findings can be used by federal government bodies to adjust economic policies, develop programs and strategies for the socio-economic development of regions, and economic security strategies for corporations.

Evolution of Germany’s Stance Regarding the Three Seas Initiative

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Martin Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Global Game ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Polish Foreign

When the political camp centred on the Law and Justice party (PiS) came to power in 2015, it led to a change in priorities in Polish foreign policy. The Three Seas Initiative (TSI), understood as closer cooperation between eastern states of the European Union in the area between the Baltic, Adriatic, and Black seas, has become a new instrument of foreign policy. The initiative demonstrates the growing importance of Central and Eastern Europe in the global game of great powers. The region has become a subject of rivalry, not only between the United States and Russia but also China. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to try to describe the importance of the region to Germany and how Germany’s stance on the TSI has evolved. The article consists of three parts, an introduction to the issues, the genesis of the TSI, and the definition of goals set by the states participating in this initiative, as well as analysis of the German stance towards the initiative since its development in 2015. The theories of geopolitics and neorealism are used as the theoretical basis for the analysis.

scholarly journals War, Performance, and the Survival of Foreign Ministers

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Bäck ◽  
Jan Teorell ◽  
Alexander Von Hagen-Jamar ◽  
Alejandro Quiroz Flores
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Foreign Minister ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Important Predictor ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Foreign Ministers

Abstract Why do some foreign ministers stay longer in office than others? Are they punished when the country loses a war? Several scholars have focused on the tenure of leaders as an important predictor of foreign policy outcomes, such as war onset, creating an interest in leadership survival. We here shift the focus to the survival of other important politicians in cabinet—foreign ministers, hypothesizing that their tenure depends on their performance in office. For example, we expect that foreign ministers stay longer in office when the country experiences an armed conflict resulting in a win or in a compromise agreement. We evaluate and find support for several of our hypotheses using an original historical dataset, which comprises all foreign ministers of the world's thirteen great powers from the early modern period to the present, covering about 1,100 foreign minister-terms of office.

Turkey’s Sub-imperialism in Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 048661342110039
Author(s):  
Gönenç Uysal
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
Political Roles ◽  
The Face ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
Emerging Powers

The growing economic and political roles of the so-called emerging powers in sub-Saharan Africa have attracted particular attention following the apparent decline of Western powers in the face of the global economic crisis of 2007–2008. The AKP’s “proactive” foreign policy has manifested Turkey’s burgeoning role in the region. This paper draws upon Marxism to explore the diffusion of Turkish capital and the enhancement of military relations in the region in harmony and in contradistinction with Western and Gulf countries. It discusses the AKP’s proactive foreign policy vis-à-vis sub-Saharan Africa as a particular sociohistorical form of sub-imperialism that is characterized by and reproduces economic and geopolitical rivalries and alliances among Turkey and Western and Gulf countries. JEL Classification: F5, P1, O1

Middle Power Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific: India and Australia at the Forefront

2021 ◽  
pp. 002088172110567
Author(s):  
Shubhamitra Das
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Coalition Building ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Middle Power ◽  
Multilateral Cooperation ◽  
Conflict And Cooperation ◽  
Western Model ◽  
Middle Powers

Indo-Pacific has emerged as a region of great movement, conflict and cooperation, contestations and coalition-building. The emergence of minilateral and multilateral cooperation by the middle powers is increasing in the region, with the regional countries enthusiastically mapping the region focussing on their centrality. History proves that the role of middle-power countries became more prominent during the moments of international transition. The two contrasting powers like India and Australia; one with a post-colonial identity in foreign policy-making, subtle emphasis on non-aligned movement (NAM) and emerging as an influential power, and, on the other, a traditional middle power with an alliance structure and regionalism akin to the Western model, have equal stakes in the region and it is inevitable for them to take a leadership position in building what is called a middle power communion in the Indo-Pacific. This article will explore the understanding of middle powers and how India and Australia, as middle powers; are strategically placed and, being great powers within their respective regions; take the responsibility of region-building and maintaining peace with great powers, and how the Indo-Pacific and Quad are emerging as discourses within their foreign policy-making.

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