Leibniz’s Formal Theory of Contingency

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-43
Author(s):  
Jeffrey McDonough ◽  
Zeynep Soysal
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Formal Theory ◽  
The Third ◽  
Analysis Theory ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Way

This essay argues that, with his much-maligned “infinite analysis” theory of contingency, Leibniz is onto something deep and important – a tangle of issues that wouldn’t be sorted out properly for centuries to come, and then only by some of the greatest minds of the twentieth century. The first two sections place Leibniz’s theory in its proper historical context and draw a distinction between Leibniz’s logical and meta-logical discoveries. The third section argues that Leibniz’s logical insights initially make his “infinite analysis” theory of contingency more rather than less perplexing. The last two sections argue that Leibniz’s meta-logical insights, however, point the way towards a better appreciation of (what we should regard as) his formal theory of contingency, and its correlative, his formal theory of necessity.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 257-268
Author(s):  
Jagjeet Lally
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Global History ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
The Third ◽  
Merchant Networks ◽  
Continental Interior ◽  
The Way

The endurance of terrestrial forms of connectivity over the Eurasian continental interior lies at the heart of this book. By reviewing the life of such connections in the twentieth century, this chapter draws out this book’s four major interventions. The first concerns the value of examining long-term patterns of change and the virtue of thinking across such divides as Mughal and British, pre-colonial and colonial. The second relates to the way this book thinks about empires in novel ways, whether by taking a trans-imperial framework or by focussing on the ways non-political entities—such as merchant networks—persisted through periods of imperial flux and the rise and fall of empires. The third is the focus on space, particularly interior or inner-continental space, and its place within global history. The final contribution is to provide an impetus to scholars to think of the synchronicity of multiple forms of globalisation and their interrelation.

Prescription for Change

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kinch
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
New Models ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Way

The introduction of new medicines has dramatically improved the quantity and quality of individual and public health while contributing trillions of dollars to the global economy. In spite of these past successes--and indeed because of them--our ability to deliver new medicines may be quickly coming to an end. Moving from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present, A Prescription for Change reveals how changing business strategies combined with scientific hubris have altered the way new medicines are discovered, with dire implications for both health and the economy. To explain how we have arrived at this pivotal moment, Michael Kinch recounts the history of pharmaceutical and biotechnological advances in the twentieth century. Kinch relates stories of the individuals and organizations that built the modern infrastructure that supports the development of innovative new medicines. He shows that an accelerating cycle of acquisition and downsizing is cannibalizing that infrastructure Kinch demonstrates the dismantling of the pharmaceutical and biotechnological research and development enterprises could also provide opportunities to innovate new models that sustain and expand the introduction of newer and better breakthrough medicines in the years to come.

scholarly journals Picturing Megaliths in Twentieth- Century Swedish Archaeology

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Cornelius Holtorf
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Active Engagement ◽  
The Third ◽  
Look Back ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
The Way

ln this paper I will begin a discussion about the ways in which megaliths appear in archaeological images. My discussion of examples is not comprehensive and the selection of images far from complete, but I hope nevertheless to present some key elements of the pictorial vocabulary with which megaliths have been seen and depicted by archaeologists working in Sweden during the twentieth century. However, entering the third millennium of our chronometrical tirnescale should not only be an occasion to look back, but also an opportunity to look forward and reflect upon the way ahead. Recent discussions about the problems with established ways of depicting archaeological sites and objects, and suggestions for new kinds of images and illustrations, should concern us all and lead to an active engagement of archaeologists with questions of visual (re)presentation.

A Zookeeper’s Ecology

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-47
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Lekan
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Public Image ◽  
The Third ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Way

This chapter examines the early career of Bernhard Grzimek, who became the director of the Frankfurt Zoo in 1945 after serving as a veterinarian and agricultural minister for the Third Reich. Grzimek became famous for transforming the zoo from a bombed-out shell into one of Europe’s most successful zoological gardens by combining insights from ethology and ecology to help the animals thrive in captivity. Behind his carefully crafted public image as savior of animals, however, Grzimek revealed in memoirs and writings about animal behavior a much darker self, haunted by fears of extinction, eugenic decline, and wartime displacement that signaled an inability to come to terms with his and his country’s Nazi experience. Grzimek’s concern about the spread of Western “degeneracy” to Africa explains the urgency of his quest to save animals and their habitats there—and the indifference he often displayed toward local and indigenous peoples who stood in the way of his pursuit.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Colesworthy
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Women Writers ◽  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
World War ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Way

The introduction establishes a broad historical context for the project, demonstrating the centrality of ideas about gift-giving to a number of fields and discourses following World War I. Within this context, Marcel Mauss’s classic 1925 essay, The Gift, is not unique in its topic but rather in capturing and articulating a sense shared by a wide range of thinkers and authors in the interwar period that a traditional ideological separation of gifts and exchanges was beginning to break down. The book’s focus on the way women writers in particular responded to and worked to represent this crisis is also explained. Notably, modernist writing by men—Baudelaire, Eliot, Pound—has already been central to gift theory. Shifting attention to writing by women, who have historically been treated in theory and in practice as the “supreme gift,” opens up an alternative twentieth-century genealogy of theorizing the gift.

scholarly journals How to flip it… never again? Towards agile models of work

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Marion Sadoux
Keyword(s):  
Oxford University ◽  
The Third ◽  
Language Courses ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Way

This paper explores the way in which the Modern Languages team at the Oxford University Language Centre (OULC) sought to embrace the challenges of switching to a remote mode of teaching in the third term of 2019-20 as an opportunity to develop new ways of designing and delivering language courses for a flexible and hybrid future. It seeks to make note of agile recommendations towards further challenges to come.

The Women at the Tomb: Matthew 28:1 Re-examined

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-282
Author(s):  
Thomas R. W. Longstaff
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
New Testament Studies ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Way

It seems singularly unfortunate that in the twentieth century Matthew's Gospel has so often been studied with more attention being given to the Marcan source than to the Matthean narrative.1 Nowhere is this tendency more evident than in the account of the visit of the women to the tomb of Jesus (Matt. 28. 1; Mark 16. 1–2; cf. Luke 24. 1). A survey of the commentaries on Matthew quickly reveals how pervasive this interest in the Marcan narrative is.2 But while it may well be a reasonable exegetical procedure to compare one Gospel with another, the way in which the perspective described above can also hinder an understanding of Matthew's Gospel is strikingly apparent in M. D. Goulder's treatment of this passage in a recent article in New Testament Studies. Goulder writes:The motive for the women's visit to the tomb is coherent in Mark. Joseph has rolled Jesus' body in linen, but it is not said that he anointed it: the women come to supply this need – they see where he is laid (xv. 47), and come to anoint him (xvi. 1). Matthew's story is incoherent: he does not mention the ointments throughout, and the women, having sat opposite the tomb (xxvii. 61), come, weakly, to see the tomb (xxviii. 1). On Marcan priority this is easily understood: Matthew has introduced a guard on the tomb, so an anointing venture must seem impossible. But, on Matthaean priority, what would they want to come and see the tomb for at first light?3

Economics as Ideology: Keynes, Laski, Hayek, and the Creation of Contemporary Politics

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 470-471
Author(s):  
Laurent Dobuzinskis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
John Maynard Keynes ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Economic Thinking ◽  
The Way

Economics as Ideology: Keynes, Laski, Hayek, and the Creation of Contemporary Politics, Kenneth R. Hoover, Rowman and Littlefield, 2003, pp. xv, 329.Although it was published two years ago, this book remains relevant to many contemporary debates about the optimal relationship between market and state institutions, especially if we want to set these debates within a historical context. To provide an account of the development of economic thinking in the twentieth century, Hoover carefully examines the lives, personalities and writings of three emblematic thinkers: Harold Laski, John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich A. Hayek. The title is somewhat misleading in the sense that it refers to a particular meaning of the term “ideology” that may not be shared by all those who come across this book, but the author justifies it by explaining that he takes ideology to mean a set of a priori contestable propositions that are posed as being unchallengeable or, in other words, have been “decontested.” Thus the question he is interested in is: “Why did these thinkers decontest ideas about government and the market in the way they did?” (4).

scholarly journals THE SUBJECTIVE DIMENSION OF NAZISM

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1107-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
MORITZ FÖLLMER
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
German Society ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Subject Positions ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Film Stars ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTThe present historiographical review discusses the subjective dimension of Nazism, an ideology and regime that needed translation into self-definitions, gender roles, and bodily practices to implant itself in German society and mobilize it for racial war. These studies include biographies of some of the Third Reich's most important protagonists, which have important things to say about their self-understandings in conjunction with the circumstances they encountered and subsequently shaped; cultural histories of important twentieth-century figures such as film stars, housewives, or consumers, which add new insights to the ongoing debate about the Third Reich's modernity; studies that address participation in the Nazi Empire and the Holocaust through discourses and practices of comradeship, work in extermination camps, and female ‘help’ within the Wehrmacht. In discussing these monographs, along the way incorporating further books and articles, the piece attempts to draw connections between specific topics and think about new possibilities for synthesis in an overcompartmentalized field. It aims less to define a ‘Nazi subject’ than to bring us closer to understanding how Hitler's movement and regime connected different, shifting subject positions through both cohesion and competition, creating a dynamic that kept producing new exclusions and violent acts.

Market Reforms in Russia: Can the Vicious Circle Be Teared Open?

2004 ◽  
pp. 114-128
Author(s):  
V. Nimushin
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Vicious Circle ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Market Reforms ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
The Way

In the framework of broad philosophic and historical context the author conducts comparative analysis of the conditions for assimilating liberal values in leading countries of the modern world and in Russia. He defends the idea of inevitable forward movement of Russia on the way of rationalization and cultivation of all aspects of life, but, to his opinion, it will occur not so fast as the "first wave" reformers thought and in other ideological and sociocultural forms than in Europe and America. The author sees the main task of the reformist forces in Russia in consolidation of the society and inplementation of socially responsible economic policy.

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