scholarly journals Mineralogy of soils of major geomorphic units of north-eastern Haryana, India

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 924-934
Author(s):  
Dinesh Dinesh ◽  
Mohammad Amin Bhat ◽  
K. S. Grewal ◽  
Hardeep Singh Sheoran
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Diagnostic Horizons ◽  
Geomorphic Units ◽  
North Eastern Part

The study was carried to determine the mineralogy of soils of different geomorphic units for providing the more detailed information needed to improve agricultural production in north-eastern part of Haryana. The soils of the study area were slightly acidic to strongly alkaline in reaction (6-9.4). The cation exchange capacity and electrical conductivity varied from 3.10-26.80 cmol (+) kg-1 and 0.16-1.20 dSm-1, respectively. In general, the soils were siliceous in nature with SiO2 ranging from 68.60 to 87.90 percent. The soil samples from surface and subsurface diagnostic horizons were studied through X-ray diffraction. In fine sand, quartz was the dominant mineral followed by feldspars, muscovite, hornblende, tourmaline, zircon, biotite, iron ores and sphene. In silt fraction, quartz was the dominant mineral followed by mica, feldspars, chlorite, kaolinite, interstratified and traces of smectite and vermiculite. Semi-quantitative estimation of clay fraction indicated that illite was the single dominant mineral in the clay fraction of these pedons, however, its quantity was less in alluvial plains (28-30 %) compared to Shiwalik hills (36-49 %). Next to illite, a high amount of smectite (14-20 %) and vermiculite (11-17 %) were observed in clays of alluvial plains of Ghaggar (recent and old) whereas in Shiwalik hills (top and valley) these minerals were detected in small amount (6-11 %). Fairly good amount of kaolinite (10-17 %) and small amount of chlorite (4-11 %) were uniformly distributed in soil clays irrespective of geomorphic units showing their detrital origin. Medium intensity broad peaks in higher range diffractograms (14-24 A˚) indicated the presence of regular and irregular interstratified minerals in old alluvial plains of Ghaggar.

scholarly journals Pedogenesis in the Barreiras Formation Under Climates of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Lunara G. da S. Rêgo ◽  
Jéssia J. A. da Silva ◽  
Carolina M. M. Souza ◽  
Jeane C. Portela ◽  
Isadora N. B. M. de Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diagnostic Horizons

In Brazil, the state of Rio Grande do Norte has an important coastal zone and coastal Tableland areas along the Barreiras Formation, but there are few studies to locate and characterize soils with cohesive character. Therefore, this work was carried out to characterize pedons in the western and eastern mesoregions of the state, located in the Barreiras Formation and with different climatic conditions. The profile description and sample collection were carried out in March and April 2016. The characteristics of the profile identified were the sequence of horizons and their depth, soil color, texture, structure, consistency, and transition between horizons. The physical analyzes were of soil density and texture. The chemical analyzes consisted of: pH in water and in KCl, contents of available P, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, potential acidity, and total organic carbon. Indices obtained were: base sum, effective cation exchange capacity, cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0, base saturation, exchangeable aluminum saturation, and exchangeable sodium percentage. The profiles were classified up to the fourth categorical level. The mineralogical assembly was identified in the clay fraction of the diagnostic horizons. The identification of the minerals was performed by X-ray diffraction. The pedons of the two regions presented distinct characteristics and pedogenesis, occurring laterization in the pedons of the western mesoregion and podzolization in the pedons of the eastern mesoregion, both without presence of cohesive character as a diagnostic attribute.

High-spacing irregularly interstratified layer-silicates in the alluvial soil clays of Meerut, India

Clay Minerals ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Tomar
Keyword(s):  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Ap Horizon ◽  
Fine Clay ◽  
Xrd Patterns

AbstractThe mineralogy of the fine clay fraction (<0·2 μm) of two soil pedons (Aquic and Udic Haplustalfs) representing the wheat-sugarcane belt of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain was studied by X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and by chemical analysis. The XRD patterns are characterized by unusually high spacings which are interpreted in terms of an interstratification comprising smectite, illite and ‘chlorite’ components. The CEC data (Ca/Mg and K/NH4) also indicate the possible presence of vermiculite. A plateau bridging the 7–10 Å maxima in K-saturated specimens heated at 300°C suggests interstratification of kaolinite and smectite, although this may not be part of the above interstratification. The diffuse bands shown by Mg-glycerol-solvated Ap-horizon clays at ∼21 Å, and the increasing elimination of XRD peaks in the > 10 Å region with distance from the surface, suggests that the expanding layers have a slight tendency to segregate in Ap horizon samples and that randomization tends to increase with depth. Discrete illite and small amounts of kaolinite were also detected.

Properties of soil kaolins from Thailand

Clay Minerals ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Hart ◽  
W. Wiriyakitnateekul ◽  
R. J . Gilkes
Keyword(s):  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Domain Size ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Parent Materials ◽  
Fe Content ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Australian Soil

AbstractPurified kaolins from Thai soil on diverse parent materials were characterized using analytical transmission electon microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and chemical analysis. The properties of Thai soil kaolins appear to be more diverse than Indonesian and Western Australian soil kaolins investigated using the same analytical procedures; this difference may reflect the greater range of parent materials for the Thai soils. The kaolins show a variety of crystal morphologies including euhedral hexagonal to subhedral platy crystals, tubes and laths and several morphologies were present in most samples. TEM-EDS enabled analysis of single crystals of each morphology present within a sample. Tubular or lath-shaped crystals usually have lower %Fe2O3 contents than hexagonal platy crystals in the same sample. The relationships between crystal size and Fe content within morphological populations were also examined by TEM-EDS. Generally, smaller kaolin crystals display a wider range of Fe concentration than the larger kaolin crystals in the same sample. Increasing Fe concentration in bulk samples is closely correlated to decreasing coherently scattering domain size (R2= 0.57), increasing cation exchange capacity (R2= 0.44) and increasing specific surface area (R2= 0.65). However the properties of the deferrated soil kaolins, including their Fe content, are not related to forms of Fe, (total Fe, amorphous or organic) in the untreated clay fraction of the soil.Inhibited vermiculite is a common minor constituent of these clay fractions and its average structural formula derived from EDS data indicates that it was formed by Al replacing K in muscovite. One Al3+ion occupies the interlayer space previously occupied by three K+ions. As the distances between these Al3+cations in the interlayer space is large it is proposed that isolated or loosely associated hydrated Al3+groups such as Al(OH2)63+exist that resist exchange by other cations due to hydrogen bonding with the adjacent tetrahedral oxygen surfaces

X-ray diffraction characteristics and related properties of Smectites in some Canadian soils

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Ross ◽  
H. Kodama
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Intensity ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Podzolic Soils ◽  
Peak Intensity ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Particle Thickness

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) peak intensities of smectites in Chernozemic and related soils of Western Canada are generally low, in contrast to the high peak intensities of smectites in Podzolic soils of Eastern Canada and those of standard smectite samples. Consequently, X-ray quantitative analysis based on standard smectite samples may underestimate the amount of smectite and overestimate the amount of noncrystalline material in western Canadian soils. This study was undertaken to find the reasons for the weak XRD peak intensities of western soil smectites in terms of their purity and crystallinity. The Tiron dissolution method extracted only small amounts of noncrystalline material from the western soil clays and had little effect on XRD characteristics. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) hysteresis (or pH dependent CEC) between pH 3.5 and 11.0 of the western soil clays was also relatively small which confirmed the absence of significant amounts of noncrystalline material in these soil clays. Observed deviations of XRD positions from true basal spacings indicated that the western soil smectite particles were consistently thinner than the eastern soil smectite and Wyoming montmorillonite particles. Electron microscope observations supported these results. Because the diffraction intensity is proportional to the square of the particle thickness, the thinness of the western soil smectite particles appears to be a major factor in reducing their peak intensities. Thus, to obtain comparable peak intensity data from different soil smectites, particle thickness should be taken into account. Since it is often not practical to measure particle thickness, a procedure for quantifying smectite in soils that avoids this measurement is proposed. Key words: Peak intensity, crystallinity, particle size, particle thickness, Chernozemic smectite, Podzolic smectite

Estimation of iron oxides in soil clays by profile refinement combined with differential X-ray diffraction

Clay Minerals ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Brown ◽  
I. G. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
South East England ◽  
Profile Refinement ◽  
Extractable Iron ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractA procedure is described for the quantitative estimation of hematite, goethite and lepidocrocite in soil clays by differential X-ray diffraction combined with profile refinement. The method has been applied to clays from 12 palaeosol horizons from south-east England. Samples containing as little as 1% dithionite-extractable iron can be analysed in this way. The hematite: goethite ratio is determined to within ±3% for soil clays having ∼2.5% of each oxide and to within 10% in less favourable cases. The concentration of oxides in the soil determined solely from X-ray diffraction and from a combined chemical analysis/X-ray method are in good agreement. In addition to improving the accuracy and extending the range of iron-oxide concentrations over which analysis can be carried out, the method may, in principle, be used to provide information about the cell parameters and line profiles of each component present.

scholarly journals Characterization and Classification of soils on different Geomorphic Units of North-Eastern Haryana, India

Agropedology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mohammad Amin Bhat ◽  
K.S. Grewal ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Flood Plains ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Retention Characteristics ◽  
Geomorphic Units ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Twelve pedons occurring on different landforms of North-Eastern Haryana were characterized for morphological, physical and chemical characteristics and classified. The soil colour of pedons varied from yellowish brown to reddish/ dark brown in the hues of 10YR, 5YR and 2.5YR. The soils of Shiwalik hills, upper piedmont plains and flood plains, lower piedmont plains and old alluvial plains were medium to moderately heavy in texture, relatively lighter and light to moderately heavy in texture, respectively. The soils have weak to medium subangular blocky structure. The sub surface horizons in old alluvial plains showed the translocation and accumulation of clay. The soils of the area were moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.5-9.4). The organic carbon was less than 1 per cent except surface horizons of forest areas. The water retention characteristics of soils were strongly associated to texture with the finer soil showing higher retention and vice-versa. The particle density, bulk density and total porosity varied from 2.20 to 2.84, 1.16 to 1.45 Mg m−3 and 40.43 to 56.78 per cent, respectively and did not show regular pattern down the profile. The cation exchange capacity varied from 5.21 to 17.00 cmol (p+) kg−1.

The soil clays of Great Britain: I. England and Wales

Clay Minerals ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Loveland
Keyword(s):  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Soil Clay ◽  
Interstratified Mineral

AbstractThe mineralogy of the clay fractions (<2 µm) of the major soils of England and Wales is reviewed, and the data presented in terms of the 1:250 000 National Soil Map. Most soils developed in pre-Rhaetic sediments are dominated by mica with lesser amounts of chlorite and kaolin. Exceptions are soils developed in calcareous Coal Measure shales which have significant smectite contents, and freely drained soils in Keuper Marl which contain swelling chlorite, sepiolite and palygorskite. Soils developed in post-Triassic sediments are dominated generally by expansible minerals, except for those developed in Lower Lias and Estuarine Series rocks (Jurassic) which are dominated by mica and kaolin respectively. The presence of loess in soils seems to be associated with the occurrence of a complex interstratified mineral with X-ray diffraction properties akin to vermiculite. Weathering of soil clays is most marked in the wetter uplands, but over most of lowland England is detectable only by slight changes in non-exchangeable potassium content and cation-exchange capacity towards the soil surface. Applications of soil clay mineralogy in the fields of plant nutrition and soil mechanics are discussed, in particular the production of maps showing mineralogical provinces.

Quantitative determination of the interlamellar volume in an interstratified mica-smectite soil clay

Clay Minerals ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Jones ◽  
D. J. Greenland
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Soil Clays ◽  
Interlamellar Water ◽  
Glycol Monoethyl Ether ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soil Clay

AbstractTwo well-characterized soils containing substantial amounts of interstratified mica-smectite have been examined by a combination of techniques in an attempt to correlate the characteristics of the interlamellar surfaces with other properties. The techniques used included XRD and chemical analyses, determination of surface area by nitrogen sorption and by desorption of water and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether vapour, and determination of cation exchange capacity. Reasonable agreement was found between the results obtained for the proportion of expanding or smectite-like surfaces, although estimates by XRD, especially when coarser material (> 2/µm) was included, were generally lower than those obtained by the other methods. The mean density of charge on the surfaces of the soil clays appeared to be similar to that of smectite. The decrease in porosity observed for both soils dried by the critical point method was largely accounted for by the decrease in volume associated with the loss of interlamellar water from the smectite-like interlamellar surfaces included within the clay fraction.

MINERALOGY OF THE QUEENS LOAM AND QUEENS CLAY LOAM SOILS OF EASTERN NEW BRUNSWICK

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159
Author(s):  
S. W. Reeder ◽  
H. G. Dion ◽  
A. L. McAllister
Keyword(s):  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sand Fraction ◽  
Thermal Electron ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Petrographic Examination ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Geological Formations

On the basis of petrographic examination of the sand fraction and the X-ray diffraction, differential thermal, electron microscope, ethylene glycol retention, base exchange capacity and fusion analyses of the clay fraction it was concluded that these soils were developed on similar parent materials, were derived from common geological formations, and have been subjected to similar weathering and development processes since time of deposition.

Pedogenic formation of smectites in a vertisol developed from granitic rock from Kaélé (Cameroon, Central Africa)

Clay Minerals ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Nguetnkam ◽  
R. Kamga ◽  
F. Villiéras ◽  
G. E. Ekodeck ◽  
J. Yvon
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Common Source ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Mixed Layers ◽  
Granite Mass

AbstractSmectite formation in a vertisol developed from a granitic parent rock in the Kaélé region of Cameroon in a tropical, dry climate was studied by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), chemical analyses, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and low temperature gas adsorption. The soil profile comprises three horizons (from base to top): (1) a saprolite, (2) an intermediate horizon, and (3) an upper dark grey horizon. In the saprolite, the progressive alteration of feldspars gave rise to the exclusive neoformation of beidellite exhibiting a typical honeycomb fabric. This process resulted in Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Ti and Mn enrichment, a depletion of Si and Na and a significant negative Eu anomaly. In the upper horizons, beidellite evolves and is transformed into montmorillonite and kaolinite, probably through a series of smectite-kaolinite mixed layers. This transformation, from the saprolite to the upper horizons, causes the observed decrease in the CEC and the increase in specific surface area and mesoporosity of the clay. The REE patterns of the bulk soil and clay fraction display similar behaviour, indicating that the three horizons, and hence the clay minerals, have a common source in the underlying granite. Mass-balance calculations show that the intense weathering of the granite leads to a mass reduction of ~80–90%.

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