scholarly journals Experimental Estimates of the Student Attendance Production Function

2021 ◽  
pp. 016237372098446
Author(s):  
Long Tran ◽  
Seth Gershenson
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Teacher Qualifications ◽  
Student Attendance ◽  
Education Production ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Improve Student Achievement ◽  
Intermediate Output

Student attendance is both a critical input and intermediate output of the education production function. However, the malleable classroom-level determinants of student attendance are poorly understood. We estimate the causal effect of class size, class composition, and observable teacher qualifications on student attendance by leveraging the random classroom assignments made by Tennessee’s Student/Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR) Project class size experiment. A 10-student increase in class size increases the probability of being chronically absent by about 3 percentage points (21%). For Black students, random assignment to a Black teacher reduces the probability of chronic absence by 3.1 percentage points (26%). However, naive mediation analyses suggest that attendance is not a mechanism through which class size and same-race teachers improve student achievement.

Independent Candidates and Political Representation in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 678-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
SACHA KAPOOR ◽  
ARVIND MAGESAN
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Vote Share ◽  
The Political ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Independent Candidates

We estimate the causal effect of independent candidates on voter turnout and election outcomes in India. To do this, we exploit exogenous changes in the entry deposit candidates pay for their participation in the political process, changes that disproportionately excluded candidates with no affiliation to established political parties. A one standard deviation increase in the number of independent candidates increases voter turnout by more than 6 percentage points, as some voters choose to vote rather than stay home. The vote share of independent candidates increases by more than 10 percentage points, as some existing voters switch who they vote for. Thus, independents allow winning candidates to win with less vote share, decrease the probability of electing a candidate from the governing coalition by about 31 percentage points, and ultimately increase the probability of electing an ethnic-party candidate. Altogether, the results imply that the price of participation by independents is constituency representation in government.

scholarly journals ‘If a fight starts, watch the crowd’: The effect of violence on popular support for social movements

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Muñoz ◽  
Eva Anduiza
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Popular Support ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Street Violence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Social movements often face tactic diversification. In otherwise nonviolent movements, some groups or radical flanks may resort to violent actions such as street rioting. This article analyzes the impact that these violent episodes can have on popular support for the movement as a whole. To estimate the causal effect of violence, it exploits an unexpected riot outbreak that occurred during the fieldwork of a face-to-face survey in Barcelona in May 2016, led by a squat group linked to the anti-austerity movement known as the 15-M or indignados that emerged during the financial crisis. By comparing respondents interviewed before and after the riots, it finds that the street violence episode reduced support for the 15-M movement by 12 percentage points on average. However, the magnitude of the effect is highly conditional on the respondents’ predispositions towards the movement. Core supporters, that are expected to share the frame of the movement in justifying violent actions, are the least affected by the violent outbreak. On the other extreme, weak supporters, opposers, and non-aligned citizens reduce their support to a larger extent. Results are robust to different specifications and a wide range of robustness checks. These findings have potentially important implications for movements concerned with broadening their support base.

scholarly journals Where Does Multinational Investment Go with Territorial Taxation? Evidence from the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-358
Author(s):  
Li Liu
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Investment Rate ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Unique Dataset

In 2009, the United Kingdom changed from a worldwide to a territorial tax system, abolishing dividend taxes on foreign repatriation from many low-tax countries. This paper assesses the causal effect of territorial taxation on real investments, using a unique dataset for multinational affiliates in 27 European countries and employing the difference-in-differences approach. It finds that the territorial reform has increased the investment rate of UK multinationals by 16.7 percentage points in low-tax countries. In the absence of any significant investment reduction elsewhere, the findings represent a likely increase in total outbound investment by UK multinationals. (JEL F23, G31, H25, H32, H87)

scholarly journals The Causal Effect of Studying on Academic Performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Stinebrickner ◽  
Todd R. Stinebrickner
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
College Entrance ◽  
Education Production Function ◽  
Education Production ◽  
Causal Impact ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Grade Performance ◽  
Recent Attention

Abstract While a substantial amount of recent attention has been paid to understanding the determinants of educational outcomes, little is known about the causal impact of the most fundamental input in the education production function - a student's study effort. In this paper, we examine the causal effect of studying on grade performance by taking advantage of unique, new data that has been collected specifically for this purpose. Important for understanding the potential impact of a wide array of education policies, the results suggest that human capital accumulation is far from predetermined at the time of college entrance.

scholarly journals The Effects of Demographic Mismatch in an Elite Professional School Setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-486
Author(s):  
Chris Birdsall ◽  
Seth Gershenson ◽  
Raymond Zuniga
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Law School ◽  
Professional School ◽  
First Year ◽  
Education Production Function ◽  
Education Production ◽  
Course Grades ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Good Grade

Ten years of administrative data from a diverse, private, top-100 law school are used to examine the ways in which female and nonwhite students benefit from exposure to demographically similar faculty in first-year, required law courses. Arguably, causal impacts of exposure to same-sex and same-race instructors on course-specific outcomes such as course grades are identified by leveraging quasi-random classroom assignments and a two-way (student and classroom) fixed effects strategy. Having an other-sex instructor reduces the likelihood of receiving a good grade (A or A–) by 1 percentage point (3 percent) and having an other-race instructor reduces the likelihood of receiving a good grade by 3 percentage points (10 percent). The effects of student–instructor demographic mismatch are particularly salient for nonwhite and female students. These results provide novel evidence of the pervasiveness of demographic-match effects and of the graduate school education production function.

The Causal Effect of Class Size on Academic Achievement

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongyun Shin ◽  
Stephen W. Raudenbush
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Class Size ◽  
Causal Effect

scholarly journals Migrants, Ancestors, and Foreign Investments

2018 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1448-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad B Burchardi ◽  
Thomas Chaney ◽  
Tarek A Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Foreign Country ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Information Frictions ◽  
Factor Endowments ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Form Model ◽  
Reduced Form Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Push Factor

Abstract We use 130 years of data on historical migrations to the U.S. to show a causal effect of the ancestry composition of U.S. counties on foreign direct investment (FDI) sent and received by local firms. To isolate the causal effect of ancestry on FDI, we build a simple reduced-form model of migrations: Migrations from a foreign country to a U.S. county at a given time depend on (1) a push factor, causing emigration from that foreign country to the entire U.S., and (2) a pull factor, causing immigration from all origins into that U.S. county. The interaction between time-series variation in origin-specific push factors and destination-specific pull factors generates quasi-random variation in the allocation of migrants across U.S. counties. We find that doubling the number of residents with ancestry from a given foreign country relative to the mean increases the probability that at least one local firm engages in FDI with that country by 4 percentage points. We present evidence that this effect is primarily driven by a reduction in information frictions, and not by better contract enforcement, taste similarities, or a convergence in factor endowments.

scholarly journals The Production of Economic Knowledge in Urban and Rural Areas: The Role of Student, Teacher, and School Characteristics

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Butters ◽  
Carlos Asarta ◽  
Eric Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Economic Education ◽  
Rural Students ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
Senior Year ◽  
Education Production ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
K 12

Many states are adopting economic education standards for the K-12 curriculum, mandating economic education courses in rural and urban schools. We examine economic education outcomes for rural and urban students using test scores gathered during a national high school academic competition and by estimating a production function for economic education. We find only limited differences between the education production function in urban and rural settings and lower average scores for rural students. To close this gap, results suggest that rural schools should place economic content in the senior-year curriculum and provide teachers with increased postgraduate training in economics.

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