scholarly journals HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES OF BROMINATED, PHOSPHORUS, CHLORINATED, NITROGEN AND MINERAL FLAME RETARDANTS IN PLASTICS WHICH MAY HINDER THEIR RECYCLING

Detritus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Pierre Hennebert
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Concentration Limit ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Sorting Process ◽  
The Many ◽  
Registration Dossier ◽  
Available Information

Flame retardants are numerous and some of them are (re)classified with time as hazardous for the man and the environment. A list of 69 flame retardants used in EU was set from three sources and their chemical properties were searched in their registration dossier at ECHA. Substance self-classifications (hazard statement assignment by the registrant) frequently indicate no hazard or data not available, while for the same substances a re-evaluation by ECHA is underway as persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic or endocrine disruptor. When the substance has hazard statement(s), the concentration that triggers the classification of a plastic as hazardous when it is a waste can be compared to the functional concentration, when available. Registration dossiers should be completed for the many “non-available” information. Of these 69 substances, 12 (= 17%) are used at concentrations greater than those making plastic waste hazardous and 13 (= 19%) are under re-evaluation by ECHA. These 12 or 13 substances should not become “legacy” substances which hinder the recycling of plastics. The sorting (mainly by density) and management options of these flame-retarded plastics are discussed. The technical concentration limit of 2000 mg total Br/kg for sorting should not be modified as it includes all organobromine substances currently reassessed by ECHA. A two-step sorting process is necessary to avoid the loss of non-hazardous dense plastics.

Unified Classification of Molecular, Network, and Endocrine Features of Hypothalamic Neurons

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman A. Romanov ◽  
Alán Alpár ◽  
Tomas Hökfelt ◽  
Tibor Harkany
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hypothalamic Neurons ◽  
Efficient Coding ◽  
Hypothalamic Nuclei ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comprehensive Classification ◽  
Available Information

Peripheral endocrine output relies on either direct or feed-forward multi-order command from the hypothalamus. Efficient coding of endocrine responses is made possible by the many neuronal cell types that coexist in intercalated hypothalamic nuclei and communicate through extensive synaptic connectivity. Although general anatomical and neurochemical features of hypothalamic neurons were described during the past decades, they have yet to be reconciled with recently discovered molecular classifiers and neurogenetic function determination. By interrogating magnocellular as well as parvocellular dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and phenotypically mixed neurons, we integrate available information at the molecular, cellular, network, and endocrine output levels to propose a framework for the comprehensive classification of hypothalamic neurons. Simultaneously, we single out putative neuronal subclasses for which future research can fill in existing gaps of knowledge to rationalize cellular diversity through function-determinant molecular marks in the hypothalamus.

K-MEANS CLUSTERING ALGORITHM BASED CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL FERTILITY IN NORTH WEST NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 780-787
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Hassan Hayatu ◽  
Abdullahi Mohammed ◽  
Barroon Ahmad Isma’eel ◽  
Sahabi Yusuf Ali
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
North West ◽  
R Programming ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Northwest Region ◽  
The Relationship

Soil fertility determines a plant's development process that guarantees food sufficiency and the security of lives and properties through bumper harvests. The fertility of soil varies according to regions, thereby determining the type of crops to be planted. However, there is no repository or any source of information about the fertility of the soil in any region in Nigeria especially the Northwest of the country. The only available information is soil samples with their attributes which gives little or no information to the average farmer. This has affected crop yield in all the regions, more particularly the Northwest region, thus resulting in lower food production.  Therefore, this study is aimed at classifying soil data based on their fertility in the Northwest region of Nigeria using R programming. Data were obtained from the department of soil science from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The data contain 400 soil samples containing 13 attributes. The relationship between soil attributes was observed based on the data. K-means clustering algorithm was employed in analyzing soil fertility clusters. Four clusters were identified with cluster 1 having the highest fertility, followed by 2 and the fertility decreases with an increasing number of clusters. The identification of the most fertile clusters will guide farmers on where best to concentrate on when planting their crops in order to improve productivity and crop yield.

Effectiveness of Supervised Classification Models for Hate Speech on Twitter

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunal Srivastava ◽  
Ryan Tabrizi ◽  
Ayaan Rahim ◽  
Lauryn Nakamitsu
Keyword(s):  
Supervised Classification ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Classification Models ◽  
Personal Attack ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
The Many ◽  
Primary Medium ◽  
Offensive Speech

<div> <div> <div> <p>Abstract </p> <p>The ceaseless connectivity imposed by the internet has made many vulnerable to offensive comments, be it their physical appearance, political beliefs, or religion. Some define hate speech as any kind of personal attack on one’s identity or beliefs. Of the many sites that grant the ability to spread such offensive speech, Twitter has arguably become the primary medium for individuals and groups to spread these hurtful comments. Such comments typically fail to be detected by Twitter’s anti-hate system and can linger online for hours before finally being taken down. Through sentiment analysis, this algorithm is able to distinguish hate speech effectively through the classification of sentiment. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Future Directions

2020 ◽  
pp. 476-479
Author(s):  
Marc N. Potenza ◽  
Kyle A. Faust ◽  
David Faust
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Classification Of Disease ◽  
Levels Of Use ◽  
Pornography Use ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Mental Health Treatments ◽  
The Many

As digital technology development continues to expand, both its positive and negative applications have also grown. As such, it is essential to continue gathering data on the many types of digital technologies, their overall effects, and their impact on public health. The World Health Organization’s inclusion of Gaming Disorder in the eleventh edition of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) indicates that some of the problematic effects of gaming are similar to those of substance-use disorders and gambling. Certain behaviors easily engaged in via the internet may also lead to compulsive levels of use in certain users, such as shopping or pornography use. In contrast, digital technologies can also lead to improvements in and wider accessibility to mental health treatments. Furthermore, various types of digital technologies can also lead to benefits such as increased productivity or social functioning. By more effectively understanding the impacts of all types of digital technologies, we can aim to maximize their benefits while minimizing or preventing their negative impacts.

scholarly journals Epileptic Encephalopathies: An Overview

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Khan ◽  
Raidah Al Baradie
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Epileptic Encephalopathy ◽  
Dravet Syndrome ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Epileptic Encephalopathies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ohtahara Syndrome ◽  
Cerebral Dysfunction ◽  
Epileptic Syndromes

Epileptic encephalopathies are an epileptic condition characterized by epileptiform abnormalities associated with progressive cerebral dysfunction. In the classification of the International League Against Epilepsy eight age-related epileptic encephalopathy syndromes are recognized. These syndromes include early myoclonic encephalopathy and Ohtahara syndrome in the neonatal period, West syndrome and Dravet syndrome in infancy, myoclonic status in nonprogressive encephalopathies, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, and epilepsy with continuous spike waves during slow wave sleep in childhood and adolescences. Other epileptic syndromes such as migrating partial seizures in infancy and severe epilepsy with multiple independent spike foci may be reasonably added. In this paper, we provide an overview of epileptic encephalopathies including clinical neurophysiological features, cognitive deterioration, and management options especially that these conditions are generally refractory to standard antiepileptic drugs.

scholarly journals Thoracic Kidney: Extremely Rare State of Aberrant Kidney

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Khoshchehreh ◽  
Omalbanin Paknejad ◽  
Mehrdad Bakhshayesh-Karam ◽  
Marzieh Pazoki
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Rare Form ◽  
Renal Ectopia ◽  
Diagnosis And Management

The thorax is the rarest place among all forms of renal ectopia. We report a rare case of an unacquired thoracic kidney. Only about 200 cases of the thoracic kidney have ever been reported in medical literature worldwide. In this paper we present the rarest form of nontraumatic nonhernia associated, truly ectopic thoracic kidney. The differential diagnosis and management options and classification of this rare form of aberrant kidney are discussed.

scholarly journals Orthodontic traction of impacted canines: Concepts and clinical application

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Machado Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Time ◽  
Permanent Tooth ◽  
Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Deep Bite ◽  
Impacted Canines ◽  
Impacted Canine ◽  
Prolonged Retention ◽  
Division 2

ABSTRACT Orthodontic traction of impacted canines stands as a major challenge for Orthodontics. It is a relatively frequent clinical complaint which management, more often than not, requires a multidisciplinary approach. Surgical exposure of the impacted canine, and the complex orthodontic mechanics applied to align the tooth back into the arch, may frequently lead to complications involving supporting tissues, not to mention the long treatment time and high costs imposed to patients. In face of that, it is worth highlighting the relevance of early diagnosis as to intervene efficiently and as soon as possible. This paper presents a review of the main concepts involving prevalence, etiology and classification of impacted canines, and describes the different clinical management options that would help solve the problem. It illustrates the topic by presenting a treatment delivered to a 13 year 7 months old male patient, suffering from a Class II, division 2, left subdivision, malocclusion, associated to a deep bite and a prolonged retention of a primary upper canine caused by the impaction of the permanent tooth. Corrective orthodontic therapy was associated to a rapid maxillary expansion and to the use of a high pull headgear. Impacted canine was submitted to orthodontic traction and correctly positioned back into the arch. This approach proved to be efficient in meeting both functional and aesthetic goals.

scholarly journals A potential antiviral and food-derived healthy ingredient: Resveratrol

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Ayla Arslaner ◽  
Zehra Türkoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Number ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Natural Polyphenol ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Polyphenols are the secondary metabolites of plants and has an important role in human nutrition as the leading antioxidants. According to the carbon number-based classification of polyphenols, resveratrol is a natural polyphenol in the stilbene group with antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects. Its beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases have also been reported. It was first identified in 1940 and has recently gained importance especially in medicine and pharmacy. Researchers have carried out various studies on resveratrol and its time-honored use in traditional eastern medicine has been reported. Resveratrol is a food ingredient that has the potential to be used in the treatment of various diseases, but also has antiviral effects. The study focuses on resveratrol’s physical and chemical properties, effects on health, antiviral effects and use in foods as a functional component.

scholarly journals Performance of Cans Classification System for Different Conveyor Belt Speed using Naïve Bayes

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Yulia Resti ◽  
Firmansyah Burlian ◽  
Irsyadi Yani
Keyword(s):  
Classification System ◽  
Naive Bayes ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Original Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Accuracy Level ◽  
Conveyor Belts ◽  
Sorting Process ◽  
Input Variables

The classification system in the sorting process in the can recycling industry can be made based on digital images by exploring the basic color pixel values ​​of images such as R, G, and B as variable inputs. In real time, the classification of cans in the sorting process occurs when cans placed on a conveyor belt move at a certain speed. This paper discusses the performance of can classification systems using the Naïve Bayes method. This method can handle all types of variables, including when all variables are continuous. Two types of conveyor belts are designed to get different speeds, and all images of the cans are captured on both conveyor belts. Two models of Bayes naive are built on the basis of the different distribution assumptions; the original model (all Gaussian distributed) and the model based on the best distribution. Performance of the classification system is built by dividing data into the learning data and the testing data with a composition of 50:50 in which each data is designed into 50 groups with different percentages on each type of cans using sampling technique without replacement. The results obtained are, first, the speed of the conveyor belt when capturing an image affects the pixel values of red, green, and blue and ultimately affects the results of the classification of cans. Second, not all input variables are Gaussian distributed. The classification system was built using assumption the best distribution model for each input variable has the better average accuracy level than the model that assumes all input variables are Gaussian distributed, and the accuracy level of classification on the first speeds of conveyor belt with a gear ratio of 12:30 and a diameter of 35 mm has an accuracy that is better than the other speed, both on the original model and the model based on the best distribution. However, it is necessary to test more statistical distribution models to obtain significant results.

Psychiatric Disorder in the General Hospital

1986 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Mayou ◽  
Keith Hawton
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorder ◽  
General Hospital ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Routine Clinical Practice ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Hospital Doctors ◽  
The Many

There have been many reports of psychiatric disorder in medical populations, but few have used standard methods on representative patient groups. Even so, there is consistent evidence for considerable psychiatric morbidity in in-patient, out-patient and casualty department populations, much of which is unrecognised by hospital doctors. We require a better classification of psychiatric disorder in the general hospital, improved research measures, and more evidence about the nature and course of the many different types of problem so that we can provide precise advice for their management of routine clinical practice.

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