scholarly journals Improve Rheological Properties of Palygorskite Water-Based Drilling Fluid by Caustic Soda and Soda Ash

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Nada M. Suliman ◽  
Nada Sabah Al-Zubaidi
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Western Desert ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Western Desert Of Iraq ◽  
Soda Ash

In drilling fluid program, selecting the drilling fluid that will reduce the lost time is the first objective, and will be economical regardless of its cost. The amount and type of solids in drilling fluid is the primary control of the rheological and filtration properties. Palygorskite clay (attapulgite) is an active solid that has the ability to reactive with its environment and form a gel structure within a fluid and due to its stability in the presence of brines and electrolytes this type of clay is preferred for use. The aim of this study is to improve properties of Iraqi palygorskite (PAL) by adding different chemical additives such as caustic soda NaOH and soda ash Na2CO3 with a different concentration in both fresh and salt water-based drilling fluid to satisfy the API specification and to compete with imported palygorskite. The palygorskite claystone of Late Cretaceous age is present in the Western Desert of Iraq within the Digma Formation. In this study, two areas in Western Desert palygorskite were obtained, Bahr Al-Najaf and Trefawi. The results of rheological properties showed that the performance of Bahr Al-Najaf PAL was more affected by caustic soda than Trefawi PAL. In contrast, Trefawi PAL performance was more affected with low concentrations of soda ash than Bahr Al-Najaf PAL in both fresh and salt water-based drilling fluid. Also, these additives lead to improve the value of pH in both fresh and salt drilling fluid that increases the ability of clay to be more dispersed in drilling fluid. Besides that, enhancement of drilling fluid prepared with Iraqi palygorskite stability to 85 and 80 in fresh and saltwater, respectively, was observed with soda ash additions.                                                                                                                        

scholarly journals The Performance of Iraqi Bentonite Using Soda Ash and Caustic Soda Additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
Ghofran F. Al-Ghanimi ◽  
Nada S. Al-Zubaidi
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Filtration Properties ◽  
Soda Ash

Choosing an adequate drilling fluid is of paramount importance in drilling operations. Thus, controlling the drilling fluid properties is by means of the appropriate selection of drilling fluid components of base fluids, solids, and additives to preserve drilling fluid properties. The aim of this study is to use the available and low cost Iraq's mineral resources. One of these minerals is presented by the Iraqi calcium montmorillonite clay (Ca-bentonite) was obtained from Wadi Bashera / Western Desert /Anbar Governorate to be used as an alternative active solid instead of spending hard currency on importing commercial clay. This study was grouped into two workflows. In the first workflow, XRF and XRD analyzes were performed after grinding the Iraqi raw bentonite rocks and screening it to separate the impurities in order to find out the chemical composition (oxides) and mineral composition (clay and non-clay minerals). The XRF analysis showed that Iraqi bentonite has Al2O3 to SiO2 ratio of 0.3623 which is approximately similar to 0.3455 that obtained by Wyoming bentonite. The XRD analysis detected that Iraqi bentonite is mainly composed of montmorillonite and palygorskite which form the predominant constituents of clay minerals, whereas quartz and gypsum are presented as non-clay minerals. The experimental work is the second work flow of this study in which the rheological and filtration properties, in addition pH value and stability of 3wt. % of Iraqi bentonite fresh water based fluid were tested. Two types of additives with different concentrations were used, soda ash and caustic soda. The results of the experimental work showed that, adding different concentrations of soda ash resulted in an increase in the rheological properties of 3wt. % Iraqi bentonite fresh water based drilling fluid. Soda ash within the range of 0.35 to 0.57g /350 cc water (0.35 to 0.57 lb/bbl) can be used to upgrade Iraqi bentonite. Caustic soda addition within range 0.2 to 0.4 g/350 cc water (0.2- 0.4 lb/bbl) caused an increase in the rheological properties of fresh water based drilling fluid prepared with 3 wt. % of Iraqi bentonite. Combination of soda ash and caustic soda with different concentrations revealed better results than that obtained from each additive alone. An improvement in the filtration properties has been also achieved by adding soda ash and caustic soda into the drilling fluid. Also, an enhancement was achieved in stability from 65 % to 98 % with soda ash and caustic soda additions. This study presents an efficient and cost-effective local bentonite for meeting the required drilling fluid rheological properties.

scholarly journals The Performance of Iraqi Palygorskite in Salt Drilling Fluid

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
Nada M. Sulaiman ◽  
Nada S. Al-Zubaidi
Keyword(s):  
Aging Time ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Western Desert ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Palygorskite Clay ◽  
Filtration Properties

In drilling fluid program, selecting the drilling fluid that will reduce the lost time is the first objective, and will be economical regardless of its cost. The amount and type of solids in drilling fluid is the primary control of the rheological and filtration properties. Palygorskite clay (attapulgite) is an active solid that has ability to reactive with its environment and form a gel structure within a fluid and due to its stability in the presence of brines and electrolytes this type of clay is preferred for use. The aim of this study is to calculate the yield of clay for both types of local PAL in both fresh and salt water based mud. Determine the effect of aging time. Besides that, the effect of chloride sodium (NaCl) on rheological properties of drilling fluid by preparing salt water based drilling fluid with Bahr Al-Najaf PAL in three different procedures. The palygorskite claystone of Late Cretaceous age is present in the Western Desert within the Digma Formation. In this study, from two areas in Western Desert palygorskite were obtained, Bahr Al-Najaf and Trefawi. The results showed that, the clay yield of Bahr Al-Najaf PAL (49.54 bbl/ton), Trefawi PAL (57 bbl/ton), and commercial PAL (166.8 bbl/ton) in fresh water environment was higher than in salt water environment. As observed in this study, the clay yield of Bahr Al-Najaf PAL, Trefawi PAL, and commercial PAL in salt water environment were 37.9, 50.7, and 135.6 bbl/ ton respectively.  Poor yield of clay was obtained with Trefawi PAL (Grinding) so it was not used to prepare samples in this study. This experimental investigation, 16 hours aging time after preparation drilling fluids was applied.   

Effect of Ferric Oxide and Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles on Iraqi Bentonite Performance in Water Based Drilling Fluid

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Ghofran F. Al-Ghanimi ◽  
Nada S. Al-Zubaidi
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Ferric Oxide ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Western Desert ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Water Based ◽  
The Impact

In oil and gas industry, the nanotechnology has been applied in different fields. Reservoir, exploration, drilling, completion, production, processing, and refinery are nanotechnology applications fields. Nanoparticles materials are one of the areas that are utilized in preparing drilling fluids. These nanomaterials are used to formulate high performance drilling fluids. In other words, these nano particles materials can be used to design smart drilling fluids. The properties of these drilling fluids can be met the well conditions requirements. The aim of this study is to enhance the performance of Iraqi bentonite in drilling fluids using nanomaterials. Iraqi calcium montmorillonite clay (Ca- bentonite) from Wadi Bashera in Iraqi Western Desert was obtained and studied in order to use it as an alternative active solid to the imported commercial bentonite. Water based drilling fluids were prepared with 3, 6, and 12 wt. % of Iraqi bentonite. Mgnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) and ferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) with different concentrations were used. The experimental work showed that, MgO NPs resulted in a significant increase in the rheological properties of drilling fluids prepared with 3 and 6 wt. % of Iraqi bentonite. In contrast,  moderate effect on the rheological properties of drilling fluid prepared with 12 wt. % of Iraqi bentonite were obtained with low concentrations of Fe2O3 NPs. Basically drilling fluids prepared with Iraqi bentonite had extreme filtrate volume compared with API specifications and poor controlling to filtration properties were obtained with MgO NPs and Fe2O3 NPs additions. The impact of these two nanomaterials was revealed on the stability of drilling fluids prepared with Iraqi bentonite, where an enhancemment from 65 % to 100% was observed.

Annular Frictional Pressure Losses During Drilling—Predicting the Effect of Drillstring Rotation

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arild Saasen
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Unstable Flow ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Shear Dependent Viscosity ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Dependent Viscosity

Controlling the annular frictional pressure losses is important in order to drill safely with overpressure without fracturing the formation. To predict these pressure losses, however, is not straightforward. First of all, the pressure losses depend on the annulus eccentricity. Moving the drillstring to the wall generates a wider flow channel in part of the annulus which reduces the frictional pressure losses significantly. The drillstring motion itself also affects the pressure loss significantly. The drillstring rotation, even for fairly small rotation rates, creates unstable flow and sometimes turbulence in the annulus even without axial flow. Transversal motion of the drillstring creates vortices that destabilize the flow. Consequently, the annular frictional pressure loss is increased even though the drilling fluid becomes thinner because of added shear rate. Naturally, the rheological properties of the drilling fluid play an important role. These rheological properties include more properties than the viscosity as measured by API procedures. It is impossible to use the same frictional pressure loss model for water based and oil based drilling fluids even if their viscosity profile is equal because of the different ways these fluids build viscosity. Water based drilling fluids are normally constructed as a polymer solution while the oil based are combinations of emulsions and dispersions. Furthermore, within both water based and oil based drilling fluids there are functional differences. These differences may be sufficiently large to require different models for two water based drilling fluids built with different types of polymers. In addition to these phenomena washouts and tool joints will create localised pressure losses. These localised pressure losses will again be coupled with the rheological properties of the drilling fluids. In this paper, all the above mentioned phenomena and their consequences for annular pressure losses will be discussed in detail. North Sea field data is used as an example. It is not straightforward to build general annular pressure loss models. This argument is based on flow stability analysis and the consequences of using drilling fluids with different rheological properties. These different rheological properties include shear dependent viscosity, elongational viscosity and other viscoelastic properties.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Barite and Hematite on the Rheology of Water-Based Drilling Mud

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osei H
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Attrition Rate ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
The Impact

High demand for oil and gas has led to exploration of more petroleum resources even at remote areas. The petroleum resources are found in deeper subsurface formations and drilling into such formations requires a well-designed drilling mud with suitable rheological properties in order to avoid or reduce associated drilling problems. This is because rheological properties of drilling muds have considerable effect on the drilling operation and cleaning of the wellbore. Mud engineers therefore use mud additives to influence the properties and functions of the drilling fluid to obtain the desired drilling mud properties especially rheological properties. This study investigated and compared the impact of barite and hematite as weighting agents for water-based drilling muds and their influence on the rheology. Water-based muds of different concentrations of weighting agents (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the total weight of the drilling mud) were prepared and their rheological properties determined at an ambient temperature of 24ᵒC to check their impact on drilling operation. The results found hematite to produce higher mud density, plastic viscosity, gel strength and yield point when compared to barite at the same weighting concentrations. The higher performance of the hematite-based muds might be attributed to it having higher specific gravity, better particle distribution and lower particle attrition rate and more importantly being free from contaminants. The water-based muds with hematite will therefore be more promising drilling muds with higher drilling and hole cleaning efficiency than those having barite.

Development of New Models to Determine the Rheological Parameters of Water-based Drilling Fluid Using Artificial Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farqad Hadi ◽  
Ali Noori ◽  
Hussein Hussein ◽  
Ameer Khudhair
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
Marsh Funnel

Abstract It is well known that drilling fluid is a key parameter for optimizing drilling operations, cleaning the hole, and managing the rig hydraulics and margins of surge and swab pressures. Although the experimental works present valid and reliable results, they are expensive and time consuming. On the other hand, continuous and regular determination of the rheological mud properties can perform its essential functions during well construction. More uncertainties in planning the drilling fluid properties meant that more challenges may be exposed during drilling operations. This study presents two predictive techniques, multiple regression analysis (MRA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs), to determine the rheological properties of water-based drilling fluid based on other simple measurable properties. While mud density (MW), marsh funnel (MF), and solid% are key input parameters in this study, the output functions or models are plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), apparent viscosity (AV), and gel strength. The prediction methods were demonstrated by means of a field case in eastern Iraq, using datasets from daily drilling reports of two wells in addition to the laboratory measurements. To test the performance ability of the developed models, two error-based metrics (determination coefficient R2 and root mean square error RMSE) have been used in this study. The current results of this study support the evidence that MW, MF, and solid% are consistent indexes for the prediction of rheological properties. Both mud density and solid content have a relative-significant effect on increasing PV, YP, AV, and gel strength. However, a scattering around each fit curve is observed which proved that one rheological property alone is not sufficient to estimate other properties. The results also reveal that both MRA and ANN are conservative in estimating the fluid rheological properties, but ANN is more precise than MRA. Eight empirical mathematical models with high performance capacity have been developed in this study to determine the rheological fluid properties based on simple and quick equipment as mud balance and marsh funnel. This study presents cost-effective models to determine the rheological fluid properties for future well planning in Iraqi oil fields.

Method and Mechanism of Regulating Rheological Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluid by High-Frequency and High-Voltage Alternating Current Electric Field

SPE Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (05) ◽  
pp. 2220-2233
Author(s):  
Weian Huang ◽  
Ming Lei ◽  
Jingwen Wang ◽  
Kaihe Lv ◽  
Lin Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Bentonite Suspension

Summary The rheology of drilling fluid is commonly regulated by chemical methods. In this work, a physical method of a high-frequency and high-voltage alternating current (AC) electric field to regulate the rheological properties of water-based drilling fluid is established. The effects of the electric field on the continuous phase and dispersed phase, as well as two kinds of water-based drilling fluids, were investigated, and the response relationship among rheological properties modeled by Bingham and Herschel-Bulkley (H-B) models and electric-field parameters was explored. Results showed that water conductivity increased when voltage reached 4 kV, whereas it was restored to the original state after 3 hours in the absence of an electric field, showing a memory effect. The effect was also observed on bentonite suspension, whose plastic viscosity increased with the aid of an electric field and decreased over time. Voltage showed the greatest effect on bentonite-suspension viscosity, followed by frequency and pulse-width ratio. Under the condition of voltage of 5 kV, frequency of 5 kHz, and pulse-width ratio of 80%, there was a maximum increase of 50% in viscosity. The addition of salts caused bentonite-suspension flocculation, and electric field reduced the consistency coefficient and relieved flocculation state. When polymers were incorporated in bentonite suspension, the electric field could decrease the adsorption amount between clay particles and polymeric additives such as amphoteric and acrylamide-based polymers. For two typical drilling fluids, the voltage of an introduced electric field was the main controlling factor to change the rheological properties; their plastic viscosity and consistency coefficient both started to increase when voltage reached 4 kV.

Stabilization of Drilling Fluid Waste with Fly Ash

1986 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Deeley ◽  
Larry W. Canter ◽  
Joakim G. Laguros
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
High Calcium Fly Ash ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Land Disposal ◽  
Drilling Muds

Water based drilling muds typically contain clays, barite, lime, caustic soda and other chemicals, such as polymers. Land disposal of these wastes raises the possibility of groundwater pollution which can be abated if the waste is stabilized either by chemical reaction or by solidification through some form of cementation. Many ASTM high-calcium (Class C) fly ashes are cementitious and thus may be useful in stabilization of drilling mud. The basic idea is to stabilize the clay-containing muds using the model of soil and roadbed stabilization with high-calcium fly ash [1]. Fly ash that is not utilized is considered to be a solid waste, so this application would would actually constitute codisposal of two wastes.

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