scholarly journals The Performance of Iraqi Bentonite Using Soda Ash and Caustic Soda Additives

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
Ghofran F. Al-Ghanimi ◽  
Nada S. Al-Zubaidi
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Filtration Properties ◽  
Soda Ash

Choosing an adequate drilling fluid is of paramount importance in drilling operations. Thus, controlling the drilling fluid properties is by means of the appropriate selection of drilling fluid components of base fluids, solids, and additives to preserve drilling fluid properties. The aim of this study is to use the available and low cost Iraq's mineral resources. One of these minerals is presented by the Iraqi calcium montmorillonite clay (Ca-bentonite) was obtained from Wadi Bashera / Western Desert /Anbar Governorate to be used as an alternative active solid instead of spending hard currency on importing commercial clay. This study was grouped into two workflows. In the first workflow, XRF and XRD analyzes were performed after grinding the Iraqi raw bentonite rocks and screening it to separate the impurities in order to find out the chemical composition (oxides) and mineral composition (clay and non-clay minerals). The XRF analysis showed that Iraqi bentonite has Al2O3 to SiO2 ratio of 0.3623 which is approximately similar to 0.3455 that obtained by Wyoming bentonite. The XRD analysis detected that Iraqi bentonite is mainly composed of montmorillonite and palygorskite which form the predominant constituents of clay minerals, whereas quartz and gypsum are presented as non-clay minerals. The experimental work is the second work flow of this study in which the rheological and filtration properties, in addition pH value and stability of 3wt. % of Iraqi bentonite fresh water based fluid were tested. Two types of additives with different concentrations were used, soda ash and caustic soda. The results of the experimental work showed that, adding different concentrations of soda ash resulted in an increase in the rheological properties of 3wt. % Iraqi bentonite fresh water based drilling fluid. Soda ash within the range of 0.35 to 0.57g /350 cc water (0.35 to 0.57 lb/bbl) can be used to upgrade Iraqi bentonite. Caustic soda addition within range 0.2 to 0.4 g/350 cc water (0.2- 0.4 lb/bbl) caused an increase in the rheological properties of fresh water based drilling fluid prepared with 3 wt. % of Iraqi bentonite. Combination of soda ash and caustic soda with different concentrations revealed better results than that obtained from each additive alone. An improvement in the filtration properties has been also achieved by adding soda ash and caustic soda into the drilling fluid. Also, an enhancement was achieved in stability from 65 % to 98 % with soda ash and caustic soda additions. This study presents an efficient and cost-effective local bentonite for meeting the required drilling fluid rheological properties.

scholarly journals Improve Rheological Properties of Palygorskite Water-Based Drilling Fluid by Caustic Soda and Soda Ash

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Nada M. Suliman ◽  
Nada Sabah Al-Zubaidi
Keyword(s):  
Caustic Soda ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Western Desert ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Western Desert Of Iraq ◽  
Soda Ash

In drilling fluid program, selecting the drilling fluid that will reduce the lost time is the first objective, and will be economical regardless of its cost. The amount and type of solids in drilling fluid is the primary control of the rheological and filtration properties. Palygorskite clay (attapulgite) is an active solid that has the ability to reactive with its environment and form a gel structure within a fluid and due to its stability in the presence of brines and electrolytes this type of clay is preferred for use. The aim of this study is to improve properties of Iraqi palygorskite (PAL) by adding different chemical additives such as caustic soda NaOH and soda ash Na2CO3 with a different concentration in both fresh and salt water-based drilling fluid to satisfy the API specification and to compete with imported palygorskite. The palygorskite claystone of Late Cretaceous age is present in the Western Desert of Iraq within the Digma Formation. In this study, two areas in Western Desert palygorskite were obtained, Bahr Al-Najaf and Trefawi. The results of rheological properties showed that the performance of Bahr Al-Najaf PAL was more affected by caustic soda than Trefawi PAL. In contrast, Trefawi PAL performance was more affected with low concentrations of soda ash than Bahr Al-Najaf PAL in both fresh and salt water-based drilling fluid. Also, these additives lead to improve the value of pH in both fresh and salt drilling fluid that increases the ability of clay to be more dispersed in drilling fluid. Besides that, enhancement of drilling fluid prepared with Iraqi palygorskite stability to 85 and 80 in fresh and saltwater, respectively, was observed with soda ash additions.                                                                                                                        

Development of New Models to Determine the Rheological Parameters of Water-based Drilling Fluid Using Artificial Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farqad Hadi ◽  
Ali Noori ◽  
Hussein Hussein ◽  
Ameer Khudhair
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Drilling Operations ◽  
Marsh Funnel

Abstract It is well known that drilling fluid is a key parameter for optimizing drilling operations, cleaning the hole, and managing the rig hydraulics and margins of surge and swab pressures. Although the experimental works present valid and reliable results, they are expensive and time consuming. On the other hand, continuous and regular determination of the rheological mud properties can perform its essential functions during well construction. More uncertainties in planning the drilling fluid properties meant that more challenges may be exposed during drilling operations. This study presents two predictive techniques, multiple regression analysis (MRA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs), to determine the rheological properties of water-based drilling fluid based on other simple measurable properties. While mud density (MW), marsh funnel (MF), and solid% are key input parameters in this study, the output functions or models are plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), apparent viscosity (AV), and gel strength. The prediction methods were demonstrated by means of a field case in eastern Iraq, using datasets from daily drilling reports of two wells in addition to the laboratory measurements. To test the performance ability of the developed models, two error-based metrics (determination coefficient R2 and root mean square error RMSE) have been used in this study. The current results of this study support the evidence that MW, MF, and solid% are consistent indexes for the prediction of rheological properties. Both mud density and solid content have a relative-significant effect on increasing PV, YP, AV, and gel strength. However, a scattering around each fit curve is observed which proved that one rheological property alone is not sufficient to estimate other properties. The results also reveal that both MRA and ANN are conservative in estimating the fluid rheological properties, but ANN is more precise than MRA. Eight empirical mathematical models with high performance capacity have been developed in this study to determine the rheological fluid properties based on simple and quick equipment as mud balance and marsh funnel. This study presents cost-effective models to determine the rheological fluid properties for future well planning in Iraqi oil fields.

scholarly journals Comparison between the Effect of Local Katira Gum and Xanthan Gum on the Rheological Properties of Water-based Drilling Fluids

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Bayan Qadir Sofy Hussein ◽  
Khalid Mahmood Ismael Sharbazheri ◽  
Nabil Adiel Tayeb Ubaid
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Property ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Water Based

The rheological properties of drilling fluids have an important role in providing a stable wellbore and eliminating the borehole problems. Several materials including polymers (xanthan gum) can be used to improve these properties. In this study, the effect of the local Katira, as a new polymer, on the rheological properties of the drilling fluids prepared as the bentonite-water-based mud has been investigated in comparison with the conventional xanthan gum. Experimental work was done to study of rheological properties of several gums such as, local katira gum, and xanthan gum bentonite drilling mud. Different samples of drilling fluids are prepared adding the xanthan gum and local katira to the base drilling fluid at different concentrations using Hamilton Beach mixer. The prepared samples are passed through rheological property tests including the apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, and yield point (YP) under different temperature conditions. The obtained results show that the viscosity is increased from 5 to 8.5 cp and YP is increased from 18.5 to 30.5 lb/100 ft2, with increasing the concentration of the xanthan gum from 0.1 to 0.4. However, the effect of the local katira in increasing the viscosity and YP is lower compared with the xanthan gum, which are ranged between 5–6 cp and 18.5–20.5 cp.

scholarly journals Effect of pH on Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluid Based on Bentonite

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 6714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hany Gamal ◽  
Salaheldin Elkatatny ◽  
Salem Basfar ◽  
Abdulaziz Al-Majed
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Filter Cake ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Gel Strength ◽  
Plastic Viscosity ◽  
Effect Of Ph ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Filtration Properties

The design of drilling fluids is very important for the drilling operation success. The rheological properties play a key role in the performance of the drilling fluid. Therefore, studying the mud rheological properties of the water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite is essential. The main objectives of this study are to address the effect of pH changes on the rheological and filtration properties of the water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite and to provide a recommended pH range for this drilling fluid for a safe and high-performance drilling operation. Different samples of the water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite with different pH values were prepared, and the rheological properties such as plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength were measured. After that, the filtration test was performed under 300 psi differential pressure and 200 °F. The pH for the water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite significantly affects the mud rheology. The shear stress and shear rate relation were varying with the change in the pH. Increasing the pH from 8 to 12 resulted in decreasing the plastic viscosity by 53% and the yield point by 82%, respectively. The ratio of yield point / plastic viscosity was 1.4 for pH of 8 while it decreased to 0.5 for a pH of 11 and 12. There was a significant decrease in the gel strength readings by increasing the pH. The filtrate volume and filter cake thickness increased by increasing pH. The filtration volume increased from 9.5 cm3 to 12.6 cm3 by increasing the pH from 9 to 12. The filter cake thickness was 2 mm at 9 pH, while it was increased to 3.6 mm for 12 pH. It is recommended from the results to keep the pH of water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite in the range of 9 to 10 as it provides the optimum mud rheological and filtration properties. The findings of this study illustrated that keeping the pH in the range of 9 to 10 will reduce the plastic viscosity that will help in increasing the rate of penetration and reducing the required pump pressure to circulate the mud to the surface which will help to sustain the drilling operation. In addition, reducing the filtrate volume will produce a thin filter cake which will help in avoiding the pipe sticking and protect the environment. In general, optimizing the pH of the water-based drilling fluid based on bentonite in the range of 9 to 10 will improve the drilling operation and minimize the total cost.

scholarly journals Wet Drilled Cuttings Bed Rheology

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1644
Author(s):  
Camilo Pedrosa ◽  
Arild Saasen ◽  
Bjørnar Lund ◽  
Jan David Ytrehus
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Parallel Plates ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Cuttings Transport ◽  
Transport Studies ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Cuttings Bed

The cuttings transport efficiency of various drilling fluids has been studied in several approaches. This is an important aspect, since hole cleaning is often a bottleneck in well construction. The studies so far have targeted the drilling fluid cuttings’ transport capability through experiments, simulations or field data. Observed differences in the efficiency due to changes in the drilling fluid properties and compositions have been reported but not always fully understood. In this study, the cuttings bed, wetted with a single drilling fluid, was evaluated. The experiments were performed with parallel plates in an Anton Paar Physica 301 rheometer. The results showed systematic differences in the internal friction behaviors between tests of beds with oil-based and beds with water-based fluids. The observations indicated that cutting beds wetted with a polymeric water-based fluid released clusters of particles when external forces overcame the bonding forces and the beds started to break up. Similarly, it was observed that an oil-based fluid wetted bed allowed particles to break free as single particles. These findings may explain the observed differences in previous cutting transport studies.

scholarly journals Real-Time Measurement of Drilling Fluid Rheological Properties: A Review

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3592
Author(s):  
Naipeng Liu ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Hui Gao ◽  
Yule Hu ◽  
Longchen Duan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Rate Of Penetration ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Time Measurement ◽  
Fluid Properties

The accurate and frequent measurement of the drilling fluid’s rheological properties is essential for proper hydraulic management. It is also important for intelligent drilling, providing drilling fluid data to establish the optimization model of the rate of penetration. Appropriate drilling fluid properties can improve drilling efficiency and prevent accidents. However, the drilling fluid properties are mainly measured in the laboratory. This hinders the real-time optimization of drilling fluid performance and the decision-making process. If the drilling fluid’s properties cannot be detected and the decision-making process does not respond in time, the rate of penetration will slow, potentially causing accidents and serious economic losses. Therefore, it is important to measure the drilling fluid’s properties for drilling engineering in real time. This paper summarizes the real-time measurement methods for rheological properties. The main methods include the following four types: an online rotational Couette viscometer, pipe viscometer, mathematical and physical model or artificial intelligence model based on a Marsh funnel, and acoustic technology. This paper elaborates on the principle, advantages, limitations, and usage of each method. It prospects the real-time measurement of drilling fluid rheological properties and promotes the development of the real-time measurement of drilling rheological properties.

Annular Frictional Pressure Losses During Drilling—Predicting the Effect of Drillstring Rotation

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arild Saasen
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Unstable Flow ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Shear Dependent Viscosity ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Dependent Viscosity

Controlling the annular frictional pressure losses is important in order to drill safely with overpressure without fracturing the formation. To predict these pressure losses, however, is not straightforward. First of all, the pressure losses depend on the annulus eccentricity. Moving the drillstring to the wall generates a wider flow channel in part of the annulus which reduces the frictional pressure losses significantly. The drillstring motion itself also affects the pressure loss significantly. The drillstring rotation, even for fairly small rotation rates, creates unstable flow and sometimes turbulence in the annulus even without axial flow. Transversal motion of the drillstring creates vortices that destabilize the flow. Consequently, the annular frictional pressure loss is increased even though the drilling fluid becomes thinner because of added shear rate. Naturally, the rheological properties of the drilling fluid play an important role. These rheological properties include more properties than the viscosity as measured by API procedures. It is impossible to use the same frictional pressure loss model for water based and oil based drilling fluids even if their viscosity profile is equal because of the different ways these fluids build viscosity. Water based drilling fluids are normally constructed as a polymer solution while the oil based are combinations of emulsions and dispersions. Furthermore, within both water based and oil based drilling fluids there are functional differences. These differences may be sufficiently large to require different models for two water based drilling fluids built with different types of polymers. In addition to these phenomena washouts and tool joints will create localised pressure losses. These localised pressure losses will again be coupled with the rheological properties of the drilling fluids. In this paper, all the above mentioned phenomena and their consequences for annular pressure losses will be discussed in detail. North Sea field data is used as an example. It is not straightforward to build general annular pressure loss models. This argument is based on flow stability analysis and the consequences of using drilling fluids with different rheological properties. These different rheological properties include shear dependent viscosity, elongational viscosity and other viscoelastic properties.

Full Scale Flow Loop Experiments of Hole Cleaning Performances of Drilling Fluids

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan David Ytrehus ◽  
Ali Taghipour ◽  
Sneha Sayindla ◽  
Bjørnar Lund ◽  
Benjamin Werner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Section ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Hole Cleaning ◽  
Cleaning Performance ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Drilling Cost

One important requirement for a drilling fluid is the ability to transport the cuttings out of the borehole. Improved hole cleaning is a key to solve several challenges in the drilling industry and will allow both longer wells and improved quality of well construction. It has been observed, however, that drilling fluids with similar properties according to the API standard can have significantly different behavior with respect to hole cleaning performance. The reasons for this are not fully understood. This paper presents results from flow loop laboratory tests without and with injected cuttings size particles using a base oil and a commercial oil based drilling fluid. The results demonstrate the importance of the rheological properties of the fluids for the hole cleaning performance. A thorough investigation of the viscoelastic properties of the fluids was performed with a Fann viscometer and a Paar-Physica rheometer, and was used to interpret the results from the flow loop experiments. Improved understanding of the fluid properties relevant to hole cleaning performance will help develop better models of wellbore hydraulics used in planning of well operations. Eventually this may lead to higher ROP with water based drilling fluids as obtained with oil based drilling fluids. This may ease cuttings handling in many operations and thereby significantly reduce the drilling cost using (normally) more environmentally friendly fluids. The experiments have been conducted as part of an industry-sponsored research project where understanding the hole cleaning performance of various oil and water based drilling fluids is the aim. The experiments have been performed under realistic conditions. The flow loop includes a 10 meter long test section with 2″ OD freely rotating drillstring inside a 4″ ID wellbore made of concrete. Sand particles were injected while circulating the drilling fluid through the test section in horizontal position.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Barite and Hematite on the Rheology of Water-Based Drilling Mud

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Osei H
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Attrition Rate ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Drilling Operation ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Drilling Muds ◽  
The Impact

High demand for oil and gas has led to exploration of more petroleum resources even at remote areas. The petroleum resources are found in deeper subsurface formations and drilling into such formations requires a well-designed drilling mud with suitable rheological properties in order to avoid or reduce associated drilling problems. This is because rheological properties of drilling muds have considerable effect on the drilling operation and cleaning of the wellbore. Mud engineers therefore use mud additives to influence the properties and functions of the drilling fluid to obtain the desired drilling mud properties especially rheological properties. This study investigated and compared the impact of barite and hematite as weighting agents for water-based drilling muds and their influence on the rheology. Water-based muds of different concentrations of weighting agents (5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the total weight of the drilling mud) were prepared and their rheological properties determined at an ambient temperature of 24ᵒC to check their impact on drilling operation. The results found hematite to produce higher mud density, plastic viscosity, gel strength and yield point when compared to barite at the same weighting concentrations. The higher performance of the hematite-based muds might be attributed to it having higher specific gravity, better particle distribution and lower particle attrition rate and more importantly being free from contaminants. The water-based muds with hematite will therefore be more promising drilling muds with higher drilling and hole cleaning efficiency than those having barite.

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