THE STUDY OF RUSSIAN CIVILIAN AVIATION PILOTS’ MORTALITY

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.V. Bukhtiyarov ◽  
◽  
E.V. Zibarev ◽  
K.V. Betts
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Russian Population ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Aviation Pilots

Abstract. Introduction. The work of civilian aviation pilots is characterized by heavy psychological and emotional stress in combination with other occupational factors. Such complex of adverse working conditions appears to be a risk for functional and somatic disorders, which may subsequently be reflected in the causes and rates of mortality in the distant period. The aim of this work is to study the mortality of retired civilian aviation pilots. Methods. A prospective cohort epidemiological study of civilian aviation pilots’ mortality. The cohort included 4513 male civilian aviation pilots of Russia who completed their employment and received employment pension. The follow-up period was 10 years (01.01.2010-31.12.2019), with 22156.9 person-years obtained. The age-specific mortality rates were calculated for 5-year age groups, the mortality risk was assessed using standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The comparison group was the male Russian population. Results. As of 31.12.2019, out of 4513 civilian aviation pilots, 150 people deceased (3.3%). The age-specific mortality rates in the retired pilots’ cohort were lower in all age groups compared to the male Russian population, except for the 35-39 age group. The all-cause mortality risk for civilian aviation pilots was significantly lower compared to the male Russian population, SMR=0.31 (95%CL 0.26-0.36). Conclusion. Further research is required to determine the long-term effects of working conditions on civilian aviation pilots’ health. The follow-up period for the pilots’ cohort should be increases to 20 years and more.

scholarly journals Estimates of mortality rates in people with diabetes and cardiovascular disease using administrative pharmaceutical data

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Purkiss ◽  
Tessa Keegel ◽  
Hassan Vally ◽  
Dennis Wollersheim
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Medication Discontinuation ◽  
Disease Mortality ◽  
Health Organization

BackgroundQuantifying the mortality risk for people with diabetes is challenging because of associated comorbidities. The recording of cause specific mortality from accompanying cardiovascular disease in death certificate notifications has been considered to underestimate the overall mortality risk in persons with diabetes. Main AimDevelop a technique to quantify mortality risk from pharmaceutical administrative data and apply it to persons diagnosed with diabetes, and associated cardiovascular disease and dyslipidaemia before death. MethodsPersons with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and dyslipidaemia were identified in a publicly available Australian Pharmaceutical data set using World Health Organization anatomic therapeutic codes assigned to medications received. Diabetes associated multi-morbidity cohorts were constructed and a proxy mortality (PM) event determined from medication and service discontinuation. Estimates of mortality rates were calculated from 2004 for 10 years and compared persons with diabetes alone and associated cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia. ResultsThis study identified 346,201 individuals within the 2004 calendar year as having received treatments for diabetes (n=51,422), dyslipidaemia (n=169,323) and cardiovascular disease including hypertension (n=280,105). Follow up was 3.3 x 106 person-years. Overall crude PM was 26.1 per 1000 person-years. PM rates were highest in persons with cardiovascular disease and diabetes in combination (47.5 per 100 person years). Statin treatments significantly improved the mortality rates in all persons with diabetes and cardiovascular disease alone and in combination over age groups >44 years (p<.001). Age specific diabetes PM rates using pharmaceutical data correlated well with Australian data from the National Diabetes Service Scheme (r=0.82) ConclusionProxy mortality events calculated from medication discontinuation in persons with chronic conditions can provide an alternative method to estimate disease mortality rates. The technique also allows the assessment of mortality risk in persons with chronic disease multi-morbidity.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Natural History of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Bayesian Estimation of Natural Recovery and Mortality Rates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Ragonnet ◽  
Jennifer A Flegg ◽  
Samuel L Brilleman ◽  
Edine W Tiemersma ◽  
Yayehirad A Melsew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Previous Systematic Review ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Smear Negative ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) natural history remains poorly characterized, and new investigations are impossible as it would be unethical to follow up TB patients without treatment. Methods We considered the reports identified in a previous systematic review of studies from the prechemotherapy era, and extracted detailed data on mortality over time. We used a Bayesian framework to estimate the rates of TB-induced mortality and self-cure. A hierarchical model was employed to allow estimates to vary by cohort. Inference was performed separately for smear-positive TB (SP-TB) and smear-negative TB (SN-TB). Results We included 41 cohorts of SP-TB patients and 19 cohorts of pulmonary SN-TB patients in the analysis. The median estimates of the TB-specific mortality rates were 0.389 year−1 (95% credible interval [CrI], .335–.449) and 0.025 year−1 (95% CrI, .017–.035) for SP-TB and SN-TB patients, respectively. The estimates for self-recovery rates were 0.231 year−1 (95% CrI, .177–.288) and 0.130 year−1 (95% CrI, .073–.209) for SP-TB and SN-TB patients, respectively. These rates correspond to average durations of untreated TB of 1.57 years (95% CrI, 1.37–1.81) and 5.35 years (95% CrI, 3.42–8.23) for SP-TB and SN-TB, respectively, when assuming a non-TB-related mortality rate of 0.014 year−1 (ie, a 70-year life expectancy). Conclusions TB-specific mortality rates are around 15 times higher for SP-TB than for SN-TB patients. This difference was underestimated dramatically in previous TB modeling studies, raising concerns about the accuracy of the associated predictions. Despite being less infectious, SN-TB may be responsible for equivalent numbers of secondary infections as SP-TB due to its much longer duration.

EXPOSURE TO PM2.5 AND CAUSE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY RISK IN ADDITIONAL FOLLOW-UP OF THE HARVARD SIX CITIES STUDY: IDENTIFICATION OF SUSCEPTIBLE SUB-POPULATIONS

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine Laden ◽  
Jaime E Hart ◽  
Robin C Puett ◽  
Joel Schwartz ◽  
Frank E Speizer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Specific Mortality

Resting heart rate, temporal changes in resting heart rate, and overall and cause-specific mortality

Heart ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (13) ◽  
pp. 1076-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Seviiri ◽  
Brigid M Lynch ◽  
Allison M Hodge ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Danny Liew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Cox Models ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study ◽  
Trained Staff

ObjectiveMost studies investigating the association between resting heart rate (RHR) and mortality have focused on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, and measured RHR at only one time point. We aimed to assess associations of RHR and changes in RHR over approximately a decade with overall and cause-specific mortality.MethodsWe used data from participants in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study with RHR measures at baseline (1990–1994; n=41 386; 9846 deaths) and at follow-up (2003–2007; n=21 692; 2818 deaths). RHR measures were taken by trained staff, using Dinamap monitors. Cox models were used to estimate HR and 95% CI for the associations between RHR and mortality. Vital status and cause of death were ascertained until August 2015 and December 2013, respectively.ResultsAfter adjustment for confounders, including blood pressure and known medical conditions but not arrhythmias or atrial fibrillation, RHR was associated with a higher risk of death of similar magnitude for CVD (HR per 10 beats per minute (bpm)=1.11, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.16), cancer (HR=1.10, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.13) and other causes (HR=1.20, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.25). Higher mortality was observed for most cancer sites, including breast (HR=1.16, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.31), colorectal (HR=1.18, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.29), kidney (HR=1.27, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.57) and lung cancer (HR=1.19, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.29). Temporal increases in RHR were associated with higher mortality, particularly for individuals whose RHR increased by more than 15 bpm.ConclusionsRHR and changes in RHR over a decade are associated with mortality risk, including from causes other than CVD such as breast, colorectal or lung cancer. Monitoring of RHR may have utility in identifying individuals at higher mortality risk.

scholarly journals Total knee arthroplasty reduces the risk of mortality in osteoarthritis patients up to 12 years: A Korean national cohort longitudinal follow-up study

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 230949902090258
Author(s):  
Hyo Geun Choi ◽  
Bong Cheol Kwon ◽  
Joong Il Kim ◽  
Joon Kyu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Circulatory Disease ◽  
Total Knee

Introduction: Mortality rates and causes of death after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are of great interest to surgeons. However, there is a shortage of studies regarding those of the Asian population. The aim of this study was to compare the mortality rate and causes of death in patients after TKA to the general population. Methods: National sample cohort data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service were used. In this study, 1:4 matched patients after TKA (TKA group: 5072) and general participants (control group: 20,288) were selected as subjects. Their average follow-up duration was 57.2 months ranging from a year up to 12 years. The matches were processed for age, gender, income, region of residence, and past medical history. Mortality rates and causes of death were compared between groups. Regarding the mortality rates, we also performed subgroup analyses according to age. Results: Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of the TKA group for mortality rate was less than 1 with significance (adjusted HR = 0.61 (95% confidence interval = 0.54–0.70, p < 0.001)). The ratios were less than 1 for both age groups (<70 and ≥70 years), respectively; however, for patients under 70, they were insignificant. Among the 11 major causes of death, the circulatory disease showed the most significantly reduced mortality rate for the TKA group compared to the control group. The neoplasm was the only other cause with a significantly reduced mortality rate for the TKA group. Conclusion: The mortality rate in the TKA group was significantly lower than in the control group up to 12 years after the surgery in Korea. Among the major causes of death, circulatory disease and neoplasm showed a significant reduction in the mortality rate of the TKA group compared with the control group.

scholarly journals Fractures’ associated mortality risk in orthogeriatric inpatients: a prospective 2-year survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Wiedl ◽  
Stefan Förch ◽  
Annabel Fenwick ◽  
Edgar Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fragility Fractures ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Relative Mortality ◽  
Fracture Types

Abstract Purpose The most common osteoporotic fragility fractures are hip, vertebral and upper extremity fractures. An association with increased mortality is widely described with their occurrence. Fracture-specific associated death rates were determined in a 2-year follow-up for patients treated on an orthogeriatric ward. These were compared amongst each other, examined for changes with age and their impact on the relative mortality risk in relation to the corresponding population. Methods We assessed all patients that were treated in the course of a year on an orthogeriatric ward and suffered from the following injuries: hip (HF), vertebral (VF) and upper extremity fractures (UEF). In a 2-year follow-up it was possible to determine the month of death in the case of the patient’s decease. Pairwise comparisons of the three fracture type death rates were performed through Cox-Regression. We stratified the fracture-dependent absolute mortality and age-specific mortality risk (ASMR) for age groups 71–80, 81–90 and 91–95. Results Overall, we assessed 240 patients with HF, 96 with VF and 127 with UEF over the span of a year. 1- and 2-year-mortality was: HF: 29.6% a.e. 42.9%, VF: 29.2% a.e. 36.5%, UEF: 20.5% a.e 34.6%. Pairwise comparisons of these mortality values revealed no significant differences. In association with HF and VF, we observed a significant increase of 2-year mortality for the oldest compared to the youngest patients (HF: 60.4% vs. 22.5%; p = 0.028) (VF 70% vs. 14.3%; p = 0.033). The analogue comparison for UEF revealed no relevant difference in age-dependent mortality (40.9% vs. 31.1%; p = 0.784). Common for all fracture types ASMR’s were more elevated in the younger patients and decreased with higher age. Conclusion The fracture-related mortality in the 2-year follow-up was comparable. We observed a reduction of relative mortality risk in the oldest patients. While a direct influence of fracture on mortality must be supposed, we support the thesis of the fracture rather being an indicator of higher susceptibility of timely death.

scholarly journals P.1.03 Mortality analysis in different exposure groups of coal miners in rostov region of the russian federation

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A78.1-A78
Author(s):  
Igor Bukhtiyarov ◽  
Tatyana Pictushanskaya ◽  
Galina Tikhonova ◽  
Tatyana Gorchakova ◽  
Maria Bryleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Health ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Reference Population ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Coal Miners ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Regional Center ◽  
Rostov Region

IntroductionThe Rostov region was one of the largest centers of coal mining in Russia during XIX–XX centuries. The long-term effects of work in coal mines were investigated with the use of database of the Rostov regional center of occupational health.AimAssessment of mortality risks in different exposure groups of coal miners.MethodsA cohort of 9980 coal miners with established occupational diseases was formed by the Rostov regional center of occupational health. The follow-up period was 26 years (01.01.1990–31.12.2015). By the end of the follow-up period 1898 miners were alive and 8082 died. In result there were 1 38 768 person-years of follow-up. The male population of Rostov region was used as reference group.Two different exposure groups were created. First one included main professions – clearing face miners and shaft miners (5941 persons, 79 978 person-years). Maximum dust concentrations reached 270–300 mg/m3, vibration levels – 130 dB, noise levels – 130 dBA. The second one included miners of auxiliary professions (shot-firers, wiremen, loco drivers, etc.) – 4039 persons, 58 790 person-years. The maximum exposure levels were lower, 100–130 mg/m3, 110 dB, 105 dBA, respectively.ResultsThe standardized mortality ratio in the cohort (SMR) was 1.47 (CI 1.42–1.51). In the group with length of service up to 10 years, SMR=1.01 (0.91–1.13), 10–19 years SMR=1.33 (1.27–1.39), 20 years and more SMR=1.91 (1.80–2.02).In both groups the SMR was higher than in reference population. SMR=1.57 (1.50–1.63) and SMR=1.32 (1.25–1.39) respectively. The difference between subgroups was also statistically significant SMR=1.19 (1.14–1.24)ConclusionResults of follow up demonstrated elevated risks of mortality for former coal miners. A ‘dose (time) – effect’ relationship for mortality levels were also established.

Variable annuities and aggregate mortality risk

2016 ◽  
Vol 237 ◽  
pp. R55-R61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Weale ◽  
Justin van de Ven
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Actual Cost ◽  
Relative Risk Aversion ◽  
Variable Annuities ◽  
Actual Mortality ◽  
Specific Mortality

This paper explores the extent to which annuitants might be prepared to pay for protection against cohort-specific mortality risk, by comparing traditional indexed annuities with annuities whose payout rates are revised in response to differences between expected and actual mortality rates of the cohort in question. It finds that a man aged 65 with a coefficient of relative risk aversion of two would be prepared to pay 75p per £100 annuitised for protection against aggregate mortality risk while a man with risk aversion of twenty would be prepared to pay £5.75 per £100; studies put the actual cost at £2.70–£7 per £100, suggesting that unless annuitants are very risk averse it is likely that existing products tend to over-insure against cohort mortality risk.

Relapse and Mortality Risk of Stage I Testicular Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Florvall ◽  
Peder Frederiksen ◽  
Jakob Lauritsen ◽  
Mikkel Bandak ◽  
M Gry G Kier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Testicular Cancer ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Standardized Mortality Ratio ◽  
Insurance Risk ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Mortality Ratio ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Overall Mortality

Objectives. – To assess the medical insurance risk for patients with stage I testicular cancer (TC), by calculating the overall mortality risk with and without relapse, and compare it to men from the Danish population. Background. – Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in young males. Outcomes of a Danish cohort of 3366 patients with stage I TC (1366 non-seminomas (NSTC) and 2000 Seminomas (STC)), were analyzed. Method. – The data were analyzed by the “illness-death” model. For the analysis of the transitions between diagnosis, relapse and death we adopted a parametric approach, where the relationship between the intensities and the effect of covariates were specified by Poisson regression models for NSTC and STC individually. Results. – In the NSTC group, 422 patients relapsed. Six relapses (1.4%) occurred after 5 years of follow-up. In the STC group, 389 relapsed. The relapse rate after 5 years was 4.1%. The overall mortality analyses showed that the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for men with NSTC without relapse, was slightly lower than in the matched general population of Danish men (SMR = 0.9). In STC patients without relapse, SMR was 0.80. Relapse raised the overall mortality by a factor 2.0 for NSTC and 1.5 for STC. Conclusions. – The fact that few relapses occur 5 years after diagnosis is an important finding for risk assessment in life insurance. It makes it possible to insure men diagnosed with stage I TC, who have not experienced relapse 5 years after diagnosis, on normal terms.

scholarly journals Individual testosterone decline and future mortality risk in men

2018 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine A Holmboe ◽  
Niels E Skakkebæk ◽  
Anders Juul ◽  
Thomas Scheike ◽  
Tina K Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Age Related ◽  
National Mortality ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models

Objective Male aging is characterized by a decline in testosterone (TS) levels with a substantial variability between subjects. However, it is unclear whether differences in age-related changes in TS are associated with general health. We investigated associations between mortality and intra-individual changes in serum levels of total TS, SHBG, free TS and LH during a ten-year period with up to 18 years of registry follow-up. Design 1167 men aged 30–60 years participating in the Danish Monitoring Trends and Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA1) study and who had a follow-up examination ten years later (MONICA10) were included. From MONICA10, the men were followed up to 18 years (mean: 15.2 years) based on the information from national mortality registries via their unique personal ID numbers. Methods Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the association between intra-individual hormone changes and all-cause, CVD and cancer mortalities. Results A total of 421 men (36.1%) died during the follow-up period. Men with most pronounced decline in total TS (<10th percentile) had a higher all-cause mortality risk compared to men within the 10th to 90th percentile (hazard ratio (HR): 1.60; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–2.36). No consistent associations were seen in cause-specific mortality analyses. Conclusion Our study showed that higher mortality rates were seen among the men who had the most pronounced age-related decline in TS, independent of their baseline TS levels.

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