scholarly journals Use of Dietary Exposure Estimates for Harmonization

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 430-435
Author(s):  
Suzanne C. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Safety Standard ◽  
Consumer Safety ◽  
Realistic Possibility ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Residue Levels

Trade problems arise when different maximum residue levels (MRLs) are established for the same compound. This is often interpreted as a difference in the safety evaluation of the residues of the drug. These differences may also result from different agricultural or veterinary practices, different analytes in the monitoring program, or other factors unrelated to the safety assessment. Thus, an important question for deciding the acceptability of an MRL should be whether use of the MRL will result in residues above a country's established acceptable daily intake (ADI). The ADI, rather than the MRL, is the safety standard for the compound because is defined as the amount of residue that can be ingested daily over a consumer's lifetime without appreciable health risk. It is possible to predict whether there is a realistic possibility that uses of a particular MRL will result in a dietary intake that exceeds the ADI. MRLs should be considered “equivalent” for purposes of trade and consumer safety if use of the MRL does not result in residues above a country's ADI.

Monitoring Pesticide Residues in Olive Products: Organophosphorus Insecticides in Olives and Oil

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 1096-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaido Lentza-Rizos
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Olive Fruit ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Method ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A simple and efficient gas-liquid chromatographic method was used to screen and quantitate residues of azinphos ethyl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, di-methoate, fenthion, fenthion sulfoxide, methi-dathion, parathion ethyl, and parathion methyl in olive fruit and olive oil. Most olive fruit samples analyzed during 1991-1992 either contained no detectable residues of the insecticides or contained low concentrations of fenthion, dimethoate, and chlorpyrifos. One sample contained fenthion sulfoxide at a level exceeding FAO/WHO Codex Ali-mentarius maximum residue levels (MRL) for total fenthion. Commercially packed oil samples either contained no detectable residues of the insecticides or contained low concentrations of fenthion, fenthion sulfoxide, and chlorpyrifos. More than half of the virgin oil samples collected from individual growers contained no detectable residues. The others contained mostly fenthion and its sulfoxide metabolite. Of the samples analyzed, 13% exceeded Codex MRL for total fenthion residues. These samples were from a monitoring program targeted at produce most likely to contain residues. Refining procedures seem to act as a decontamination technique for oil containing fenthion residues.

A Case Study: Harmonization of Veterinary Drug Maximum Residue Levels Between the U.S. and Canada

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 436-444
Author(s):  
Steven D. Brynes ◽  
Richard H. Teske
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Working Group ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Veterinary Drugs ◽  
Evaluation Procedure ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
The Us ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Residue Levels

The Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada (FTA) went into effect January 1, 1989. To implement certain provisions of the agreement on technical regulations and standards, the United States Center for Veterinary Medicine, the Canadian Bureau of Veterinary Drugs, and Agriculture Canada established the Working Group on Veterinary Drug Tolerances. The primary charges to the Working Group on Veterinary Drug Tolerances were (1) to harmonize the procedures used for evaluating new animal drugs, performing risk assessments and calculating tolerances, and (2) to harmonize the tolerances (or maximum residue levels, MRLs) for approved drugs, with the goal of having the same tolerances in each country. The first of these charges was met early in the negotiations. Both the US and Canada will use a 6-step evaluation procedure for the human food safety evaluation of new animal drugs. On September 29, 1990, Canada published a list of MRLs for 38 drugs that had been harmonized through the FTA. The progress of the working group and its continuing efforts to harmonize tolerances for approximately 15 other veterinary drugs will be discussed. This paper proposes use of the toxicologically determined acceptable daily intake (ADI) for the drug as the safety standard for reaching conclusions on the acceptability of residues in meat for human consumption. Specifically, the ‘equivalence’ of different MRLs for the same veterinary drug would be determined by considering whether they are likely to result in dietary residues that exceed the other country's ADI for the drug. Estimates are made for the veterinary drugs lasalocid and halofuginone hydrobromide. Based on these estimates, the US and Canadian MRLs for each drug would be considered ‘equivalent’ for trade purposes.

Monitoring Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables at Two of the Biggest Fresh Produce Markets in Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1938-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
MBULAHENI T. MUTENGWE ◽  
LIZYBEN CHIDAMBA ◽  
LISE KORSTEN
Keyword(s):  
Pesticide Residue ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Pesticide Monitoring ◽  
Chemical Residues ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Residue Levels

ABSTRACTIn most countries, fresh produce sold at local markets is usually not analyzed for agricultural chemical residues as export products are, which raises concerns about the perceived safety levels of local food supplies in contrast with exported products. The aim of this study was to determine pesticide residue levels in fruits and vegetables sold at two of the biggest fresh produce markets in Africa. A total of 199 fruit and vegetable samples were collected between 2012 and 2014 and analyzed for 74 pesticides commonly used in the horticultural sector. Of the samples analyzed, 91% were compliant with set maximum residue levels (MRLs). The remaining samples either contained unregistered chemicals (8%) or exceeded set MRL values (1%). Products containing more than one pesticide residue constituted 4.02% of all samples tested. Imazalil and iprodione were found to be the most frequently detected pesticides (12 samples each). Boscalid, endosulfan, profenofos, and procymidone were associated with the most noncompliance, including exceeding MRL values or being unregistered for the specific crop. The establishment of a national pesticide monitoring program is essential for the country and would ensure that pesticides are used in accordance with good agricultural practices.

scholarly journals Analysis of Multi-Pesticide Residues and Dietary Risk Assessment in Fresh Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) from Local Supermarkets of the Metropolitan Region, Chile

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 249
Author(s):  
Sebastian Elgueta ◽  
Marcela Valenzuela ◽  
Marcela Fuentes ◽  
Pilar Ulloa ◽  
Cecilia Ramos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Dietary Risk ◽  
Fresh Vegetables ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Dietary Risk Assessment

In recent years, the official authorities in Chile have reported transgressions in the maximum residue levels of pesticides in fresh vegetables. There is no official information about traceability, pesticide levels, and potential health risks. The aim of this study was to analyse pesticide residues and their corresponding dietary risk assessments in tomatoes from supermarkets in the Metropolitan Region. Pesticides were extracted using the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe, QuEChERS method, and their concentrations were determined by using chromatography with HPLC-FL/UV and GC-MS/ECD/NPD, following the Analytical Quality Control and Method Validation Procedures for Pesticides Residues Analysis in Food and Feed, SANTE guide and ISO 17025:2017 standard. In addition, a dietary risk assessment was carried out by comparing Chilean data to international references. The results reported that 9% of the samples had pesticide residue levels above the maximum residue levels permitted in Chile. All the scenarios evaluated revealed the highest estimated daily intake and hazard quotients for methamidophos and chlorpyrifos. Both the active substances used were acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and were neurotoxic under chronic risk assessment. The results showed the highest chronic hazard index in the Chilean scenario for all age groups and genders. The evidence obtained revealed that methamidophos, methomyl, and chlorpyrifos should be restricted for their use in Chilean agriculture.

scholarly journals Persistence and Degradation Pattern of Acequinocyl and Its Metabolite, Hydroxyl-acequinocyl and Fenpyroximate in Butterburs (Petasites Japonicus Max.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leesun Kim ◽  
Geun-Hyoung Choi ◽  
Hyun Ho Noh ◽  
Taek-Gyum Kim ◽  
Dal-Soon Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Degradation Pattern ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Minor Crops ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Petasites Japonicus

Abstract Degradation patterns and persistence of acequinocyl and its metabolite, hydroxyl-acequinocyl (acequinocyl-OH), and fenpyroximate residues in butterburs (Petasites japonicus Max.), one of the minor crops in Republic of Korea, were investigated during cultivation. Butterburs were planted in two plots (plot A for double dose; plot B for single dose) in a greenhouse. Each pesticide was applied to the foliage of butterburs at hourly intervals. Recoveries of acequinocyl and acequinocyl-OH were 78.6%−84.7% ± relative standard deviation (RSD) 1.9%−4.8% and 83.7%−95.5% ± RSD 1.0%−3.6%, respectively. The total (Ʃ) of acequinocyl residues in butterburs disappeared by 96.0% at 14 days after the final application in plot A and by 75.9% at 7 days in plot B. The biological half-life of the total (Ʃ) acequinocyl and fenpyroximate was 3.0 days and 4.0 days respectively. These results were used for setting maximum residue levels and safe use standards for the pesticide during butterbur cultivation. The risk assessment showed that the maximum % acceptable daily intake was 4.71% for Ʃ acequinocyl and 8.81% for fenpyroximate. The theoretical maximum daily intake of Ʃ acequinocyl and fenpyroximate were 24.02% and 15.24%, respectively, indicating the concentrations of Ʃ acequinocyl and fenpyroximate in butterburs pose no health risks to Koreans.

Dietary Exposure of Heavy Metals, Minerals and Trace Elements through Cereals Commonly Consumed by Dhaka City Residents

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 815-823
Author(s):  
Md. Bayejid Hosen ◽  
Abu T.M. Abdullah ◽  
Md. Z.H. Howlader ◽  
Yearul Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Main Meal ◽  
Minerals And Trace Elements

Background: Contamination of soil and agricultural products by heavy metals resulting from rapid industrial development has caused major concern. Dietary exposure to heavy metals has been associated with toxic and adverse health effects. The main threats to human health from heavy metals are associated with exposure to Pb, Cd and Hg. The aim of this study was to monitor the presence of heavy metals, minerals and trace elements in cereals consumed by Dhaka city residents. Methods: One hundred and sixty cereal samples were collected for eight (08) composited samples and analyzed for the determination of sixteen elements. Heavy metals were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and other elements were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Results: The average concentrations of elements in cereals fall within the safe limit except for Pb, Cr, Na and Mg, which exceeded the safe limits. The daily intake of Cd (23.0 μg), Hg (63.0 μg) and As (13.6 μg) through cereals was below the risk level except for Pb (634.0 μg) and Cr (263.1 μg). The dietary intake of Na (1860.0 mg), Mg (347.0 mg) and Mn (4600.0 μg) exceeded the toxic level while K (829 mg) was below the RDA. Conclusion: As the main meal of average Bangladeshi people is boiled rice served with some vegetables, our findings indicate that the residents of Dhaka city are at risk from Pb and Cr contamination and their dietary need for some important minerals and trace elements is not fulfilled by cereals.

scholarly journals Safety Assessment of Bacillus subtilis MB40 for Use in Foods and Dietary Supplements

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 733
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Spears ◽  
Richard Kramer ◽  
Andrey I. Nikiforov ◽  
Marisa O. Rihner ◽  
Elizabeth A. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Strain Identification ◽  
Consumer Safety

With the growing popularity of probiotics in dietary supplements, foods, and beverages, it is important to substantiate not only the health benefits and efficacy of unique strains but also safety. In the interest of consumer safety and product transparency, strain identification should include whole-genome sequencing and safety assessment should include genotypic and phenotypic studies. Bacillus subtilis MB40, a unique strain marketed for use in dietary supplements, and food and beverage, was assessed for safety and tolerability across in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies. MB40 was assessed for the absence of undesirable genetic elements encoding toxins and mobile antibiotic resistance. Tolerability was assessed in both rats and healthy human volunteers. In silico and in vitro testing confirmed the absence of enterotoxin and mobile antibiotic resistance genes of safety concern to humans. In rats, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for MB40 after repeated oral administration for 14 days was determined to be 2000 mg/kg bw/day (equivalent to 3.7 × 1011 CFU/kg bw/day). In a 28 day human tolerability trial, 10 × 109 CFU/day of MB40 was well tolerated. Based on genome sequencing, strain characterization, screening for undesirable attributes and evidence of safety by appropriately designed safety evaluation studies in rats and humans, Bacillus subtilis MB40 does not pose any human health concerns under the conditions tested.

Analysis of the Safety Factors of Municipal Road Undercrossing Existing Bridge Based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process Methods

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110318
Author(s):  
Yonghong Yang ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Zude Tang
Keyword(s):  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Safety Factors ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Road Engineering ◽  
Existing Bridges ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Engineering Projects

Increasing traffic volume and insufficient road lanes often require municipal roads to be reconstructed and expanded. Where a road passes under a bridge, the reconstruction and expansion project will inevitably have an impact on the bridge. To evaluate the safety impact of road engineering projects on bridges, this paper evaluates the safety of the roads and ancillary facilities of highway bridges involved in municipal road engineering projects. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the safety factors of municipal roads undercrossing existing bridges, a fuzzy comprehensive analytic hierarchy process (AHP) evaluation method for the influence of road construction on the safety of existing bridges is proposed. First, AHP is used to select 11 evaluation factors. Second, the target layer, criterion layer, and index layer of evaluation factors are established, then a safety evaluation factor system is formed. The three-scale AHP model is used to determine the weight of assessment indexes. Third, through the fuzzy comprehensive AHP evaluation model, the fuzzy hierarchical comprehensive evaluation is carried out for the safety assessment index system. Finally, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is applied to the engineering example of a municipal road undercrossing an existing expressway bridge. The comprehensive safety evaluation of the existing bridge reflects the practicability and feasibility of the method. It is expected that, with further development, the method will improve the decision-making process in bridge safety assessment systems.

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