Potential adherence to treatment in gastroenterological patients

Objective. To assess the level of potential adherence to treatment in patients with gastrointestinal syndromes.Material and Methods. The open-label, cross- sectional study included 264 respondents who underwent preventive examinations. To identify gastroenterological syndromes we used Gastrointestinal Simptom Rating Scale (GSRS) questionnaire, which allows assessing the presence and the intensity of diarrheal, dyspeptic, constipation, refl ux syndrome and abdominal pain syndrome. The study group includes respondents who, according to the results of the GSRS questionnaire, have at least one syndrome (from 2 or more points) (N = 140). The comparison group included participants without gastrointestinal syndromes (N = 124). The level of adherence was assessed using the Quantitative Adherence Assessment Questionnaire (QAA-25). A score of less than 50% corresponds to a low level of adherence; a score between 50% and 75% corresponds to a medium level of adherence. Of 75% and above is considered to be a high and suffi cient level of adherence in the respondent.Results. Absolutely all respondents demonstrated an insuffi cient level of adherence to both drug therapy and medical support and lifestyle modifi cations. One in ten study participants had an medium level of adherence. The other 90% of patients from all groups had a low level of compliance (less than 50%) in all three areas of treatment adherence.Conclusions. Participants in our study were potentially unprepared for adherence to treatment that is consistent with optimal protocols. This demonstrates the need to work with adherence, both using ways to increase adherence and using patientcentered approaches that take into account the individual level of adherence.

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The Scale of Quantitative Assessment Adherence to Treatment «QAA-25»: Updating of Formulations, Constructive and Factor Validity and a Measure of Consent

Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology ◽

10.20996/1819-6446-2021-12-12 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 845-852

Author(s):

N. A. Nikolaev ◽

Yu. P. Skirdenko ◽

A. A. Balabanova ◽

A. V. Gorbenko ◽

K. A. Andreev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Construct Validity ◽

Lifestyle Modification ◽

High Reliability ◽

Internal Validity ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Adherence To Treatment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adherence Assessment ◽

Alternative Question

Aim: To update the definitions of selected questions of the "QAA-25" (quantitative adherence assessment) scale and evaluate it according to the criteria of validity and measure of agreement.Materials and Methods. In a descriptive cross-sectional study including 200 patients with coronary heart disease, adherence was determined using traditional and alternative versions of selected questions of the QAA-25 scale, followed by assessment of construct validity, factor validity, and measure of agreement.Results. Alternative question versions did not significantly affect test results, with 81% of respondents in the outpatient sample and 69% in the inpatient sample rating them as "more acceptable." The QAA-25 scale has good construct and internal validity (α – 0.818, αst – 0.832), with moderate agreement (κ – 0.562) and demonstrates high reliability of internal validity – when scale items are consistently excluded, α values remain in the 0.801-0.839 range.Conclusion. The QAA-25 scale with modified question definitions should be used instead of the previous version of the scale. Good construct validity and factor validity, sufficient measure of agreement and specificity, high sensitivity and reliability of the QAA-25 scale allow to recommend it as a tool for assessing adherence to drug therapy, medical support, lifestyle modification and integral adherence to treatment in scientific and clinical practice.

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MO864PATIENT MEDICATION ADHERENCE ON HEMODIALYSIS

Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation ◽

10.1093/ndt/gfab098.0056 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Marwa Omrane ◽

Amel Babchia ◽

Raja Jaballah ◽

Afef Mahersia ◽

Olfa Saidane

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Chronic Hemodialysis ◽

Therapeutic Education ◽

Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽

Adherence To Treatment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adherence Assessment ◽

The Mean ◽

Stage Renal Disease

Abstract Background and Aims Non-adherence to treatment is a major problem in patients with end stage renal disease and contributes to the significant increase in morbidity, mortality and health costs. Method The objective of this work was to assess adherence to treatment prescriptions for hemodialysis patients and to identify the predictive factors of poor compliance. This is a cross-sectional study of 59 patients on chronic hemodialysis. Adherence to treatment was evaluated by the adherence assessment test. Results The mean age of our patients was 51.8 years, with an M/F sex ratio of 1.26. The socio-economic level was considered low in 83% of cases. The mean duration of hemodialysis was 81.6 months [6 months-252 months]. Causal nephropathy was dominated by vascular nephropathy (13 cases). Forty-two patients had high blood pressure. A total of 23.9% of patients were good observers, 59.5% had minimal compliance problems, and 16.7% were poor observers. Statistical analysis has shown that poor adherence to treatment is associated with male gender, low socioeconomic and intellectual level, the presence of comorbidities, increased medication, number of medications taken per day, and less knowledge of the pathology and risks as side effects of drugs. Conclusion Treatment adherence is unsatisfactory in our population of patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Therapeutic education targeting the expected benefit of the treatments, their mode of action, their side effects as well as a simplification of the intake would improve long-term adherence in patients.

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Anxiety and knowledge of patients before being subjected to orthognathic surgery

Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0520 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 71 (suppl 5) ◽

pp. 2081-2086 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pâmella Simões Barel ◽

Cristina Silva Sousa ◽

Vanessa de Brito Poveda ◽

Ruth Natalia Teresa Turrini

Keyword(s):

Surgical Procedure ◽

Orthognathic Surgery ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety State ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Level ◽

Anxiety Trait ◽

Medium Level ◽

Anxiety Levels ◽

High Level

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the correlation between anxiety level and degree of knowledge in patients before they are subjected to orthognathic surgery. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study with 40 patients in the preoperative period before orthognathic surgery of a private clinic in the city of São Paulo. Results: IDATE-trait anxiety levels feature prevalence of medium-level anxiety with 72.5% (n=29), followed by low-level anxiety with 72.5% (n=29) and high-level level anxiety with 10% (n=4). In the pre-operative period, transitory IDATE-state anxiety levels feature medium-level anxiety with 65% (n=26), followed by high-level anxiety with 22.5% (n=9) and low-level anxiety with 10% (n=4). Pearson’s correlation coefficient resulted in negative r (−0.2) for anxiety-trait (p 0.197) and in negative r (−0.1) for anxiety-state (p 0.417). Conclusion: The data shows a weak correlation in which greater knowledge about the surgical procedure reduces levels of anxiety that may be related to the absence of appropriate guidance about the surgical procedure.

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From Polyanna syndrome to Eeyore’s Corner? Hope and pain in patients with chronic low back pain

Polish Psychological Bulletin ◽

10.1515/ppb-2015-0013 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 96-103

Author(s):

Ewa Wojtyna ◽

Łukasz Palt ◽

Katarzyna Popiołek

Keyword(s):

Low Back Pain ◽

Back Pain ◽

Chronic Low Back Pain ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Numerical Rating Scale ◽

Pain Syndrome ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Poor Correlation ◽

Low Back ◽

Cross Sectional

Abstract Chronic low back pain affects 50-80% of the population, while its consequences may impair the functioning of patients suffering from it, in many spheres of life . Hope is a factor which may influence coping with pain as well as cognitive reflection of pain experience. The aim of the study has been to check: 1) whether dependencies exist between hope-trait and hope-state and the perception of pain; 2) whether experiencing pain at the time of filling questionnaires matters for the assessment of the level of hope; 3) whether there is interaction between hope, the pain experienced at the moment of investigation, and memory of the intensity of previously experienced pain. 150 patients participated in the study, they all reported aggravation of the chronic low back pain syndrome. The study was a cross-sectional study, based on questionnaires. On the third day of treatment the subjects were given the following questionnaires: Trait Hope Scale, State Hope Scale, and Numerical Rating Scale of Pain to fill. Poor correlation was demonstrated to exist between hope-state and hope-pathways on the one hand, and the intensity of minimum pain level experienced during the first three days of treatment. It has been noted that the presence of pain at the time of filling questionnaires results in reducing the hope-state, but only in those persons, who had experienced severe pain previously. On the other hand, in case of patients who had experienced slight pain previously, the pain present when filling in the questionnaires is conducive to enhanced hope-state. The results of the study confirm the complex character of relations between hope and pain.

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Comunicación terapéutica del enfermero, desde la perspectiva del hospitalizado en el hospital General Jaén, Perú

Enfermería Global ◽

10.6018/eglobal.417451 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 363-394

Author(s):

María Esther Saavedra Chinchayán ◽

Gladys Bernardita León Montoya ◽

Adalia Estefany Dávila Guerrero

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Therapeutic Communication ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Low Level ◽

Medicine Service ◽

Medium Level ◽

Quantitative Descriptive ◽

High Level ◽

Hospital General ◽

De Medicina

Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de comunicación terapéutica del profesional de enfermería desde la perspectiva de las personas hospitalizadas en el servicio de medicina del Hospital General Jaén, Perú.Material y método: Estudio cuantitativo, nivel descriptivo; observacional, prospectivo, transversal, análisis estadístico univariado, muestra constituida por 122 personas hospitalizadas, se utilizó como instrumento el “Cuestionario de la comunicación terapéutica” elaborado por Lourdes Guevara Chuquillanqui, con validez por juicio de expertos fue VC = 2.2 > VT = 1.6449 y una confiabilidad de 0.92.Resultados: El 100% (122) de las personas hospitalizadas; 71.3% (87) percibió una comunicación terapéutica de nivel bajo y el 28.7% (35) nivel medio. Según las dimensiones: en empatía el 70.5% (86) percibió una comunicación terapéutica de nivel bajo, el 27% (33) nivel medio y 2.5% (3) nivel alto, en la dimensión respeto el 54.9% (67) percibió una comunicación terapéutica un nivel bajo, el 42.6% (52) un nivel medio y el 2.5% (3) nivel alto, en la dimensión escucha receptiva el 54.9% (67) percibió una comunicación terapéutica de nivel bajo y el 45.1% (55) nivel medio, en la dimensión emociones del paciente el 57.4% (70) percibió una comunicación terapéutica de nivel bajo, el 34.4% (42) nivel medio y el 8.2% (10) nivel alto, en la dimensión acompañamiento en su reflexión el 68% (83) percibió una comunicación terapéutica de nivel bajo, el 68% (83) nivel bajo, el 25.4% (31) nivel medio y 6.6% (8) nivel alto. Conclusiones: La percepción de comunicación terapéutica de las personas hospitalizadas fue de nivel bajo a medio. Objective: Determine the level of therapeutic communication professional nursing from the perspective of people hospitalized in the Internal Medicine Service of the General Hospital Jaén, Peru.Material and method: Research quantitative, descriptive level; an observational, prospective and cross-sectional study, univariate statistical analysis. The sample was composed of 122 people hospitalized, It was used as an instrument of the "therapeutic communication Questionnaire" developed by Lourdes Guevara Chuquillanqui, which was validated by expert judgement as VC = 2.2 > VT = 1.6449 and a reliability of 0.92.Results: 100% (122) of persons hospitalized; 71.3% (87) perceived a therapeutic communication of low level and the 28.7% (35) medium level. According to the dimensions: In empathy 86 (70.5%) perceived a therapeutic communication of low level, the 27% (33) Medium level and 2.5% (3) high level, in the respect dimension 67 (54.9%) perceived a therapeutic communication a low level, the 42.6% (52) a medium level and 2.5% (3) high level, in the dimension receptive listening 67 (54.9%) perceived a therapeutic communication of low level and the 45.1% (55) medium level, in the emotions of the patient 70 (57.4%) perceived a therapeutic communication of low level, the 34.4% (42) Medium level and 8.2% (10) high level, in the dimension accompanying upon their reflection the 68%(83) earned a therapeutic communication of low level, the 68% (83) low level, 25.4% (31) Medium level and 6.6% (8) high level. Conclusions: In conclusion the perception of therapeutic communication of persons hospitalized was of low to medium level. Objetivo: Determinar o nível de comunicação terapêutica do profissional de enfermagem a partir da perspectiva das pessoas hospitalizadas no serviço médico do Hospital Geral Jaén, Peru.Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, nível descritivo; análise estatística observacional, prospectiva, transversal, univariada, amostra constituída por 122 pessoas hospitalizadas. Como instrumento foi utilizado o "questionário terapêutico de comunicação" elaborado por Lourdes Guevara Chuquillanqui, com validade por juízo de especialistas foi VC = 2,2 > VT = 1,6449 e uma confiabilidade de 0,92.Resultados: 100% (122) das pessoas hospitalizadas; 71,3% (87) perceberam um baixo nível de comunicação terapêutica e 28,7% (35) um nível médio. De acordo com as dimensões: em em empatia 70,5% (86) percebeu um baixo nível de comunicação terapêutica, 27% (33) nível médio e 2,5% (3) nível alto, na dimensão respeito 54,9% (67) percebeu um baixo nível de comunicação terapêutica, 42,6% (52) nível médio e 2,5% (3) nível alto, na dimensão escuta receptiva 54,9% (67) percebeu um baixo nível de comunicação terapêutica e 45.1% (55) nível médio, na dimensão emocional do paciente 57,4% (70) percebeu um baixo nível de comunicação terapêutica, 34,4% (42) nível médio e 8,2% (10) nível alto, na dimensão de acompanhamento em reflexão 68% (83) percebeu um baixo nível de comunicação terapêutica, 68% (83) nível baixo, 25,4% (31) nível médio e 6,6% (8) nível alto. Conclusões: A percepção da comunicação terapêutica das pessoas hospitalizadas foi de baixo para médio nível.Palavras-chave: Comunicação terapêutica; profissional de enfermagem; perspectiva; pessoa hospitalizada.

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EARLY RECOGNIZATION OF THE CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER BY VANDERBILT ADHD RATING SCALE FOR TEACHERS AND PARENTS

Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy ◽

10.34071/jmp.2019.4.12 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 85-91

Author(s):

Dinh Duong Le ◽

Van Thang Vo ◽

Thi Mai Nguyen ◽

Thi Han Vo ◽

Huu Chau Duc Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

High Risk ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Primary Schools ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Teachers And Parents ◽

Key Words Adhd

Objectives: The study aims to explore the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and to examine the associated factors with ADHD among primary students by Vanderbilt ADHD rating scale for teacher and parents. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted in 564 students who selected randomly in 4 primary schools in Hue city. Vanderbilt ADHD rating scale for parents and teachers were applied to evaluate the ADHD of children over 6 months ago. Results: The overall prevalence of children who had high risk with ADHD was 4.1% (95%CI: 2.44 - 5.72), including 4.6% and 4.8% in the rating of teachers and parents, respectively. Male was more likely to have ADHD than female (OR adj: 4.64 (95%CI: 1.53 - 14.05) and lack of closely friend (OR adj: 5.11 (95% CI: 2.13 - 12.24). Conclusion: Vanderbilt ADHD diagnosis rating scale for teachers and parents can be used to early recognization children with a high risk of ADHD. Key words: ADHD, Vanderbilt, ratings scale, teacher, parent, children

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The Role of New Technologies to Prevent Suicide in Adolescence: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina57020109 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

Alberto Forte ◽

Giuseppe Sarli ◽

Lorenzo Polidori ◽

David Lester ◽

Maurizio Pompili

Keyword(s):

Suicide Prevention ◽

Mobile Applications ◽

English Language ◽

New Technologies ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Text Messages ◽

Health Concern ◽

Preventive Strategies ◽

Open Label ◽

Cross Sectional

Background and objectives: Suicide in adolescents represents a major public health concern. To date, a growing number of suicide preventive strategies based on the use of new technologies are emerging. We aimed to provide an overview of the present literature on the use of new technologies in adolescent suicide prevention. Materials and methods: An electronic search was run using the following keywords: Technology OR Technologies OR APP OR Application OR mobile application) AND (Adolescent OR youth OR puberty) AND (Suicid* OR Self-harm OR self-destruction). Inclusion criteria were: English language, published in a peer-reviewed journal, suicide prevention with the use of new technologies among adolescents. Results: Our search strategy yielded a total of 12 studies on the use of telemedicine, 7 on mobile applications, and 3 on language detection. We also found heterogeneity regarding the study design: 3 are randomized controlled trials (RCT), 13 are open-label single group trials, 2 are randomized studies, and 1 is a cross-sectional study. Telemedicine was the most adopted tool, especially web-based approaches. Mobile applications mostly focused on screening of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, and for clinical monitoring through the use of text messages. Although telepsychiatry and mobile applications can provide a fast and safe tool, supporting and preceding a face-to-face clinical assessment, only a few studies demonstrated efficacy in preventing suicide among adolescents through the use of these interventions. Some studies suggested algorithms able to recognize people at risk of suicide from the exploration of the language on social media posts. Conclusions: New technologies were found to be well accepted and tolerated supports for suicide prevention in adolescents. However, to date, few data support the use of such interventions in clinical practice and preventive strategies. Further studies are needed to test their efficacy in suicide prevention among adolescents and young adults.

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How do delirium motor subtypes differ in phenomenology and contributory aetiology? a cross-sectional, multisite study of liaison psychiatry and palliative care patients

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041214 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e041214

Author(s):

Kevin Glynn ◽

Frank McKenna ◽

Kevin Lally ◽

Muireann O’Donnell ◽

Sandeep Grover ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Palliative Care ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Symptom Burden ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

International Study ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Liaison Psychiatry ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hypoactive Delirium

ObjectivesTo investigate whether delirium motor subtypes differ in terms of phenomenology and contributory aetiology.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingInternational study incorporating data from Ireland and India across palliative care, old age liaison psychiatry and general adult liaison psychiatry settings.Participants1757 patients diagnosed with delirium using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition (DSM IV).Primary and secondary outcome measuresHyperactive, mixed and hypoactive delirium subtypes were identified using the abbreviated version of the Delirium Motor Subtype Scale. Phenomenology was assessed using the Delirium Rating Scale Revised. Contributory aetiologies were assessed using the Delirium Aetiology Checklist (DEC), with a score >2 indicating that the aetiology was likely or definitely contributory.ResultsHypoactive delirium was associated with dementia, cerebrovascular and systemic infection aetiologies (p<0.001) and had a lower overall burden of delirium symptoms than the other motor subtypes. Hyperactive delirium was associated with younger age, drug withdrawal and the DEC category other systemic aetiologies (p<0.001). Mixed delirium showed the greatest symptom burden and was more often associated with drug intoxication and metabolic disturbance (p<0.001). All three delirium motor subtypes had similar levels of impairment in attention and visuospatial functioning but differed significantly when compared with no subtype (p<0.001).ConclusionsThis study indicates a pattern of aetiology and symptomatology of delirium motor subtypes across a large international sample that had previously been lacking. It serves to improve our understanding of this complex condition and has implications in terms of early detection and management of delirium.

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Perceived Loneliness and Severe Sleep Disorders in Adult Women during the Covid-19 Quarantine: A Cross-Sectional Study in Colombia

Journal of Primary Care & Community Health ◽

10.1177/21501327211025170 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

pp. 215013272110251

Author(s):

Álvaro Monterrosa-Castro ◽

Angélica Monterrosa-Blanco ◽

Andrea González-Sequeda

Keyword(s):

Sleep Disorders ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Adult Women ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Emotional Loneliness ◽

Social Loneliness

Background: Quarantine is a measure to control COVID-19 spread, resulting in an increased perception of loneliness. In turn, sleep disorders (SD) may be more frequently reported in uncertain circumstances. Objectives: To identify the association between loneliness and severe SD, in women quarantined due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out in women, between 40 and 79 years and living in Colombia. The women were invited through social network to complete 5 digital instruments: de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, Menopause Rating Scale, Fear of COVID-19 Five-item Version, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, and Francis Religion Scale. Bivariate analysis and adjusted logistic regression between loneliness and SD were performed. Results: 1133 women participated, half of them under 50 years old. 43.1% had emotional loneliness, 39.9% social loneliness and 43.3% general loneliness. SD were identified in 6 out of 10 women, those with mild SD presented an OR of 1.84, 1.85, and 1.64, for emotional, social and general loneliness, respectively. Loneliness was associated twice with moderate SD, and more than twice with severe SD. Very severe SD reached OR:5.81 for emotional loneliness, OR:4.38 social loneliness and OR:4.02 general loneliness. In the presence of religiosity, fear and anxiety due to COVID-19, statistical significance was retained for associations, except intense SD with general loneliness. Conclusions: SD were significantly associated with loneliness in our study population. It is important to assess sleep quality and perception of loneliness in middle-aged women, especially during periods of quarantine due to a pandemic to avoid health implications.

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Frequency, severity, and impact on daily life of delayed and intercycle chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and retching

Tumori Journal ◽

10.1177/0300891621990434 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 030089162199043

Author(s):

Silvia Gonella ◽

Dino S. Di Massimo ◽

Marinella Mistrangelo ◽

Gianmauro Numico ◽

Paola Berchialla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rating Scale ◽

Daily Life ◽

Numeric Rating Scale ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Common Side Effect ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Chemotherapy Administration ◽

Effect Of Treatment ◽

Numeric Rating ◽

Observation Period

Introduction: Chemotherapy-induced nausea, vomiting, and retching (CINVR) remains a common side effect of treatment. Most previous studies have focused on vomiting control; nausea and retching have been less explored. This study aimed at describing the incidence, severity, and impact on daily life (IDL) of CINVR in the acute (0–24 hours), delayed (>24–120 hours), and overall (0–120 hours) postchemotherapy periods and beyond 120 hours (until next chemotherapy administration); and the pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic strategies adopted by patients to relieve symptoms. Methods: This was a single-center, cross-sectional study of 60 patients undergoing chemotherapy. Participants reported the frequency, severity, and IDL of CINVR from the day of chemotherapy administration up to 120 hours thereafter and nausea and vomiting that occurred beyond 120 hours, as well as pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic remedies used. Results: Forty-seven (78.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 66.4–86.9), 37 (61.7%, 95% CI 49.0–72.9), and 35 (58.3%, 95% CI 45.7–69.9) patients reported no nausea (Numeric Rating Scale ⩽1), vomiting, or retching in the acute, delayed, and overall periods, respectively. Nausea was more frequent, more severe, and had a greater IDL than did vomiting and retching across the overall observation period; beyond 120 hours, 11 (18.3%, 95% CI 10.6–29.9) patients reported nausea and none reported vomiting, with a median IDL of 1/10 (interquartile range: 0.75–5.00; 95% CI 0–7.6). Metoclopramide (n = 57 administrations), dexamethasone (n = 28), eating small servings of food (n = 13), and aloe (n = 11) were the most commonly used rescue therapies. Conclusions: Future studies should set hard outcomes, such as the absence of any symptoms, as a primary end point, and these should be assessed across and beyond the 120-hour period.

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