scholarly journals A longer shortlist increases the consideration of female candidates in male-dominant domains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Jeffrey Lucas ◽  
Zachariah Berry ◽  
Laura M. Giurge ◽  
Dolly Chugh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Professional Advancement ◽  
Early Step ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Recruitment Practices ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Initial List ◽  
Category Prototype

Making it onto the shortlist is often a crucial early step toward professional advancement. For underrepresented candidates, one barrier to making the shortlist is the prevalence of informal recruitment practices (e.g., colleague recommendations). The current research investigates informal shortlists generated in male-dominant domains (e.g., technology executives) and tests a theory-driven intervention to increase the consideration of female candidates. Across ten studies (N = 5,741) we asked individuals to generate an informal shortlist of candidates for a male-dominant role and then asked them to extend the list. We consistently found more female candidates in the extended (versus initial) list. This longer shortlist effect occurs because continued response generation promotes divergence from the category prototype (e.g., male technology executives). Studies 3-4 supported this mechanism and Study 5 tested the effect of shortlist length on selection decisions. This longer shortlist intervention is a low-cost and simple way to support gender equity efforts.

Applications of Nanostructured Materials as Gas Sensors

2013 ◽  
Vol 201 ◽  
pp. 131-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi Chand Singh ◽  
Manmeet Pal Singh ◽  
Hardev Singh Virk
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Tin Dioxide ◽  
Gas Sensing ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Chemical Route ◽  
Metal Oxide Sensors

Gas detection instruments are increasingly needed for industrial health and safety, environmental monitoring, and process control. To meet this demand, considerable research into new sensors is underway, including efforts to enhance the performance of traditional devices, such as resistive metal oxide sensors, through nanoengineering. The resistance of semiconductors is affected by the gaseous ambient. The semiconducting metal oxides based gas sensors exploit this phenomenon. Physical chemistry of solid metal surfaces plays a dominant role in controlling the gas sensing characteristics. Metal oxide sensors have been utilized for several decades for low-cost detection of combustible and toxic gases. Recent advances in nanomaterials provide the opportunity to dramatically increase the response of these materials, as their performance is directly related to exposed surface volume. Proper control of grain size remains a key challenge for high sensor performance. Nanoparticles of SnO2have been synthesized through chemical route at 5, 25 and 50°C. The synthesized particles were sintered at 400, 600 and 800°C and their structural and morphological analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The reaction temperature is found to be playing a critical role in controlling nanostructure sizes as well as agglomeration. It has been observed that particle synthesized at 5 and 50°C are smaller and less agglomerated as compared to the particles prepared at 25°C. The studies revealed that particle size and agglomeration increases with increase in sintering temperature. Thick films gas sensors were fabricated using synthesized tin dioxide powder and sensing response of all the sensors to ethanol vapors was investigated at different temperatures and concentrations. The investigations revealed that sensing response of SnO2nanoparticles is size dependent and smaller particles display higher sensitivity. Table of Contents

scholarly journals Joint Analog Beam Selection and Digital Beamforming in Millimeter Wave Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cenk M. Yetis ◽  
Emil Björnson ◽  
Pontus Giselsson
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Massive Mimo ◽  
Digital Filters ◽  
Mimo Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Rate Maximization ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Beam Selection ◽  
Sum Rate

<p>Cell-free massive MIMO systems consist of many distributed access points with simple components that jointly serve the users. In millimeter wave bands, only a limited set of predetermined beams can be supported. In a network that consolidates these technologies, downlink analog beam selection stands as a challenging task for the network sum-rate maximization. Low-cost digital filters can improve the network sum-rate further. In this work, we propose low-cost joint designs of analog beam selection and digital filters. The pro-posed joint designs achieve significantly higher sum-rates than the disjoint design benchmark. Supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms can efficiently approximate the input-output mapping functions of the beam selection decisions of the joint designs with low computational complexities. Since the training of ML algorithms is performed off-line, we pro-pose a well-constructed joint design that combines multiple initializations, iterations, and selection features, as well as beam conflict control, i.e., the same beam cannot be used for multiple users. The numerical results indicate that ML algorithms can retain 99-100% of the original sum-rate results achieved by the proposed well-constructed designs.</p>

scholarly journals Sexualizing Sarah Palin: The Social and Political Contexts of the Sexual Objectification of Female Candidates

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Wade
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equity ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Sexual Objectification ◽  
Entertainment Media ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
New Era ◽  
Female Candidates ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Sarah Palin ◽  
Objectification Of Women

Using Sarah Palin’s candidacy for the vice-presidency, Heflick and Goldenberg (2011) empirically link female sexual objectification with the negative perceptions and poor performances of female candidates. We argue that the authors undersell the importance of their findings, especially considering shifts in the content and ubiquitousness of mass media. Advances in communication technologies have enabled a new era of objectification, marked by an increasing presence and acceptance of sexual objectification in media, greater pornographic content in mainstream media, and greater acceptance of pornography in U.S. society more broadly. In the years since U.S. scholars began critiquing sexual objectification, its normalization and degree of penetration into our daily lives have increased, largely due to a proliferation of marketing and entertainment media images enabled by the Internet and other communication technology. Given this new era of objectification, we conclude that the phenomenon identified by Heflick and Goldenberg is more likely to influence the success of female politicians now than it was in the 1970s (when the sexual objectification of women was first problematized) and that it may also help explain the recent stagnation in U.S. progress towards gender equity in political representation.

Towards validating a last generation, integrated wave-current-sediment numerical model in coastal regions using video measurements

2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro Carniel ◽  
Mauro Sclavo ◽  
Renata Archetti
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Model ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Area ◽  
In Situ Data ◽  
Roms Model ◽  
Shallow Water Area ◽  
River Region ◽  
Alongshore Sediment Transport

AbstractThis paper presents the first steps in the implementation of a morphological numerical model to be applied in the Bevano River region, a shallow water area in the Adriatic Sea, with the aim of helping the identification and assessment of erosional patterns and bottom morphological modifications induced by severe marine storms. The numerical modeling, performed using a fully 3D coupled wave-current-sediment version of the ROMS model, has been complemented with in situ data analysis and observations: a first qualitative validation of the results was given by the analysis of images acquired via an ARGUS video station.Hydrodynamic modeling highlighted how shear bottom stresses and bottom currents fields were heavily influenced by severe storm situations, and had large effects on the morphology of shallow regions. The correlation between the wave-current induced bottom stresses and the resulting topography was investigated. Nearshore hydrodynamics modeling results demonstrated the dominant role played by alongshore sediment transport, with the magnitude of both cross- and along-shore wave-induced currents strongly depending on wave height and direction.We found a good qualitative conformity between the results of the numerical models applied during a “Bora” storm and the corresponding video observations; both techniques indicated the migration of the existing sandbar within the range of about 40 m seaward.Results show how integrated numerical open source tools, often used in oceanography, are becoming suitable for both preliminary investigations and for planning the effective littoral management, and how their calibration can be supported by the use of new low cost techniques, such as video measurements.

scholarly journals Joint Analog Beam Selection and Digital Beamforming in Millimeter Wave Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cenk M. Yetis ◽  
Emil Björnson ◽  
Pontus Giselsson
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Massive Mimo ◽  
Digital Filters ◽  
Mimo Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
Rate Maximization ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Beam Selection ◽  
Sum Rate

<p>Cell-free massive MIMO systems consist of many distributed access points with simple components that jointly serve the users. In millimeter wave bands, only a limited set of predetermined beams can be supported. In a network that consolidates these technologies, downlink analog beam selection stands as a challenging task for the network sum-rate maximization. Low-cost digital filters can improve the network sum-rate further. In this work, we propose low-cost joint designs of analog beam selection and digital filters. The pro-posed joint designs achieve significantly higher sum-rates than the disjoint design benchmark. Supervised machine learning (ML) algorithms can efficiently approximate the input-output mapping functions of the beam selection decisions of the joint designs with low computational complexities. Since the training of ML algorithms is performed off-line, we pro-pose a well-constructed joint design that combines multiple initializations, iterations, and selection features, as well as beam conflict control, i.e., the same beam cannot be used for multiple users. The numerical results indicate that ML algorithms can retain 99-100% of the original sum-rate results achieved by the proposed well-constructed designs.</p>

scholarly journals Extreme ultraviolet spectral irradiance measurements since 1946

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Schmidtke
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Extreme Ultraviolet ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Spectral Irradiance ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In the physics of the upper atmosphere the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation plays a dominant role controlling most of the thermospheric/ionospheric (T/I) processes. Since this part of the solar spectrum is absorbed in the thermosphere, platforms to measure the EUV fluxes became only available with the development of rockets reaching altitude levels exceeding 80 km. With the availability of V2 rockets used in space research, recording of EUV spectra started in 1946 using photographic films. The development of pointing devices to accurately orient the spectrographs toward the sun initiated intense activities in solar–terrestrial research. The application of photoelectric recording technology enabled the scientists placing EUV spectrometers aboard satellites observing qualitatively strong variability of the solar EUV irradiance on short-, medium-, and long-term scales. However, as more measurements were performed more radiometric EUV data diverged due to the inherent degradation of the EUV instruments with time. Also, continuous recording of the EUV energy input to the T/I system was not achieved. It is only at the end of the last century that there was progress made in solving the serious problem of degradation enabling to monitore solar EUV fluxes with sufficient radiometric accuracy. The data sets available allow composing the data available to the first set of EUV data covering a period of 11 years for the first time. Based on the sophisticated instrumentation verified in space, future EUV measurements of the solar spectral irradiance (SSI) are promising accuracy levels of about 5% and less. With added low-cost equipment, real-time measurements will allow providing data needed in ionospheric modeling, e.g., for correcting propagation delays of navigation signals from space to earth. Adding EUV airglow and auroral emission monitoring by airglow cameras, the impact of space weather on the terrestrial T/I system can be studied with a spectral terrestrial irradiance camera (STI-Cam) and also be used investigating real-time space weather effects and deriving more detailed correction procedures for the evaluation of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals. Progress in physics goes with achieving higher accuracy in measurements. This review historically guides the reader on the ways of exploring the impact of the variable solar radiation in the extreme ultraviolet spectral region on our upper atmosphere in the altitude regime from 80 to 1000 km.

scholarly journals DGNSS Cooperative Positioning in Mobile Smart Devices: a Proof of Concept

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Minetto ◽  
Maria Chiara Bello ◽  
Fabio Dovis
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Cooperative Positioning ◽  
Gnss Receivers ◽  
4G Lte

<div>In recent years positioning and navigation capabilities in mobile devices have become essential to the evergrowing number of position-related smart applications. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) constitutes the provider for geo-localization, therefore consumer-grade, embedded GNSS receivers have become ubiquitous in mobile smart devices. Among these, smartphones play a dominant role in enabling such modern services based on position information. However, GNSS positioning shows several weaknesses in urban contexts where mobile smart devices are massively diffused. Indeed, the limited sky visibility and multipath scattering induced by buildings severely threat the quality of the final solution. Two main ingredients can enable innovative collaborative strategies capable to increase the robustness of GNSS navigation: The availability of raw GNSS measurements which have been recently disclosed in ultra-low cost smartphone chipsets and the ubiquitous connectivity provided by modern low-latency, network infrastructures allowing for near-real-time exchange of data. This work presents the architecture of a Proof Of Concept designed to demonstrate the feasibility of a GNSS-only Cooperative Positioning among networked smartphones equipped with GNSS receivers. The test campaign presented in this work assessed the feasibility of the approach over 4G/LTE network connectivity and an average accuracy improvement over the 40%.</div>

Design of Motion Controller Based on Touch Screen

2014 ◽  
Vol 484-485 ◽  
pp. 1022-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun Rao
Keyword(s):  
Motion Control ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Technology ◽  
Motion Controller ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Hardware Platform ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Software And Hardware

Motion controller plays a dominant role in motion control system. With the progress and improvement of motion control technology, the research and application of open, high-performance, low-cost and universal embedded motion controller becomes the necessity of the market. The major objective of the paper is to establish the basic software and hardware platform of a high-performance, low-cost and universal embedded motion controller and study the application. And the paper proposes the idea of developing a low-cost and economic touchscreen motion controller, which provides valuable reference for the relevant research and development in China.

scholarly journals Wheat Straw Biochar as a Specific Sorbent of Cobalt in Soil

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Medyńska-Juraszek ◽  
Irmina Ćwieląg-Piasecka ◽  
Maria Jerzykiewicz ◽  
Justyna Trynda
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Material Efficiency ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Heavy Metal Adsorbent

There is an urgent need to search for new sorbents of pollutants presently delivered to the environment. Recently biochar has received much attention as a low-cost, highly effective heavy metal adsorbent. Biochar has been identified as an efficient material for cobalt (Co) immobilization from waters; however, little is known about the role of Co immobilization in soil. Hence, in this study, a batch experiment and a long-term incubation experiment with biochar application to multi-contaminated soil with distinct properties (sand, loam) were conducted to provide a brief explanation of the potential mechanisms of Co (II) sorption on wheat straw biochar and to describe additional processes that modify material efficiency for metal sorption in soil. The soil treatments with 5% (v/w) wheat straw biochar proved to be efficient in reducing Co mobility and bioavailability. The mechanism of these processes could be related to direct and indirect effects of biochar incorporation into soil. The FT-IR analysis confirmed that hydroxyl and carboxyl groups present on the biochar surface played a dominant role in Co (II) surface complexation. The combined effect of pH, metal complexation capacity, and the presence of Fe and Mn oxides added to wheat straw biochar resulted in an effective reduction of soluble Co (II), showing high efficiency of this material for cobalt sorption in contaminated soils.

scholarly journals Approach for Uncertainty Quantification And Management Of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Health

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Corbetta ◽  
Chetan S. Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Uncertainty Quantification ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Uncertainty Sources ◽  
Low Altitude

The increasing interest in low-altitude unmanned aerial vehi- cle (UAV) operations is bringing along safety concerns. Per- formance of small, low-cost UAVs drastically changes with type, size and controller of the vehicle. Their reliability is sig- nificantly lower when compared to reliability of commercial aircraft, and the availability of on-board sensors for health and state awareness is extremely limited due to their size and propulsion capabilities. Uncertainty plays a dominant role in such a scenario, where a variety of UAVs of differ- ent size, propulsion systems, dynamic performance and reli- ability enters the low-altitude airspace. Unexpected failures could have dangerous consequences for both equipment and humans within that same airspace. As a result, a number of research tasks and methodologies are being proposed in the area of UAV dynamic modeling, health and safety monitor- ing, but uncertainty quantification is rarely addressed. Thus, this paper proposes a perspective towards uncertainty quan- tification for autonomous systems, giving special emphasis to UAV health monitoring application. A formal approach to classify uncertainty is presented; it is utilized to identify the uncertainty sources in UAVs health and operations, and then map uncertainty within a predictive process. To show the application of the methodology proposed here, the design of a model-based powertrain health monitoring algorithm for small-size UAVs is presented as case study. The example il- lustrates how the uncertainty quantification approach can help the modeling strategy, as well as the assessment of diagnostic and prognostic performance.

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