scholarly journals Paid Maternal Leave is Associated with Better Language and Socioemotional Outcomes During Toddlerhood

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Kozak ◽  
Ashley Greaves ◽  
Jane Waldfogel ◽  
Jyoti Angal ◽  
Amy J. Elliott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Employment ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Working Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Leave ◽  
Language Outcomes ◽  
Paid Leave ◽  
Emotional Outcomes ◽  
Socioemotional Outcomes

The United States is the only high-income country that does not have a national policy mandating paid leave to working women who give birth. Increased rates of maternal employment post-birth call for greater understanding of the effects of family leave on infant development. This study examined the links between paid leave and toddler language, cognitive, and socio-emotional outcomes (24-36 months; N = 446). Results indicate that paid leave was associated with better language outcomes, regardless of socioeconomic status. Additionally, paid leave was correlated with fewer infant behavior problems, specifically for mothers on the lower end of the SES spectrum. Expanding access to policies that support families in need, like paid family leave, may aid in reducing socioeconomic disparities in infant development.

scholarly journals The Experience of Working Family Caregivers: Implications for a National Paid Leave Policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 721-721
Author(s):  
Tiffany Washington ◽  
Lynn Friss Feinberg
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Advisory Council ◽  
Family Leave ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren ◽  
Paid Leave ◽  
Paid Family Leave ◽  
Leave Policy

Abstract Family caregivers provide the bulk of unpaid care to older adults. The typical family caregiver is a 49-year-old woman who works full time and simultaneously provides an average of 24 hours of care per week for an older relative. Unfortunately, their caregiving duties places them at risk for lost wages and termination due to frequent interruptions at work, especially in the absence of a national paid family leave policy. It is possible that such a policy could mitigate these risks; however, the United States is the only developed nation that lacks a national paid family leave policy for all workers. This symposium will highlight the psychosocial, economic, and health issues experienced by working caregivers, and conclude by linking presenters’ findings to implications for a national paid leave policy. To start, presenter one will describe findings from a scoping review on workplace experiences of female family caregivers. Next, presenter two will describe findings from a systematic review to explore predictors of the adoption and implementation of state-level paid family leave policies. Presenter three’s study examines interest in supportive services among working and non-working Black caregivers in the Deep South. Presenter four will describe factors associated with healthcare utilization of working caregivers using data from the Regional Healthcare Partnership – Region 17 Health Assessment Survey. The final presenter, HHS Advisory Council to Support Grandparents Raising Grandchildren co-chair, will describe development of policy initiatives to identify, coordinate, and promote information, resources, and best practices for working grandparents raising grandchildren.

scholarly journals Paid Maternal Leave is Associated with Infant Brain Function at 3-Months of Age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Hiromi Brito ◽  
Denise Werchan ◽  
Annie Brandes-Aitken ◽  
Hirokazu Yoshikawa ◽  
Ashley Greaves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Characteristics ◽  
Family Leave ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Paid Leave ◽  
Paid Family Leave ◽  
Infant Brain

The first few months of postnatal life are critical for establishing key neural connections that support the development of subsequent social, cognitive, and linguistic skills. Yet, the United States lacks a national policy of paid family leave during this important period of early brain development, despite previous research demonstrating links between paid leave and improved maternal mental health, lower rates of infant mortality, and increases in cognitive skills during toddlerhood. The current study examined associations between paid maternal leave and infant brain function at 3-months of age using electroencephalography (EEG). Even after controlling for influential infant and family characteristics, results indicate that compared to unpaid leave, experiences of paid leave were related to distinct EEG profiles, possibly reflecting more mature patterns of brain activity. Findings from this study support past work demonstrating the benefits of paid leave on infant cognitive development and extend this work into early neural functioning. Together with past research, this work suggests that policy interventions mandating paid family leave may lead to reductions in sociodemographic health disparities and set the stage for healthy neurocognitive development.

Systematic approaches to fragility fracture prevention

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (01) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
D. B. Lee ◽  
P. J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Fragility Fracture ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Fragility Fractures ◽  
Fracture Prevention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fracture Liaison Service ◽  
Reimbursement Mechanisms ◽  
Future Fracture ◽  
National Coalition ◽  
Fracture Liaison

SummaryIndividuals who have suffered fractures caused by osteoporosis – also known as fragility fractures – are the most readily identifiable group at high risk of suffering future fractures. Globally, the majority of these individuals do not receive the secondary preventive care that they need. The Fracture Liaison Service model (FLS) has been developed to ensure that fragility fracture patients are reliably identified, investigated for future fracture and falls risk, and initiated on treatment in accordance with national clinical guidelines. FLS have been successfully established in Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America and Oceania, and their widespread implementation is endorsed by leading national and international osteoporosis organisations. Multi-sector coalitions have expedited inclusion of FLS into national policy and reimbursement mechanisms. The largest national coalition, the National Bone Health Alliance (NBHA) in the United States, provides an exemplar of achieving participation and consensus across sectors. Initiatives developed by NBHA could serve to inform activities of new and emerging coalitions in other countries.

An American Language

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Lozano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Language Recognition ◽  
Political Language ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

An American Language is a political history of the Spanish language in the United States. The nation has always been multilingual and the Spanish language in particular has remained as an important political issue into the present. After the U.S.-Mexican War, the Spanish language became a language of politics as Spanish speakers in the U.S. Southwest used it to build territorial and state governments. In the twentieth century, Spanish became a political language where speakers and those opposed to its use clashed over what Spanish's presence in the United States meant. This book recovers this story by using evidence that includes Spanish language newspapers, letters, state and territorial session laws, and federal archives to profile the struggle and resilience of Spanish speakers who advocated for their language rights as U.S. citizens. Comparing Spanish as a language of politics and as a political language across the Southwest and noncontiguous territories provides an opportunity to measure shifts in allegiance to the nation and exposes differing forms of nationalism. Language concessions and continued use of Spanish is a measure of power. Official language recognition by federal or state officials validates Spanish speakers' claims to US citizenship. The long history of policies relating to language in the United States provides a way to measure how U.S. visions of itself have shifted due to continuous migration from Latin America. Spanish-speaking U.S. citizens are crucial arbiters of Spanish language politics and their successes have broader implications on national policy and our understanding of Americans.

Use of Biomonitoring to Control Toxics in the United States

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson A. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Toxic Pollutants ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Biological Field

A biomonitoring program has been developed in support of the National Policy for the Development of Water Quality-Based Permit Limitations for Toxic Pollutants. The program focuses on the use of laboratory toxicity tests on aquatic plants and animals to predict ecosystem impact caused by toxic pollutants. Both acute and chronic toxicity tests were developed to test effluents and ambient waters. Laboratory and biological field studies were conducted at nine sites. Single species laboratory toxicity tests were found to be good predictors of impacts on the ecosystem when two or more species were used. Biomonitoring can be undertaken either on effluents and/or on the receiving waters. In that toxicity related to seeps, leachates and storm sewers has often been found upstream from dischargers, it is beneficial to conduct both effluent and ambient biomonitoring.

A STRATEGY FOR MONITORING THE IMPACTS OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS ON THE OHIO RIVER

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-175
Author(s):  
Alan H. Vicory ◽  
Peter A. Tennant
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Design Storm ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Sewer Overflows ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Control

With the attainment of secondary treatment by virtually all municipal discharges in the United States, control of water pollution from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) has assumed a high priority. Accordingly, a national strategy was issued in 1989 which, in 1993, was expanded into a national policy on CSO control. The national policy establishes as an objective the attainment of receiving water quality standards, rather than a design storm/treatment technology based approach. A significant percentage of the CSOs in the U.S. are located along the Ohio River. The states along the Ohio have decided to coordinate their CSO control efforts through the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO). With the Commission assigned the responsibility of developing a monitoring approach which would allow the definition of CSO impacts on the Ohio, research by the Commission found that very little information existed on the monitoring and assessment of large rivers for the determination of CSO impacts. It was therefore necessary to develop a strategy for coordinated efforts by the states, the CSO dischargers, and ORSANCO to identify and apply appropriate monitoring approaches. A workshop was held in June 1993 to receive input from a variety of experts. Taking into account this input, a strategy has been developed which sets forth certain approaches and concepts to be considered in assessing CSO impacts. In addition, the strategy calls for frequent sharing of findings in order that the data collection efforts by the several agencies can be mutually supportive and lead to technically sound answers regarding CSO impacts and control needs.

Parental Leave: The Need for a National Policy to Foster Sexual Equality

1987 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-104
Author(s):  
Scott A. Caplan-Cotenoff
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Sexual Equality ◽  
Pregnancy Discrimination ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Leave Policy ◽  
The U.S

AbstractWorking women are without substantial protection from the ramifications of pregnancy discrimination, and the opportunities for working men to take leave from work to participate in child care are limited. Recently, private businesses have begun implementing maternity or parental leave policies to address these problems. These policies are inconsistent, however, and a national parental leave program is needed to help women attain equal access to jobs and to provide men with the opportunity to participate in child care.This Note examines the historical background of pregnancy discrimination litigation and legislation, and highlights the gaps in the protection currently afforded women. It suggests that a federal parental leave policy may expand the scope of this protection, and attempts to gain insight and draw conclusions from analogous parental leave programs in foreign countries which may be used as models for a national program in the U.S. Such a program would benefit parents, children, and society by removing some of the obstacles to sexual equality.

scholarly journals Paid family leave on local television news in the United States: Setting the agenda for policy reform.

2021 ◽  
pp. 100821
Author(s):  
Margaret Tait ◽  
Colleen Bogucki ◽  
Laura Baum ◽  
Erika Franklin Fowler ◽  
Jeff Niederdeppe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Television News ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Leave ◽  
Local Television ◽  
Paid Family Leave ◽  
Local Television News

Policy coordination by major Western powers in bargaining with the Third World: debt relief and the Common Fund

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara B. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
National Policy ◽  
International Economic Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Debt Relief ◽  
West Germany ◽  
External Support ◽  
Common Fund ◽  
The Common

The governments of the five major Western powers—the United States, the United Kingdom, France, West Germany, and Japan—coordinated policy on two key North-South issues from 1974 to 1979: relieving the external debts of developing nations and establishing the Common Fund to help finance international commodity agreements. A prominent feature of the coordination process was the emergence of transgovernmental coalitions among like-minded bureaucrats. Previous studies have suggested that such coalitions may affect national policies by promoting learning and attitude change in their members and by legitimizing the policy changes sought by their members. But these suggestions do not account for the ability of coalitions to translate their policy preferences into national policy commitments, particularly where one or more of their members are relatively weak in their national policy-making systems. On the Common Fund and debt relief, some coalition members held positions in their national systems strong enough to induce their governments as a whole to commit themselves to certain concessions. Weaker members of these coalitions then gained the external support they needed to lead their own governments to make similar commitments, thus preparing the way for agreements with the developing countries and some incremental changes in the international economic order.

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