scholarly journals Differential expression of UVSSA in the blood in cases of viral co-infection.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Mamoor
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Microarray Data ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Different Types ◽  
One Year

The human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (1) has resulted in the death of over 200,000 Americans in less than one year (2). Infection of a person already suffering from a viral infection, a phenomena known as co-infection can potentially pose a problem during the upcoming influenza season. We mined published microarray data (3) to identify genes most differentially expressed in the whole blood of patients suffering from viral co-infections, including co-infections involving a human coronavirus. We found that the UVSSA gene, encoding the UV stimulated scaffold protein A, was among the genes whose expression changed most significantly transcriptome-wide when in the blood of four patients suffering from two different types of co-infections: human coronavirus HKU1 and human rhinovirus, as well as in human coronavirus OC43 and influenza A co-infection. UVSSA may be of relevance to biology underlying some viral co-infections.

scholarly journals NQO2 is differentially expressed in the blood of patients with coronavirus co-infections.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Mamoor
Keyword(s):  
Microarray Data ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
B Lymphocyte ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Lymphocyte Response ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Different Types ◽  
One Year ◽  
Human Coronavirus 229E

The human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (1) has resulted in the death of over 180,000 Americans in less than one year (2). Infection of a person already suffering from a viral infection, a phenomena known as co-infection can potentially pose a problem during the upcoming influenza seasons. We mined published microarray data (3) to identify genes most differentially expressed in the whole blood of patients suffering from human coronavirus co-infections. We found that the gene encoding NQO2 (4) was among those whose expression changed most significantly transcriptome-wide when comparing the blood of patients suffering from three different types of co-infections: human coronavirus NL63 and rhinovirus, human coronavirus HKU1 and rhinovirus, as well as in human coronavirus 229E and influenza A co-infection. NQO2 is reported to have functions in the B-lymphocyte response (5) and could be relevant to the process of viral co-infection involving the human coronavirus family.

scholarly journals The HLA complex non-coding RNA HCG4 is differentially expressed in the blood of patients with coronavirus co-infections.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Mamoor
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Family Gene ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
One Year

The human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (1) has resulted in the death of over 200,000 Americans in less than one year (2). Infection of a person already suffering from a viral infection, a phenomena known as co-infection can potentially pose a problem during the upcoming influenza season. We mined published microarray data (3) to identify genes most differentially expressed in the whole blood of patients suffering from human coronavirus co-infections. We found that the gene encoding the HLA complex non-coding RNA HCG4 was among those whose expression changed most significantly transcriptome-wide when comparing the blood of patients suffering from three different types of co-infections: human coronavirus NL63 and rhinovirus, human coronavirus HKU1 and rhinovirus, as well as in human coronavirus OC43 and influenza A co-infection. We previously reported significant transcriptome-wide changes in HLA family gene expression (4), as well as in changes in gene expression of the cathepsins in viral co-infection (5). Together, these data suggest the process of antigen presentation could be altered during viral co-infections involving the human coronaviruses.

scholarly journals Interleukin-16 is differentially expressed in viral co-infections.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Mamoor
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Microarray Data ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
One Year ◽  
Human Coronavirus 229E

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in close to 1,000,000 deaths worldwide in less than one year (1) with an upcoming influenza season, raising the prospect of complications resulting from co-infections. Our understanding of gene expression in patients with viral co-infection is limited. We mined published microarray data (2) to identify transcriptional features most significantly associated with viral co-infection. We identified the cytokine interleukin-16 as among the most differentially expressed genes in the blood of patients with viral co-infections, including in a patient with co-infection of influenza A and human coronavirus OC43 and in a patient with co-infection of influenza A and human coronavirus 229E. Interleukin-16 may be relevant to the biology of viral co-infection.

scholarly journals The peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase, PAM, is differentially expressed in viral co-infections.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Mamoor
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Microarray Data ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
One Year ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Co-infection is defined by the infection of a host or cell by more than one pathogen (1, 2). Infections from the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2 (3), have resulted in the death of more than 200,000 Americans (4) and over 1,000,000 people worldwide (5) in less than one year. An upcoming influenza season raises the prospect of potential complications arising from co-infections involving SARS-CoV-2 (6). We mined published microarray data (7) to discover transcriptional features of viral co-infection in the blood of human patients. We identified the peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase, PAM, as among the genes whose expression was most different in the blood of patients with a variety of viral co-infections, including co-infection of human coronavirus OC43 and influenza A. Transcriptional changes in PAM appeared to be specific to co-infection settings. PAM may be of relevance to fundamental transcriptional biology underlying viral co-infections of human blood.

scholarly journals Differential expression of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins in viral co-infections.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Mamoor
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Microarray Dataset ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Significant Differential Expression ◽  
Hnrnp K ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
One Year

Co-infection is a phenomena by which a host or cell is infected by at least two pathogens (1, 2). The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in the death of greater than 200,000 people in the United States in less than one year, with an impending influenza season, raising the prospect of co-infection-related complications (3, 4, 5). We mined a published microarray dataset (6) to discover genes associated with viral co-infection in the blood of human patients, including co-infections involving human rhinovirus, enterovirus, respiratory syncytial virus A, human coronavirus HKU1 and influenza B. We found significant differential expression of heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoproteins including hnRNP K in the blood of patients with viral co-infections. These data suggest hnRNPs may be of relevance to immunity against viral co-infections or utilized by viruses during completion of the viral life cycle in the context of co-infection.

scholarly journals Viral co-infections are associated with dysregulation of HLA family gene expression.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Mamoor
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Microarray Dataset ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Significant Differential Expression ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Family Gene ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
One Year

Co-infection is a process by which a cell or organism already infected with a virus is then infected with a second, different virus (1, 2). The human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the death of nearly 200,000 Americans in less than one year (3, 4); the upcoming influenza could potentially pose a problem with respect to co-infection with Influenza and SARS-CoV-2; significant co-infection in patients with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported (5). We mined a published microarray dataset (6) to discover genes associated with viral co-infection in patients with a coronavirus infection. We found that genes of the HLA family, particularly HLA-DRB and HLA-A, were significantly differentially expressed in the blood of patients with human coronavirus infections, including HCoV-229E, HCoV OC43, HCoV NL63, and HCoV HKU1. Different viral co-infections, including Influenza A, Human Rhinovirus, Enterovirus, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus A co-infections were also associated with significant differential expression of HLA family genes in patient blood. Perturbation of HLA family gene expression appears to be a general feature of viral co-infection in humans.

scholarly journals Presumed Virus-Induced Punctal Occlusion

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Yulish ◽  
Joseph Pikkel
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
One Year ◽  
Excised Tissue ◽  
Punctal Occlusion

Purpose.To investigate viral infection as a cause of punctal stenosis in individuals without any ocular or systemic risk factors.Methods.The study group comprised patients with no known cause for punctal occlusion who underwent surgery at one medical center during a one-year period. Excised tissue was subjected to histological examination, PCR, and nested PCR testing for common viruses (adenovirus, influenza A and B, enterovirus, varicella-zoster, CMV, herpes simplex types 1 and 2, Epstein-Barr virus, and parainfluenza type 1).Results.All nine patients identified were female, 20–38 years of age. The three-snip-procedure resolved tearing in eight of them. All excised samples showed chronic mononuclear inflammation compatible with viral infection or with viral infection immune inflammatory reaction. PCR testing was negative for all the viruses examined; however, nested PCR was positive in three patients.Conclusion.This study supports the proposition that punctal occlusion in young healthy females may be due to viral infection.

scholarly journals 22. Description of Hospitalized Patients with Influenza Vaccine Failure

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S35-S35
Author(s):  
Joanna Kimball ◽  
Yuwei Zhu ◽  
Dayna Wyatt ◽  
Helen Talbot
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients

Abstract Background Despite influenza vaccination, some patients develop illness and require hospitalization. Many factors contribute to vaccine failure, including mismatch of the vaccine and circulating strains, waning immunity, timing of influenza season, age and patient comorbidities such as immune function. This study compared vaccinated, hospitalized patients with and without influenza. Methods This study used 2015–2019 Tennessee data from the US Hospitalized Adult Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network database. Enrolled patients were ≥ 18 years vaccinated for the current influenza season and admitted with an acute respiratory illness. Patient or surrogate interviews and medical chart abstractions were performed, and influenza vaccinations were confirmed by vaccine providers. Influenza PCR testing was performed in a research lab. Statistical analyses were performed with STATA and R using Pearson’s chi-squared, Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and multivariate logistic regression. Results 1236 patients met study criteria, and 235 (19%) tested positive for influenza. Demographics, vaccines and comorbidities were similar between the two groups (Table 1) except for morbid obesity, which was more common in influenza negative patients (13% vs 8%, p = 0.04), and immunosuppression, which was more common in the influenza positive (63% vs 54%, p = 0.01). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated older patients (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.03–2.10) and immunosuppressed patients (OR 1.56, 1.15–2.12) were at increased risk for influenza (Table 2 and Figure 1). Immunosuppression also increased the risk for influenza A/H3N2 (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.25–2.75). A sensitivity analysis was performed on patients who self-reported influenza vaccination for the current season without vaccine verification and demonstrated increased risk of influenza in older adults (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.16–2.39). Table 1: Demographics of influenza positive versus influenza negative patients in influenza vaccinated, hospitalized patients. Table 2: Logistic regression analyses of vaccinated, hospitalized influenza positive patients; vaccinated, hospitalized patients with influenza A subtypes and self-reported vaccinated, hospitalized influenza positive patients. Figure 1: Predicted Probability of Hospitalization with Influenza, Influenza A/H1N1 and Influenza A/H3N2 in Vaccinated Patients by Age. Conclusion Our study demonstrated an increased risk of influenza vaccine failure in older patients and immunosuppressed patients. These groups are also at increased risk for influenza complications. To improve protection of these patients against future influenza illnesses, more effective vaccines are needed, and more research on ring vaccination should be pursued. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Epidemiological characteristics of four common respiratory viral infections in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guohong Zhu ◽  
Dan Xu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Tianlin Wang ◽  
Lingyan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Preschool Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background Viruses are the main infectious agents of acute respiratory infections in children. We aim to describe the epidemiological characteristics of viral pathogens of acute respiratory tract infections in outpatient children. Methods From April 2018 to March 2019, the results of viral detection using oral pharyngeal swabs from 103,210 children with acute respiratory tract infection in the outpatient department of the Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, were retrospectively analyzed. Viral antigens, including adenovirus (ADV), influenza A (FLUA), influenza B (FLUB) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), were detected by the colloidal gold method. Results At least one virus was detected in 38,355 cases; the positivity rate was 37.2%. A total of 1910 cases of mixed infection with two or more viruses were detected, and the positivity rate of multiple infection was 1.9%. The ADV positivity rate was highest in the 3–6-year-old group (18.7%), the FLUA positivity rate was highest in the > 6-year-old group (21.6%), the FLUB positivity rate was highest in the > 6-year-old group (6.6%), and the RSV positivity rate was highest in the < 1-year-old group (10.6%). There was a significant difference in the positivity rate of viral infection among different age groups (χ2 = 1280.7, P < 0.001). The rate of positive viral infection was highest in winter (47.1%). The ADV infection rate was highest in spring (18.2%). The rates of FLUA and FLUB positivity were highest in winter (28.8% and 3.6%, respectively). The rate of RSV positivity was highest in autumn (17.4%). The rate of positive viral infection in different seasons was significantly different (χ2 = 6459.1, P < 0.001). Conclusions Viral infection rates in children differ for different ages and seasons. The positivity rate of ADV is highest in the preschool period and that of RSV is highest in infants; that of FLU increases with age. The total positive rate of viral infection in different seasons is highest in winter, as is the rate of FLU positivity.

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