scholarly journals Brain drain out of the blue: pollution-induced migration in a developing country

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quy Van Khuc ◽  
Minh-Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Tam-Tri Le ◽  
Truc-Le Nguyen ◽  
Thuy Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Economic Resilience ◽  
Personal Cost ◽  
The Brain

Due to perceived risks of air pollution in urban areas, inhabitants may develop intentions of migrating to another place with better air quality. The brain drain phenomenon occurs when talented workforces leave their current living places, causing serious loss of valuable human resources. The complex interactions among demographic factors that may influence migration intention require deeper investigation. Based on the theoretical foundation of the Mindsponge framework of information processing, we employ Bayesian analysis on a dataset of 475 citizens in Hanoi, Vietnam. We found the existence of the brain drain effect for both domestic and international migration intentions induced by air pollution concerns. Regarding intentions to migrate domestically, the probability is higher for young people and males than their counterparts. Our findings suggest environmental stressors can induce changes in citizen displacement on a large scale through the psychological mechanism of personal cost-benefit evaluation. Furthermore, policymakers need to consider the long-term negative effects of air pollution on human resources and strive to build an ‘eco-surplus culture’ for improving environmental sustainability and socio-economic resilience.

THE ROLE OF GAS IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Hanns F. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Oxides Of Nitrogen

The gases comprising the atmosphere are in dynamic balance both with the oceans and the dry land of the continents. The mechanisms which operate to keep the atmospheric content of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and sulphur constant are now well defined. The capacity of the system to absorb excess gaseous impurities is adequate on a global basis with the exception of carbon dioxide.Air pollution is thus a local problem resulting from the overloading of a particular air space with contaminants. The greater part of air pollution is due to the combustion of fossil fuels. Ease of control and virtual freedom from sulphur give natural gas an advantage over liquid and solid fuels as far as air pollution control is concerned. Oxides of nitrogen are produced when natural gas is burned but in smaller quantities than in the combustion of other fuels. In high capacity industrial gas burners where oxides of nitrogen may be generated in large quantities control is easier and can achieve a lower level of oxides of nitrogen than is the case with other fuels.The large scale use of natural gas to solve the air pollution problems of Pittsburgh, Los Angeles and many other cities is proof of the usefulness of gas in this respect. Specialised applications include use in incinerators and industrial after burners. Advances in removal of impurities from fuels and of air pollutants from products of combustion combined with rising gas prices will in time displace gas from its preeminent position in air pollution control. It is, however, likely to retain its advantage in small installations and in dense urban areas. In public and private transport its use will probably remain limited.While technological developments in the distant future may eventually displace fossil fuels, gas will have a large share of the fuel market until that day comes and will contribute effectively to the control of air pollution.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning Traffic Signalling Strategies for Alternative Objectives: Implementation in the Network of Nicosia, Cyprus

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-302
Author(s):  
Haris Ballis ◽  
Loukas Dimitriou
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Signal Control ◽  
Urban Network

AbstractSmart Cities promise to their residents, quick journeys in a clean and sustainable environment. Despite, the benefits accrued by the introduction of traffic management solutions (e.g. improved travel times, maximisation of throughput, etc.), these solutions usually fall short on assessing the environmental impact around the implementation areas. However, environmental performance corresponds to a primary goal of contemporary mobility planning and therefore, solutions guaranteeing environmental sustainability are significant. This study presents an advanced Artificial Intelligence-based (AI) signal control framework, able to incorporate environmental considerations into the core of signal optimisation processes. More specifically, a highly flexible Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithm has been developed towards the identification of efficient but-more importantly-environmentally friendly signal control strategies. The methodology is deployed on a large-scale micro-simulation environment able to realistically represent urban traffic conditions. Alternative signal control strategies are designed, applied, and evaluated against their achieved traffic efficiency and environmental footprint. Based on the results obtained from the application of the methodology on a core part of the road urban network of Nicosia, Cyprus the best strategy achieved a 4.8% increase of the network throughput, 17.7% decrease of the average queue length and a remarkable 34.2% decrease of delay while considerably reduced the CO emissions by 8.1%. The encouraging results showcase ability of RL-based traffic signal controlling to ensure improved air-quality conditions for the residents of dense urban areas.

Job Satisfaction in the Information and Communication Sector

2003 ◽  
pp. 206-225
Author(s):  
Marwa El-Ayouti ◽  
Sherif Kamel
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Information And Communication Technology ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Training And Development ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Psychological Aspects ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Brain

The information and communication technology industry is growing worldwide, penetrating all sectors and services. Therefore, organizations are formulating different formulas and mechanisms to provide a competitive and challenging working environment to attract the best human resources around the globe to join their infrastructure build-up in terms of humanware. Egypt, as a developing country, has been investing heavily in building its information and communication technology infrastructure with a focus on human resources. However, many organizations are continually faced with various challenges to keep their key human resources due to the emerging offerings and opportunities at various levels locally, regionally and internationally. This chapter presents the findings of a research that was conducted in Egypt in 2001 with a primary objective to understand the overall level of job satisfaction among employees in the ICT sector in Egypt. The research aimed at identifying the major factors that affect their satisfaction and highlighting the driving forces leading to the “brain drain” of skilled ICT professionals to jobs overseas. The research assesses the major aspects affecting job satisfaction and ranks them by importance. Moreover, the empirical evidence illustrates the willingness of ICT professionals to seek job opportunities abroad, and the major forces leading to brain drain. Within the scope of the research, job satisfaction is studied as a function of four groups of job aspects, namely, economic, social, training and development, and psychological aspects. Economic aspects cover variables such as pay, rewards and benefits. Social aspects include relationships with colleagues, teamwork and working conditions. Training and development covers the amount of training received by employees and their access to technologies. Psychological aspects include factors such as interest and scope of work, challenges and disciplinary procedures. The survey was conducted among ICT professionals employed in key ICT companies operating in Egypt, as well as companies in other sectors including financial institutions including organizations from the private sector, governmental organizations and multinational firms. The research is important to assess the problems faced by many organizations in Egypt due to the brain drain of its skilled ICT professionals to jobs overseas due to clearer career paths and advancement opportunities, better access to new technologies and higher pay. Respectively, the findings of the research represent important guidelines for various organizations to be able to retain its ICT skilled professionals in Egypt and similar environments.

scholarly journals Reserve Brain Drain sebagai Alternatif Mengatasi Kemiskinan

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
Munari Kustanto ◽  
Fitriyatus Sholihah
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Village

ENGLISHIn the period 2010-2019, the poverty rate in East Java Province was always above the national achievements. The other, in the same period of time there was a poverty disparity between rural and urban areas in East Java Province. This study aims to formulate a strategy to overcome poverty disparity in East Java. This study used a descriptive quantitative approach. This study uses secondary data namely poverty, disparity and urbanization data. The analysis shows that urbanization which occurred in East Java pushed migration of the quality human resources in the village. This can be traced from the increasing urbanization of intellectuals and migrants of productive age in East Java in the period 2010-2015. Overcoming poverty inequality between villages and cities is difficult to realize when villages are shortage of human resources to carry out development. Reserve brain is a solution for efforts to restore the village human resources as a capital to carry out development. INDONESIAAngka kemiskinan Provinsi Jawa Timur selalu berada di atas capaian nasional dalam kurun waktu 2010-2019. Dalam kurun waktu yang sama, terjadi disparitas kemiskinan antara daerah perdesaan dan perkotaan di Provinsi Jawa Timur. Studi ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan strategi mengatasi disparitas kemiskinan di Jawa Timur. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder berupa data kemiskinan, disparitas, dan urbanisasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa urbanisasi yang terjadi di Jawa Timur menyedot sumber daya manusia berkualitas di desa. Hal ini terlihat dari meningkatnya urbanisasi intelektual dan migran usia produktif di Jawa Timur dalam kurun waktu tahun 2010-2015. Upaya mengatasi ketimpangan kemiskinan antara desa dan kota sulit terwujud manakala desa semakin kekurangan sumber daya manusia untuk melakukan pembangunan. Reserve brain menjadi sebuah solusi bagi upaya mengembalikan sumber daya manusia desa sebagai salah satu modal untuk melakukan pembangunan.

Canadian Involvement in the Brain Drain from Africa: Opportunities for Action

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Michael Sinclair
Keyword(s):  
Brain Drain ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Western Country ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Nation ◽  
The Brain

The phenomenon known as the “brain drain” refers to the permanent or long-term migration of educated or skilled individuals from one country to another, usually from a poor Third World nation to an industrialized Western country. However, it also describes the migration of such persons between developed countries, such as from Canada to the United States and within countries, notably from impoverished rural areas to urban areas.

scholarly journals Migration and Mitigation of effect from migration

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
MGNAS Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
National Development ◽  
University Education ◽  
Development Approach ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Experimental Survey

The migration of educated professionals, popularly referred to as the Brain Drain, is not new to Sri Lanka. When well educated people abandon their homes of origin towards greener pastures elsewhere, the nation loses enormous amounts of money spent towards their education.  It gets no returns from the vast amounts spent on the highly skilled.  Along with such brain drain, the less developed lose not only human resources but are forced to either ignore or abandon efforts for development making the economic divide more and more severe.  In Sri Lanka, only 10% of new entrants to schools each year, get selected for university education. On completion, most of them migrate for their education elsewhere with improved living conditions and aim towards positions in keeping with their skills.  This trend towards migration needs to be arrested and expertise needs to be directed towards national development. This study investigates mitigating brain drain and attempts to reduce the impact of brain drain on a developing country like Sri Lanka. After extensive research with an experimental survey taking into consideration 10 hypotheses and testing with statistical techniques to analyze the data, the study investigates factors leading to brain drain related mostly to Science, Computing, and Engineering related disciplines. It also proposes a sustainable development approach to mitigate the impact of brain-drain on a developing country like Sri Lanka based on a statistical foundation and migrants’ views.

Situation of Migration and Potential Available to Reverse the Brain Drain — Case from Pakistan

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahana Kaukab
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
National Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Brain

Like a typical developing country, Pakistan has been facing the challenge of losing its human resources to the more prosperous and developed countries. A sizable number of the of country's highly qualified and experienced professionals immigrate to the so-called Western and Middle Eastern regions for a wide variety of reasons. At best, this phenomenon generates some financial resources in the form of remittances sent by these overseas Pakistanis. But at worst, it constantly impoverishes the various types of enterprises, services and sectors that develop and invest in these professionals in the form of subsidized training/education at different levels. Brain drain is also governed by a multitude of influences generated locally as well as globally. Comparative monetary benefits, quality of life, perceptions of better prospects for future generations, social freedom and liberal atmosphere are some parameters that are crucial in affecting the decision making at the individual level. Different stakeholders respond to brain drain in very different ways. The most peculiar is the official viewpoint, which favors the whole situation. The governments consider brain drain as an economically productive phenomenon. Remittances and direct transactions generated by the highly qualified human resources are taken as an achievement, instead of an impending predicament in the way of national development.

scholarly journals The Albanian Brain Drain phenomena and the Brain Gain strategy

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arta Musaraj
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Brain Gain ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Brain

Qualitative human resources remain one of the main problem of Eastern Europe and in particular Western Balkan countries. After 20 years of deep economic, political and social transformation, those countries are facing the problem of the highly qualified human resources they lost in these two decades, while in most of cases there is no a real measurement of the weight and impact these phenomena of Brain Drain has in the quality of the work force. Most of them are trying to set up and apply Brain Gain strategies at a national level. The paper aims to analyze and evaluate the influence that the missing of a previous qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the Phenomena of Brain Drain in Albania, has in the successful application of the Brain Gain strategy. The research objective will be fulfilled by analyzing the evolution of the Brain Drain phenomena, by an introduction of the Albanian characteristic and shape of  Brain Drain from 1990, by analyzing the Brain Gain strategy applied in the country comparing it to a successful application. The paper analyzes factors and variables which may affect the successful application of Brain Gain in Albania while  evidences the importance of stakeholder approach in objectives and aims of Brain Gain program and strategy and the use of the  Balance Scorecard as a strategic management system in “brain gain” strategy set up and application in the case of Albania and those of other countries of the region as well.

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