scholarly journals Spanning trees with a given number of leaves

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thinh D. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Combinatorial Optimization ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Spanning Trees ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Number Of Leaves

We prove the hardness of yet another problem in graph theory with a flavor of computer games, namelyTerra Mystica. Much like works of Demaine and others, we abstract the computer game to have a mathematicalmodel which is in the form of combinatorial optimization. A reduction from 3Sat shows that our claim holds.

A Cooperative Computer Game for Public Efficiency Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4760-4766
Author(s):  
Sachchida Nand Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Group Therapy ◽  
Group Work ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Design Interfaces ◽  
Design Case Study ◽  
Effective Group ◽  
Public Group

This paper presents a design case study of SIDES: Design Interfaces to Develop Effective Public Efficiency. SIDES is a tool designed to help adolescents in Public group therapy, specifically individuals with Asperser’s Syndrome, practice effective group work efficiency using a four-player cooperative computer game that runs on computer games technology. We are represent the design process and evaluation of SIDES conducted over a period of six months with a middle school Public group therapy class. Our findings indicate that   computer games   are a motivating and supported tool for effective group work among. My target population and reveal different design lessons to inform the development of similar systems.

Learning to program with Game Maker

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Visual Programming ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Pair Group ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Programming Software ◽  
Constructionist Approach ◽  
South East England ◽  
Computing Curriculum

Game Maker is widely used in UK secondary schools, yet under-researched in that context. This paper presents the findings of a qualitative case study that explores how authoring computer games using Game Maker can support the learning of basic programming concepts in a mainstream UK secondary setting.  The research draws on the learning theory of constructionism, which asserts the importance of pupils using computers as ‘building material’ to create digital artefacts (Papert, 1980; Harel and Papert, 1991), and considers the extent to which a constructionist approach is suitable for introducing basic programming concepts within a contemporary, game authoring context.  The research was conducted in a high achieving comprehensive school in South East England. Twenty-two pupils (12 boys; 10 girls; 13-14 years old) completed a unit of work in computer game authoring over an eight-week (16 x 50 minute lessons) period. In planning and developing their games, they worked in self-selected pairs, apart from two pupils (one boy and one girl) who worked alone, by choice. Nine of the ten pairs were the same gender. Data were collected in planning documents, journals and the games pupils made, in recordings of their working conversations, and in pair, group and artefact-based interviews. Findings indicate that as well as learning some basic programming concepts, pupils enjoyed the constructionist-designed activity, demonstrated positive attitudes to their work, and felt a sense of achievement in creating a complex artefact that had personal and cultural significance for them. However, the findings also suggest that the constructionist approach adopted in the research did not effectively support the learning of programming concepts for all pupils. This research arises out of a perceived need to develop accessible, extended units of work to implement aspects of the Computing curriculum in England. It suggests that using Game Maker may offer a viable entry, and identifies the programming concepts and practices which pupils encountered, the difficulties they experienced, and the errors they made when authoring computer games. It also offers recommendations to increase the readiness with which students engage with key programming concepts and practices when using this visual programming software. In so doing it makes a practical contribution to the field of qualitative research in secondary computing education. 

Playing power: gendered discourses in a computer games magazine

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Thornborrow
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Game Playing ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Conflicting Discourses

The focus of this article is the language of computer game previews and guides in the magazine Sega Mean Machines. I examine the presence of conflicting discourses within these texts, and discuss the possible effects they may have on the construction of gender-specific identities for the reader. Through a stylistic analysis of these texts, I will argue that entering the computer game-playing world means essentially a shift for the female readers/players into male-centred discourses.

The Effects of Computer Game on Preschool Children’s Nutrition Knowledge and Junk Food Intake Behavior (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chin-En Yen
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Nutrition Education ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Nutrition Knowledge ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Junk Food ◽  
Nutritional Knowledge ◽  
Children's Nutrition ◽  
Game Intervention

BACKGROUND Computer games can increase children’s interest in learning, and then improve their nutritional knowledge, and their dietary intake behavior. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term effectiveness of computer games on preschool children's nutrition knowledge and junk food intake behavior. This study was a cross-sectional study. METHODS We recruited 104 preschool children age 5-6 years from preschools and randomly assign to experiment group (n=56) and control group (n=48). The researchers used Construct 2 to design and produce the "Healthy Rat King" computer game as a nutrition education tool for children. The computer game courses intervention was one hour per week for four consecutive weeks in experiment group, and the control group did not received computer game intervention. RESULTS The results showed that the nutrition knowledge score of children in experiment group were significant higher than the control group after four weeks of computer game course intervention, and the frequency of chocolate, candies, and ice cream intake was significantly reduced in experiment group after four weeks of computer game intervention. CONCLUSIONS computer game teaching suggested that improved children’s nutrition knowledge and decreased the frequency of junk food intake.

The Term «Computer Game»: The Experience of an Interdisciplinary Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Vasiliev ◽  
◽  
Yu.V. Pechatnova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
New Variety

The article is devoted to a comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the term «game» and its relatively new variety – computer game. The need to use an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the term is explained by the versatility and multi-aspect nature of the phenomenon under study. The article reveals the meaning of the concept «game» in the philosophical, aesthetic, historical, cultural, linguistic, psychological, technological and legal dimensions. The research methodology includes historical, systematic methods, as well as the method of formal legal analysis. The author emphasizes the influence of the development of forms of game activity on the development of social evolution, as well as the interaction of the game and the achievements of scientific and technological progress. The relevance of studying the term «computer game» lies in the fact that computer games have become the most popular type of gaming activity and the most profitable commercial product on the modern market. In this regard, terminological certainty is necessary due to the economic feasibility and effective legal regulation of the development, implementation and use of computer games. The authors propose to identify the main features of the concept «game», in general, and the specific features of the term «computer game», in particular. Based on the set of features, the author's definition of the concept «computer game» is proposed. In order to distinguish the studied concept from related categories, the analysis of the terms «electronic game» and «video game» is carried out. In conclusion, the authors assess the approaches to the legal regulation of computer games from the point of view of domestic legislation. As a result of the analysis of the possibility of attributing a computer game to a variety of programs for electronic computers or a variety of multimedia products, the choice was made in favor of the latter. Thus, at present, in order to solve legal problems related to the development and use of a computer game, the authors propose the application of the law analogy.

On the number of leaves of a euclidean minimal spanning tree

1987 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Michael Steele ◽  
Lawrence A. Shepp ◽  
William F. Eddy
Keyword(s):  
Spanning Tree ◽  
Spanning Trees ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Minimal Spanning Tree ◽  
Absolutely Continuous ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vertex Degrees ◽  
Minimal Spanning Trees

Let Vk,n be the number of vertices of degree k in the Euclidean minimal spanning tree of Xi, , where the Xi are independent, absolutely continuous random variables with values in Rd. It is proved that n–1Vk,n converges with probability 1 to a constant α k,d. Intermediate results provide information about how the vertex degrees of a minimal spanning tree change as points are added or deleted, about the decomposition of minimal spanning trees into probabilistically similar trees, and about the mean and variance of Vk,n.

scholarly journals A Positive Combinatorial Formula for the Complexity of the $q$-Analog of the $n$-Cube

10.37236/2389 ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murali Krishna Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Graph Theory ◽  
Explicit Formula ◽  
Classical Result ◽  
Spanning Trees ◽  
Combinatorial Formula ◽  
Algebraic Graph Theory ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Number Of Spanning Trees

The number of spanning trees of a graph $G$ is called the complexity of $G$. A classical result in algebraic graph theory explicitly diagonalizes the Laplacian of the $n$-cube $C(n)$  and yields, using the Matrix-Tree theorem, an explicit formula for $c(C(n))$. In this paper we explicitly block diagonalize the Laplacian of the $q$-analog $C_q(n)$ of $C(n)$ and use this, along with the Matrix-Tree theorem, to give a positive combinatorial formula for $c(C_q(n))$. We also explain how setting $q=1$ in the formula for $c(C_q(n))$ recovers the formula for $c(C(n))$.

scholarly journals Metazoa Ludens: Mixed Reality Environment for Playing Computer Games with Pets

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger K. C. Tan ◽  
Adrian David Cheok ◽  
James K. S. Teh
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Virtual World ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
The Real ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Pet Owner

For better or worse, technological advancement has changed the world to the extent that at a professional level demands from the working executive required more hours either in the office or on business trips, on a social level the population (especially the younger generation) are glued to the computer either playing video games or surfing the internet. Traditional leisure activities, especially interaction with pets have been neglected or forgotten. This paper introduces Metazoa Ludens, a new computer mediated gaming system which allows pets to play new mixed reality computer games with humans via custom built technologies and applications. During the game-play the real pet chases after a physical movable bait in the real world within a predefined area; infra-red camera tracks the pets' movements and translates them into the virtual world of the system, corresponding them to the movement of a virtual pet avatar running after a virtual human avatar. The human player plays the game by controlling the human avatar's movements in the virtual world, this in turn relates to the movements of the physical movable bait in the real world which moves as the human avatar does. This unique way of playing computer game would give rise to a whole new way of mixed reality interaction between the pet owner and her pet thereby bringing technology and its influence on leisure and social activities to the next level

Is the Contextual Interference Effect Generalizable to Computer Games?

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Shewokis
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Sport Management ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Contextual Interference ◽  
Task Characteristics ◽  
Interference Effects ◽  
Practice Schedule ◽  
Winter Olympics ◽  
Random Schedule ◽  
Multiple Tasks

The benefits of learning multiple tasks under an unstructured practice schedule have been extensively demonstrated in the laboratory. The purpose of the present study was to test contextual interference effects in a nonlaboratory setting using computer games as tasks. Undergraduate kinesiology and sport management majors ( N=19) played a computer game simulating the events of the winter Olympics. Participants were randomly assigned to either a Blocked or Random practice schedule, practicing 36 trials of three events. Delayed retention and transfer tests were performed after a 48-hr. retention interval. The dependent variable was time to complete an event. During transfer, participants in the Random schedule ( M = 248 sec.) were significantly faster than Blocked ( M = 263 sec.) participants. Results support and extend previous contextual interference findings. Transfer was facilitated for participants who learned the events in a Random practice order. Results are discussed in terms of the influence of task characteristics on learning.

Fidelity of Task Structure as a Guiding Principle in the Development of Skill Trainers Based upon Complex Computer Games

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (18) ◽  
pp. 1266-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gopher ◽  
Maya Weil ◽  
Tal Bareket ◽  
Sigal Caspi
Keyword(s):  
Computer Games ◽  
Computer Game ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Flight Training ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Processing Resources ◽  
Complex Computer

Fidelity of task structure is proposed to replace physical fidelity, as a cost effective guiding principle in the development of trainers for complex tasks. The paper describes a research project in which a complex computer game was designed to mimic the requirements of flight skill. It was then employed as part trainer within an actual flight training program. The game was mainly directed to teach subjects strategies of attention control and efficient allocation of processing resources. It was found to improve trainees performance in flight. The paper discusses the theoretical roots of the proposed approach and some results of its application in an actual training environment.

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