scholarly journals The globalizability of temporal discounting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Ruggeri ◽  
Amma Panin ◽  
Milica Vdovic ◽  
Nazeer Abdul-Salaam ◽  
Jolly Amatya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Delayed Gains ◽  
Financial Gains

Economic inequality is associated with extreme rates of temporal discounting, which is a behavioral pattern where individuals choose smaller, immediate financial gains over larger, delayed gains. Such patterns may feed into rising global inequality, yet it is unclear if they are a function of choice preferences or norms, or rather absence of sufficient resources to meet immediate needs. It is also not clear if these reflect true differences in choice patterns between income groups. We test temporal discounting and five intertemporal choice anomalies using local currencies and value standards in 61 countries. Across a diverse sample of 13,629 participants, we found highly consistent rates of choice anomalies. Individuals with lower incomes were not significantly different, but economic inequality and broader financial circumstances impact population choice patterns.

Temporal Discounting Across Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Leigh Seaman ◽  
Sade J Abiodun ◽  
Zöe Fenn ◽  
Gregory Russell Samanez-Larkin ◽  
Rui Mata
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Total N ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Adult Age Differences ◽  
Choice Tasks

A number of developmental theories have been proposed that make differential predictions about the links between age and temporal discounting; that is, the valuation of rewards at different points in time. Most empirical studies examining adult age differences in temporal discounting have relied on economic intertemporal choice tasks, which pit choosing a smaller, sooner monetary reward against choosing a larger, later one. Although initial studies using these tasks suggested older adults discount less than younger adults, follow-up studies provided heterogeneous, and thus inconclusive, results. Using an open science approach, we test the replicability of adult age differences in temporal discounting by conducting a preregistered systematic literature search and meta-analysis of adult age differences in intertemporal choice tasks. Across 37 cross-sectional studies (Total N = 104,736), we found no reliable relation between age and temporal discounting (r = -0.081, 95% CI [-0.185, 0.025]). We also found little evidence of publication bias or p-hacking. Exploratory analyses of moderators found no effect of experimental design (e.g., extreme-group vs. continuous age), incentives (hypothetical vs. rewards), amount of delay (e.g., days, weeks, months, or years), or quantification of discounting behavior (e.g., proportion of immediate choices vs. parameters from computational modeling). Additional analyses of 12 participant-level data sets found little support for a nonlinear relation between age and temporal discounting across adulthood. Overall, the results suggest that adult age is not reliably associated with individual differences in temporal discounting. We provide recommendations for future empirical work on temporal discounting across the adult life span.

scholarly journals Temporal discounting in adolescents and adults with Tourette syndrome

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253620
Author(s):  
Canan Beate Schüller ◽  
Ben Jonathan Wagner ◽  
Thomas Schüller ◽  
Juan Carlos Baldermann ◽  
Daniel Huys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Hyperbolic Discounting ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Male Subjects

Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with hyperactivity in dopaminergic networks. Dopaminergic hyperactivity in the basal ganglia has previously been linked to increased sensitivity to positive reinforcement and increases in choice impulsivity. In this study, we examine whether this extends to changes in temporal discounting, where impulsivity is operationalized as an increased preference for smaller-but-sooner over larger-but-later rewards. We assessed intertemporal choice in two studies including nineteen adolescents (age: mean[sd] = 14.21[±2.37], 13 male subjects) and twenty-five adult patients (age: mean[sd] = 29.88 [±9.03]; 19 male subjects) with Tourette syndrome and healthy age- and education matched controls. Computational modeling using exponential and hyperbolic discounting models via hierarchical Bayesian parameter estimation revealed reduced temporal discounting in adolescent patients, and no evidence for differences in adult patients. Results are discussed with respect to neural models of temporal discounting, dopaminergic alterations in Tourette syndrome and the developmental trajectory of temporal discounting. Specifically, adolescents might show attenuated discounting due to improved inhibitory functions that also affect choice impulsivity and/or the developmental trajectory of executive control functions. Future studies would benefit from a longitudinal approach to further elucidate the developmental trajectory of these effects.

scholarly journals The Income Gap in Voting: Moderating Effects of Income Inequality and Clientelism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Twan Huijsmans ◽  
Arieke J. Rijken ◽  
Teodora Gaidyte
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Relative Income ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Country Level ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract We investigated whether income gaps in voting turnout vary with country-level economic inequality, and whether this pattern differs between wealthier and less-wealthy countries. Moreover, we investigated whether the prevalence of clientelism was the underlying mechanism that accounts for the presumed negative interaction between relative income and economic inequality at lower levels of national wealth per capita. The harmonised PolPart dataset, combining cross-national surveys from 66 countries and 292 country-years, including 510,184 individuals, was analysed using multilevel logistic regression models. We found that the positive effect of relative income on voting was weaker at higher levels of economic inequality, independent of the level of national wealth. Although clientelism partially explains why economic inequality reduces the income gap in voter turnout, it does not do so in the way we expected. It seems to decrease turnout of higher income groups, rather than increase turnout of lower income groups. Importantly, that economic inequality reduces the income gap in voter turnout does not imply that economic inequality is positive for democratic representation, since economic inequality was found to depress the likelihood of voting for all income groups.

Hidden Patterns of Sell for Fresh Agriculture Produce by Farmers near to APMC Ahmedabad

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neepa Kanaiyalal Shah
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Hidden Patterns

After delisting of fresh agriculture produce at APMC Ahmedabad, there is no change in farmers’ behavior to sell their produce. They still prefer to sell produce through traders and brokers in regulatory body such as APMC. This paper is about the behavior of farmers to sell produce. This study derives some hidden patterns which are previously unknown. The pattern shows that to whom farmers want to sell produce; when they get success or failure to get market for the produce. It also shows behavioral pattern of farmers for different income groups. A pattern of auction in APMC market and how many farmers are agree with the auction and its beneficence. One of the most important parameter for the fresh agriculture produce is the timeframe within that produce get sold. This paper shows the pattern of who is able to sell produce in required timeframe. At last a study of those farmers who were failed to sell produce within required timeframe and what they do with that unsold produce and alternatives available to them.

Measuring Global Inequality

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Yates
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Monthly Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Political Structures ◽  
The U.S

It is by now well known that significant and growing economic inequality is a central feature of the U.S. economy, as previous articles in Monthly Review have shown. However, the same is also the case for much of the rest of the world. Inequality arises in other countries for reasons similar to those in the United States, but each nation has its own history, along with widely divergent economic and political structures. Here we will look first at the most recent data on global inequality, and then at its causes and consequences.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.

scholarly journals Increased Capacity to Delay Reward in Anorexia Nervosa

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 773-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna E. Steinglass ◽  
Bernd Figner ◽  
Staci Berkowitz ◽  
H. Blair Simpson ◽  
Elke U. Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Neuropsychological Characteristics ◽  
Secondary Analyses

AbstractIndividuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) are often characterized as possessing excessive self-control and are unusual in their ability to reduce or avoid the consumption of palatable foods. This behavior promotes potentially life-threatening weight loss and suggests disturbances in reward processing. We studied whether individuals with AN showed evidence of increased self-control by examining the tendency to delay receipt of a monetary, non-food related, reward. Underweight AN (n = 36) and healthy controls (HC, n = 28) completed a monetary intertemporal choice task measuring delay discounting factor. Individuals with AN reduced the value of a monetary reward over time significantly less than HC (F[1,61] = 5.03; p = 0.029). Secondary analyses indicated that the restricting subtype of AN, in particular, showed significantly less discounting than HC (F[1,46] = 8.3; p = 0.006). These findings indicate that some individuals with AN show less temporal discounting than HC, suggestive of enhanced self-control that is not limited to food consumption. This is in contrast to other psychiatric disorders, for example, substance abuse, which are characterized by greater discounting. Though preliminary, these findings suggest that excessive self-control may contribute to pathological processes and individuals with AN may have neuropsychological characteristics that enhance their ability to delay reward and thereby may help to maintain persistent food restriction. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–8)

Common Neural Correlates of Intertemporal Choices and Intelligence in Adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Ripke ◽  
Thomas Hübner ◽  
Eva Mennigen ◽  
Kathrin U. Müller ◽  
Shu-Chen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Bold Response ◽  
Decision Network ◽  
A Value ◽  
Bold Responses ◽  
Choice Consistency ◽  
Intertemporal Choices

Converging behavioral evidence indicates that temporal discounting, measured by intertemporal choice tasks, is inversely related to intelligence. At the neural level, the parieto-frontal network is pivotal for complex, higher-order cognitive processes. Relatedly, underrecruitment of the pFC during a working memory task has been found to be associated with steeper temporal discounting. Furthermore, this network has also been shown to be related to the consistency of intertemporal choices. Here we report an fMRI study that directly investigated the association of neural correlates of intertemporal choice behavior with intelligence in an adolescent sample (n = 206; age 13.7–15.5 years). After identifying brain regions where the BOLD response during intertemporal choice was correlated with individual differences in intelligence, we further tested whether BOLD responses in these areas would mediate the associations between intelligence, the discounting rate, and choice consistency. We found positive correlations between BOLD response in a value-independent decision network (i.e., dorsolateral pFC, precuneus, and occipital areas) and intelligence. Furthermore, BOLD response in a value-dependent decision network (i.e., perigenual ACC, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial pFC, ventral striatum) was positively correlated with intelligence. The mediation analysis revealed that BOLD responses in the value-independent network mediated the association between intelligence and choice consistency, whereas BOLD responses in the value-dependent network mediated the association between intelligence and the discounting rate. In summary, our findings provide evidence for common neural correlates of intertemporal choice and intelligence, possibly linked by valuation as well as executive functions.

scholarly journals Hidden Patterns of Sell for Fresh Agriculture Produce by Farmers near to APMC Ahmedabad

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neepa Kanaiyalal Shah
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Hidden Patterns

After delisting of fresh agriculture produce at APMC Ahmedabad, there is no change in farmers’ behavior to sell their produce. They still prefer to sell produce through traders and brokers in regulatory body such as APMC. This paper is about the behavior of farmers to sell produce. This study derives some hidden patterns which are previously unknown. The pattern shows that to whom farmers want to sell produce; when they get success or failure to get market for the produce. It also shows behavioral pattern of farmers for different income groups. A pattern of auction in APMC market and how many farmers are agree with the auction and its beneficence. One of the most important parameter for the fresh agriculture produce is the timeframe within that produce get sold. This paper shows the pattern of who is able to sell produce in required timeframe. At last a study of those farmers who were failed to sell produce within required timeframe and what they do with that unsold produce and alternatives available to them.

scholarly journals The Evolutionary Trend of Global Inequality: Analyzing the Impacts of Economic Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Ma ◽  
Victor Jing Li ◽  
Tsun Se Cheong ◽  
Delin Zhuang
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Evolutionary Trend ◽  
The South ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
The North ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Service Sectors

The aim of this study is to examine the evolution of inequality by focusing on the impacts of the economic structure. The technique of decomposition by income sources is employed to evaluate the contribution of the three major sectors, namely the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors to overall inequality. The data cover almost all the countries in the world from 2001 to 2017 for a total of 18 years. There are four stages of analysis in this study. The first stage of study is to provide an overall view of the evolutionary trend of global inequality, the second stage focuses on the North-South divide, the third stage determines the impacts of income groups, and the fourth stage investigates the impacts for each region. There are several salient findings: First, global inequality had declined in the study period. Second, the service sector is identified as the largest contributor to global inequality, followed by the industrial sector, while the contribution of the agricultural sector is negligible. For the North-South divide, disparity in the service sector was more marked in the North than in the South. The industrial sector played a major role in the South and contributed more than 40% to overall inequality. For the comparison amongst the income groups, our findings show that the higher the income, the higher the percentage contribution of the service sector (except for the low-income group). Finally, for the comparison across regions, although the contribution of the agricultural sector in most regions are below 1.5%; however, the contribution of the agricultural sector in both Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia is more than 8%. It implies that a lot of people in these regions still rely on the agricultural sector for a living, and the development in the industrial and service sectors in these two regions lagged behind those of the other regions. Our analysis show that the evolution pattern is very different for each region, therefore, it is necessary to take the effects of income and geographical location into consideration in formulating development policies.

scholarly journals Rising Top-Income Persistence in Australia: Evidence from Income Tax Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Herault ◽  
Dean Hyslop ◽  
Stephen P. Jenkins ◽  
Roger Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Income Tax ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Persistence Rates

We use a new Australian longitudinal income tax dataset, Alife, covering 1991–2017, to examine levels and trends in the persistence in top-income group membership, focussing on the top 1%. We summarize persistence in multiple ways, documenting levels and trends in rates of remaining in top-income groups; re-entry to the top; the income changes associated with top-income transitions; and we also compare top-income persistence rates for annual and ‘permanent’ incomes. Regardless of the perspective taken, top-income persistence increased markedly over the period, with most of the increase occurring in the mid-2000s and early 2010s. In the mid- to late-2010s, Australian top-income persistence rates appear to have been near the top of the range of tax-data estimates for other countries. Using univariate breakdowns and multivariate regression, we show that the rise in top-income persistence in Australia was experienced by many population subgroups. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

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