scholarly journals A variance component analysis of the moral circle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastian Jaeger ◽  
Matti Wilks
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Variance Components ◽  
Variance Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Variance Component Analysis ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Target Characteristics

People’s treatment of others—humans, animals, or other targets—often depends on whether they think the entity is worthy of moral consideration. Recent work has begun to examine which factors determine whether an entity is included in people’s moral circle. Here, we rely on multilevel modeling to map the variance components of the moral circle. We examine how much variance in moral concern is explained by who is being judged (i.e., between-target differences), by who is making the judgment (i.e., between-judge differences), and by their interaction. Two studies with participants from the Netherlands, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia (N = 836) show that all three components explain substantial amounts of variance in judgments of moral concern. Few cross-country differences emerged. Thus, to accurately predict when people grant moral standing to a target, characteristics of the target, characteristics of the judge, and their interaction need to be considered.

Cross-Cutting Themes in Major Article IV Consultations

Policy Papers ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Euro Area ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Cross Country

This paper is part of a broader on-going effort to bring a more cross-country perspective to bilateral surveillance, taking advantage of a cluster of Article IV consultations with five systemically important economies concluded in July. With the five economies—the United States, the Euro area, China, Japan, and the United Kingdom—accounting for two-thirds of global output and three quarters of capital flows, the nature of linkages and consistency of policy responses across the systemic five (S5) has important implications for the world economy.

scholarly journals Cross-Country Differences in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Solon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intergenerational Transmission ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Studies ◽  
The Third ◽  
Income Status ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country

International studies of the extent to which economic status is passed from one generation to the next are important for at least two reasons. First, each study of a particular country characterizes an important feature of that country's income inequality. Second, comparisons of intergenerational mobility across countries may yield valuable clues about how income status is transmitted across generations and why the strength of that intergenerational transmission varies across countries. The first section of this paper explains a benchmark measure of intergenerational mobility commonly used in U.S. studies. The second section summarizes comparable empirical findings that have accumulated so far for countries other than the United States. The third section sketches a theoretical framework for interpreting cross-country differences in intergenerational mobility.

scholarly journals VARIANCE COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF ALLOZYME FREQUENCY DATA FROM EASTERN POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-137
Author(s):  
Diana B Smith ◽  
Charles H Langley ◽  
Frank M Johnson
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Variance Component ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Variance Component Analysis ◽  
Frequency Variation ◽  
Nonrandom Mating ◽  
Component Estimation ◽  
Allozyme Loci

ABSTRACT Gene frequency variation at eight polymorphic allozyme loci in Drosophila meianogaster populations in North Carolina and the east coast of the United States were analyzed utilizing the variance component estimation procedures suggested by COCKERHAM (1969, 1973). These variance components were used to estimate correlations of genes within small geographic regions. The average (over loci) correlation between genes in the same individual within subpopulations was estimated to be 0.033. That between genes in the same subpopulation in different individuals was estimated to be very small, although significantly different from zero. The macrogeographic variation measured by the correlation of genes sampled from the same local region was large for some loci and smaller for others. This variation was also analyzed by correlation with latitude and longitude. Several previously recognized clines were identified as were several new clines.—These results were interpreted as indicating either some degree of nonrandom mating and locel breeding unit isolation or a low frequency of null alleles. The geographic and temporal variation has no simple interpretation.

Evaluation of sugarcane morphological descriptors using variance component analysis

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Gallacher
Keyword(s):  
Variance Components ◽  
Variance Component ◽  
Environmental Effect ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Variance Component Analysis ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Morphological Descriptors ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
High Level

Genotypic, environmental, interaction, and error variances were studied for each of 24 qualitative and 142 quantitative morphological characters. Data were collected in 3 character sets: vegetative macromorphological, inflorescence, and epidermal. Broad-sense heritability was estimated for quantitative characters, and variance components were estimated. Non-zero significance was determined for variance components of all characters. Many characters were identified as having a large genetic component to their variation. Optimising the descriptive power of vegetative macromorphology characters requires the use of test clones to quantify the environmental effect, and a high level of sampling to reduce error variance. Less work is required for inflorescence characters, which are mostly highly heritable. Some valuable epidermal characters were identified.

scholarly journals The Yankees of Europe? A New View on Technology and Productivity in German Manufacturing in the Early Twentieth Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 874-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel P. Timmer ◽  
Joost Veenstra ◽  
Pieter J. Woltjer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Productivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Manufacturing Performance ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The U.S

Labor productivity in German manufacturing lagged persistently behind the United States in the early twentieth century. Traditionally, this is attributed to dichotomous technology paths across the Atlantic. However, various industry case studies suggest rapid diffusion of U.S. technologies in Germany. We develop a novel decomposition framework based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to reconcile these findings. We conclude that by 1936 inefficient assimilation of modern production techniques—and not the use of different techniques—accounted for most of the U.S./German labor-productivity gap. Our findings call for a reappraisal of the drivers behind cross-country differences in manufacturing performance.

scholarly journals Carry-Trade Returns and Segmented Risk Pricing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carry Trade ◽  
Risk Pricing ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Interest Rate

AbstractThe returns to carry-trades are controversially discussed. There seems to be no unifying risk-based explanation of currency returns and stock returns, while the countries’ interest rate differential plays a leading part in the carry-trade performance. Therefore, this paper addresses carry-trade returns from a risk-pricing perspective and examines if these returns can be connected to cross-country differences in risk pricing in the interest-rate market compared to the stock market. Data from Thomson Reuters Datastream and Federal Reserve Economic Data covering Australia, Japan, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United States were analyzed based on GMM estimation. The results indicate significant and persistent cross-country differences in risk aversion in the interest-rate market compared to the implied risk aversion in the stock market. This may offer opportunities for risk arbitrage and, therefore, a risk pricing-related explanation of carry-trade returns.

scholarly journals Cross-Country Differences in Stay-at-Home Behaviors during Peaks in the COVID-19 Pandemic in China and the United States: The Roles of Health Beliefs and Behavioral Intention

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2104
Author(s):  
Wei Hong ◽  
Ru-De Liu ◽  
Yi Ding ◽  
Jacqueline Hwang ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Health Beliefs ◽  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Perceived Susceptibility ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
At Home

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly escalated to a global pandemic. To control the rate of transmission, governments advocated that the public practice social distancing, which included staying at home. However, compliance with stay-at-home orders has varied between countries such as China and the United States, and little is known about the mechanisms underlying the national differences. Based on the health belief model, the theory of reasoned action, and the technology acceptance model, health beliefs and behavioral intention are suggested as possible explanations. A total of 498 Chinese and 292 American college students were recruited to complete an online survey. The structural equation modeling results showed that health beliefs (i.e., perceived susceptibility, severity, and barriers) and behavioral intention played multiple mediating roles in the association between nationality and actual stay-at-home behaviors. Notably, the effect via perceived barriers → behavioral intention was stronger than the effects via perceived susceptibility and severity → behavioral intention. That is, American participants perceived high levels of susceptibility whereas Chinese participants perceived high levels of severity, especially few barriers, which further led to increased behavioral intention and more frequent stay-at-home behaviors. These findings not only facilitate a comprehensive understanding of cross-country differences in compliance with stay-at-home orders during peaks in the COVID-19 pandemic but also lend support for mitigation of the current global crisis and future disease prevention and health promotion efforts.

scholarly journals Different Populations Agree on Which Moral Arguments Underlie Which Opinions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Vartanova ◽  
Kimmo Eriksson ◽  
Isabela Hazin ◽  
Pontus Strimling
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Objective Quality ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Moral Arguments ◽  
Open Question

People often justify their moral opinions by referring to larger moral concerns (e. g., “It is unfair if homosexuals are not allowed to marry!” vs. “Letting homosexuals marry is against our traditions!”). Is there a general agreement about what concerns apply to different moral opinions? We used surveys in the United States and the United Kingdom to measure the perceived applicability of eight concerns (harm, violence, fairness, liberty, authority, ingroup, purity, and governmental overreach) to a wide range of moral opinions. Within countries, argument applicability scores were largely similar whether they were calculated among women or men, among young or old, among liberals or conservatives, or among people with or without higher education. Thus, the applicability of a given moral concern to a specific opinion can be viewed as an objective quality of the opinion, largely independent of the population in which it is measured. Finally, we used similar surveys in Israel and Brazil to establish that this independence of populations also extended to populations in different countries. However, the extent to which this holds across cultures beyond those included in the current study is still an open question.

Explaining Gendered Patterns of Cabinet Formation

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Claire Annesley ◽  
Karen Beckwith ◽  
Susan Franceschet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Concrete Floor ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Gendered Patterns

Chapter 1 introduces the three research questions guiding the book and outlines the patterns of timing, magnitude, and persistence of women’s cabinet inclusion in Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It identifies the year of appointment of the first woman to cabinet; the year of the last all-male cabinet; and addresses the questions of cross-country and cross-time variation in numbers of women in cabinet. The chapter identifies formal and informal rules as forces shaping women’s opportunities for cabinet appointment, and introduces the concept of the “concrete floor,” the minimum proportion or number of women for the cabinet team to be perceived as legitimate.

Reluctant financialisaton: Financialisaton without financialised subjectivities in Hungary and the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 0308518X2096074
Author(s):  
Léna Pellandini-Simányi ◽  
Adam Banai
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Moral Economies ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Key Aspects

The Foucauldian literature on the ‘financialisation of everyday life’ has documented the way neoliberal discourses and practices call forth willing entrepreneurial-investorial and debtor financialised subjects. However, recent qualitative studies on the lived experiences of financialisation suggested that financialised households are often unwilling to adopt the subjectivities of neoliberal discourse (which we call ‘reluctant financialisation’) and only selectively draw on their elements (referred to as ‘variegated subjectivities’). This paper uses quantitative data to examine whether willing or reluctant financialisation is more widespread and if there are geographical, cross-country differences; and to assess the ‘variegated subjectivities’ argument. We conduct two studies: in the first, we compare the extent to which financialised households embrace key aspects of the financialised subjectivities called forth by neoliberal discourse in the mature financialised economy of the United States vs newly financialising Hungary. In the second, we examine the ‘variegated subjectivities’ hypothesis in Hungary. Our results show, first, that the majority of financialised households do not hold the financialised subject position fostered by neoliberal discourse. Second, they lend support to the ‘variegated subjectivities’ hypothesis. This means that reluctance, rather than whole-hearted embracement of neoliberal subjectivities is the main experience of financialisation. Household financialisation is neither driven nor legitimised by households ‘buying into’ neoliberal discourses. Although this may indicate a larger resistance potential in everyday life than previously assumed, we suggest a more negative interpretation: that of ‘domesticated neoliberalism’, which does not require neoliberal subjects but co-opts households’ existing moral economies.

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