scholarly journals Pedestrians’ overt attention affects time-to-arrival estimates of oncoming traffic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Sudkamp ◽  
David Souto
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Central Tendency ◽  
The Road ◽  
Overt Attention ◽  
Moving Vehicles ◽  
Visual Sampling ◽  
Road Crossing

To navigate safely, pedestrians need to accurately perceive and predict other road users’ motion trajectories. Previous research has shown that the way visual information is sampled affects motion perception. Here we asked how overt attention affects time-to-arrival prediction of oncoming vehicles when viewed from a pedestrian’s point of view in a virtual road-crossing scenario. In three online experiments, we tested time-to-arrival prediction accuracies when observers pursued an approaching vehicle, fixated towards the road-crossing area, fixated towards the road close to the vehicle’s trajectory or were free to view the scene. When the observer-vehicle distance was high, participants displayed a central tendency in their predicted arrival times, indicating that vehicle speed was insufficiently taken into account when estimating its time-to-arrival. This was especially the case when participants fixated towards the road-crossing area, resulting in time-to-arrival overestimation of slow-moving vehicles and underestimation of fast-moving vehicles. The central tendency bias decreased when participants pursued the vehicle or when the eccentricity between the fixation location and the vehicle trajectory was reduced. Our results identify an unfavorable visual sampling strategy as a potential risk factor for pedestrians and suggest that overt attention is best directed towards the direction of the approaching traffic to derive accurate time-to-arrival estimates. To support pedestrian safety, we conclude that the promotion of adequate visual sampling strategies should be considered in both traffic planning and safety training measures.

scholarly journals The influence of the driving speed on the exhaust emissions

2014 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Jerzy MERKISZ ◽  
Marianna JACYNA ◽  
Maciej ANDRZEJEWSKI ◽  
Jacek PIELECHA ◽  
Agnieszka MERKISZ-GURANOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Portable Equipment ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Driving Speed ◽  
Vehicle Operation ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Research Equipment

The aim of the study is to verify the thesis about the influence of the vehicle speed on the exhaust emissions. The influence of the speed on the fuel consumption is quite easily measurable and generally possible to identify, while determining the emissions of harmful substances requires specialized research equipment. The analysis is important from the point of view of the vehicle operation. The paper presents the results of the road tests of a car fitted with a diesel engine. It contains the results of measurements of the concentration of the exhaust components. In the measurements, PEMS portable equipment was used. The study was conducted under actual traffic conditions (motorway driving) on a selected portion of the A2 motorway, located near Poznan.

scholarly journals Pedestrian-safer IoT-based Smart Crossing System with Object Tracking

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1948-1953
Keyword(s):  
Object Tracking ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Road Crossing ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Populous Country

In the field of technical research the Internet of Things (IoT) has become an interesting topic. The device is interconnected over the internet. We usually think of IoT in terms of independently owned cars and smart homes, but in extreme practical matters one of the best applications of IoT technology. In many disciplines, IoT is increasing rapidly from a technical point of view, in particular with the smart crossing system. In the meantime, it is a very populous country in Bangladesh. A lot of people cross the street every day. A lot of wide roads are to be crossed in Bangladesh. Even dead troubles. There is a lot of vehicles on the lane. There are many wide roads in Bangladesh that are a lot to cross. Troubles, even dead ones. Many vehicles are on the road. Bangladesh is also a developing country, and the laws of road crossing are not very strict, in which case it is very important to have a pedestrian-safer IoT-based smart crossing system with object tracking. Often people are facing an accident, in particular school children have trouble crossing the road, old people face the same problem. A cost-effective solution to this issue is the key contribution of this paper using a simple framework based on Arduino UNO R3. The device is fully autonomous and can calculate the planned parameters of a pedestrianized IoT-based, smart crossing platform with object tracking in an efficient way. Ultrasonic sensors and one IR sensor were used for measuring the parameters needed for the device. Moreover, in Bangladesh this program is more important and essential. This smart crossing system detects people as well as reduce road accidents.

scholarly journals Vehicle Speed Detection using Raspberry Pi

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2198-2201
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
The Road ◽  
Moving Vehicles ◽  
Processing Software ◽  
Image Processing Software ◽  
Transfer Protocol

Due to the increasing accidents in the road, we are proposing a system to reduce it. Mainly the occurrence of accidents is due to the vehicle speed, so by figuring the over speed vehicle actions can be easily taken. Using this system the speed of moving vehicles can be determined with raspberry pi .The system is designed to detect the moving vehicles and calculate its velocity. The system used Open CV as image processing software and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP) to perceive and follow the moving vehicles. Several types of capturing size of the video are used in this system to check and measure the performance of the embedded board

scholarly journals GENDER DIFFERENCES WHILE PERFORMING AN EVERYDAY PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR TASK

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1504-1513
Author(s):  
Muhammad Azam ◽  
Asif Ali ◽  
Saddam Akbar ◽  
Marrium Bashir ◽  
Hyun Chae Chung
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Perceptual Judgment ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
The Road ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Road Crossing

Purpose of the study: The aim of this paper was to study gender differences regarding their perceptual judgment and movement behavior in the road crossing task. Methodology: A simulated road crossing environment outside the Human Motor Behavior laboratory (HMBL) was used to examine the individuals’ perceptual-motor behavior. Twenty-four young adults performed the road crossing task in the virtual environment judging whether the available gap was crossable or not crossable and then initiating movement depending on the perceptual information. Main Findings: Participants’ gap selection revealed that their cross-ability was influenced by vehicle speed, however, female participants made more errors relative to males. In addition, females took longer to cross and made unnecessary adjustments during crossings. The study findings suggest that females’ erroneous perceptual decisions and inconsistent locomotion behavior in road-crossing put them at higher risk relative to their male counterparts. Application of this study: The findings of this study may apply to developing training programs regarding pedestrian individuals. Training with performing road-crossing tasks may prove to be helpful for refining individuals’ perceptual judgment and movement behavior to minimize chances of accidents in road crossing. Specifically, having experience with the road-crossing task in a virtual environment may reduce the tendency towards risk-taking behavior. The novelty of this study: Most of the past research regarding pedestrian individuals’ road crossing behavior examined participants’ perceptual judgment (perception) in standing position only or did not analyze movement behavior in the actual walking set up. The approach utilized in our experiment was novel in this regard; individuals can choose to cross a gap and walk wearing a head-mounted display.

scholarly journals Improvement in Target Range Estimation and the Range Resolution Using Drone

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwan Hyeong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Detection Rate ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Vehicle Detection ◽  
Target Range ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Moving Vehicle ◽  
Range Resolution ◽  
The Road ◽  
Moving Vehicles ◽  
On The Road

This study measured the speed of a moving vehicle in multiple lanes using a drone. The existing methods for measuring a vehicle’s speed while driving on the road measure the speed of moving automobiles by means of a sensor that is mounted on a structure. In another method, a person measures the speed of a vehicle at the edge of a road using a speed-measuring tool. The existing method for measuring a vehicle’s speed requires the installation of a gentry-structure; however, this produces a high risk for traffic accidents, which makes it impossible to measure a vehicle’s speed in multiple lanes at once. In this paper, a method that used a drone to measure the speed of moving vehicles in multiple lanes was proposed. The suggested method consisted of two LiDAR sets mounted on the drone, with each LiDAR sensor set measuring the speed of vehicles moving in one lane; that is, estimating the speed of moving vehicles in multiple lanes was possible by moving the drone over the road. The proposed method’s performance was compared with that of existing equipment in order to measure the speed of moving vehicles using the manufactured drone. The results of the experiment, in which the speed of moving vehicles was measured, showed that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the first lane and the second lane was 3.30 km/h and 2.27 km/h, respectively. The vehicle detection rate was 100% in the first lane. In the second lane, the vehicle detection rate was 94.12%, but the vehicle was not detected twice in the experiment. The average vehicle detection rate is 97.06%. Compared with the existing measurement system, the multi-lane moving vehicle speed measurement method that used the drone developed in this study reduced the risk of accidents, increased the convenience of movement, and measured the speed of vehicles moving in multiple lanes using a drone. In addition, it was more efficient than current measurement systems because it allowed an accurate measurement of speed in bad environmental conditions.

scholarly journals The role of eye movements in perceiving vehicle speed and time-to-arrival at the roadside

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Sudkamp ◽  
Mateusz Bocian ◽  
David Souto
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Traffic Scenario ◽  
Road Crossing

AbstractTo avoid collisions, pedestrians depend on their ability to perceive and interpret the visual motion of other road users. Eye movements influence motion perception, yet pedestrians’ gaze behavior has been little investigated. In the present study, we ask whether observers sample visual information differently when making two types of judgements based on the same virtual road-crossing scenario and to which extent spontaneous gaze behavior affects those judgements. Participants performed in succession a speed and a time-to-arrival two-interval discrimination task on the same simple traffic scenario—a car approaching at a constant speed (varying from 10 to 90 km/h) on a single-lane road. On average, observers were able to discriminate vehicle speeds of around 18 km/h and times-to-arrival of 0.7 s. In both tasks, observers placed their gaze closely towards the center of the vehicle’s front plane while pursuing the vehicle. Other areas of the visual scene were sampled infrequently. No differences were found in the average gaze behavior between the two tasks and a pattern classifier (Support Vector Machine), trained on trial-level gaze patterns, failed to reliably classify the task from the spontaneous eye movements it elicited. Saccadic gaze behavior could predict time-to-arrival discrimination performance, demonstrating the relevance of gaze behavior for perceptual sensitivity in road-crossing.

APLIKASI PENAJAMAN CITRAA STREET VIEW MENGGUNAKAN METODE GRAMD SCHMIDT SPECTRAL SHARPENING DAN HIGH PASS FILTERING

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erna Verawati ◽  
Surya Darma Nasution ◽  
Imam Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Intensity Difference ◽  
Original Image ◽  
Filtering Method ◽  
The Road ◽  
Street View ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Filter Process ◽  
High Pass

Sharpening the image of the road display requies a degree of brightness in the process of sharpening the image from the original image result of the improved image. One of the sharpening of the street view image is image processing. Image processing is one of the multimedia components that plays an important role as a form of visual information. There are many image processing methods that are used in sharpening the image of street views, one of them is the gram schmidt spectral sharpening method and high pass filtering. Gram schmidt spectral sharpening method is method that has another name for intensity modulation based on a refinement fillter. While the high pass filtering method is a filter process that btakes image with high intensity gradients and low intensity difference that will be reduced or discarded. Researce result show that the gram schmidt spectral sharpening method and high pass filtering can be implemented properly so that the sharpening of the street view image can be guaranteed sharpening by making changes frome the original image to the image using the gram schmidt spectral sharpening method and high pass filtering.Keywords: Image processing, gram schmidt spectral sharpening and high pass filtering.

scholarly journals Behavioral Dynamics of Pedestrians Crossing between Two Moving Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soon Ho Kim ◽  
Jong Won Kim ◽  
Hyun-Chae Chung ◽  
Gyoo-Jae Choi ◽  
MooYoung Choi
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Mathematical Tool ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics ◽  
Moving Vehicles ◽  
Bearing Angle ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Crossing Point ◽  
Insight Into

This study examines the human behavioral dynamics of pedestrians crossing a street with vehicular traffic. To this end, an experiment was constructed in which human participants cross a road between two moving vehicles in a virtual reality setting. A mathematical model is developed in which the position is given by a simple function. The model is used to extract information on each crossing by performing root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) minimization of the function from the data. By isolating the parameter adjusted to gap features, we find that the subjects primarily changed the timing of the acceleration to adjust to changing gap conditions, rather than walking speed or duration of acceleration. Moreover, this parameter was also adjusted to the vehicle speed and vehicle type, even when the gap size and timing were not changed. The model is found to provide a description of gap affordance via a simple inequality of the fitting parameters. In addition, the model turns out to predict a constant bearing angle with the crossing point, which is also observed in the data. We thus conclude that our model provides a mathematical tool useful for modeling crossing behaviors and probing existing models. It may also provide insight into the source of traffic accidents.

scholarly journals Smartphone monitoring of in-ambulance vibration and noise

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441192098599
Author(s):  
Tom Partridge ◽  
Lorelei Gherman ◽  
David Morris ◽  
Roger Light ◽  
Andrew Leslie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transport Systems ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Noise Levels ◽  
The Road ◽  
Neonatal Transport ◽  
Mass Data ◽  
Transport Team ◽  
Vertical Accelerations ◽  
Noise Vibration

Transferring sick premature infants between hospitals increases the risk of severe brain injury, potentially linked to the excessive exposure to noise, vibration and driving-related accelerations. One method of reducing these levels may be to travel along smoother and quieter roads at an optimal speed, however this requires mass data on the effect of roads on the environment within ambulances. An app for the Android operating system has been developed for the purpose of recording vibration, noise levels, location and speed data during ambulance journeys. Smartphone accelerometers were calibrated using sinusoidal excitation and the microphones using calibrated pink noise. Four smartphones were provided to the local neonatal transport team and mounted on their neonatal transport systems to collect data. Repeatability of app recordings was assessed by comparing 37 journeys, made during the study period, along an 8.5 km single carriageway. The smartphones were found to have an accelerometer accurate to 5% up to 55 Hz and microphone accurate to 0.8 dB up to 80 dB. Use of the app was readily adopted by the neonatal transport team, recording more than 97,000 km of journeys in 1 year. To enable comparison between journeys, the 8.5 km route was split into 10 m segments. Interquartile ranges for vehicle speed, vertical acceleration and maximum noise level were consistent across all segments (within 0.99 m . s−1, 0.13 m · s−2 and 1.4 dB, respectively). Vertical accelerations registered were representative of the road surface. Noise levels correlated with vehicle speed. Android smartphones are a viable method of accurate mass data collection for this application. We now propose to utilise this approach to reduce potential harmful exposure, from vibration and noise, by routing ambulances along the most comfortable roads.

scholarly journals Cortical Activity Linked to Clocking in Deaf Adults: fNIRS Insights with Static and Animated Stimuli Presentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Sébastien Laurent ◽  
Laurence Paire-Ficout ◽  
Jean-Michel Boucheix ◽  
Stéphane Argon ◽  
Antonio Hidalgo-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Deaf People ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
The Road ◽  
Deaf Adults

The question of the possible impact of deafness on temporal processing remains unanswered. Different findings, based on behavioral measures, show contradictory results. The goal of the present study is to analyze the brain activity underlying time estimation by using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) techniques, which allow examination of the frontal, central and occipital cortical areas. A total of 37 participants (19 deaf) were recruited. The experimental task involved processing a road scene to determine whether the driver had time to safely execute a driving task, such as overtaking. The road scenes were presented in animated format, or in sequences of 3 static images showing the beginning, mid-point, and end of a situation. The latter presentation required a clocking mechanism to estimate the time between the samples to evaluate vehicle speed. The results show greater frontal region activity in deaf people, which suggests that more cognitive effort is needed to process these scenes. The central region, which is involved in clocking according to several studies, is particularly activated by the static presentation in deaf people during the estimation of time lapses. Exploration of the occipital region yielded no conclusive results. Our results on the frontal and central regions encourage further study of the neural basis of time processing and its links with auditory capacity.

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