Globalization and the Rise and Fall of Cognitive Control

The scale of human interaction patterns is larger now than ever before – people regularly interact with and learn from others around the world, and we each have the ability to impact the global environment that is shared by all. The consequences of local versus global interaction - particularly for the evolution of cooperation - have been studied extensively by evolutionary game theorists for decades. Here, we use this lens to explore a new question: How does the scale of interaction affect the evolution of cognition, and in particular the use of automatic (e.g., reflexive or habitual) versus controlled (e.g., deliberative) cognitive processing? We find robust evidence of cycles of automaticity versus control, and that these dynamics are influenced by the scale of interaction. Specifically, globalized environment disfavors cognitive control; globalized direct contact can either favor or disfavor control, depending on whether controlled agents are harmed or helped by contact with automatic agents; and globalized learning phase-locks the whole population and destroys meso-scale communities of more versus less controlled agents. These results emphasize the importance of the scale of interaction for the evolution of cognition, and help shed light on challenges currently facing our species.

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Varieties of Understanding

10.1093/oso/9780190860974.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Keyword(s):

Natural World ◽

Cognitive Resources ◽

The World ◽

Historical Tradition ◽

Normative Considerations ◽

Shed Light

According to a long historical tradition, understanding comes in different varieties. In particular, it is said that understanding people has a different epistemic profile than understanding the natural world—it calls on different cognitive resources, for instance, and brings to bear distinctive normative considerations. Thus in order to understand people we might need to appreciate, or in some way sympathetically reconstruct, the reasons that led a person to act in a certain way. By comparison, when it comes to understanding natural events, like earthquakes or eclipses, no appreciation of reasons or acts of sympathetic reconstruction is arguably needed—mainly because there are no reasons on the scene to even be appreciated, and no perspectives to be sympathetically pieced together. In this volume some of the world’s leading philosophers, psychologists, and theologians shed light on the various ways in which we understand the world, pushing debates on this issue to new levels of sophistication and insight.

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How Experts React: The World Health Organization’s Appraisal of COVID-19 via Communication Patterns

Journal of Language and Social Psychology ◽

10.1177/0261927x211026346 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0261927X2110263

Author(s):

David M. Markowitz

Keyword(s):

World Health Organization ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

Communication Patterns ◽

World Health ◽

Working Through ◽

The World ◽

Internal States ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Relationship ◽

Health Experts

How do COVID-19 experts psychologically manage the pandemic and its effects? Using a full year of press briefings (January 2020–January 2021) from the World Health Organization ( N = 126), this paper evaluated the relationship between communication patterns and COVID-19 cases and deaths. The data suggest as COVID-19 cases and deaths increased, health experts tended to think about the virus in a more formal and analytic manner. Experts also communicated with fewer cognitive processing terms, which typically indicate people “working through” a crisis. This report offers a lens into the internal states of COVID-19 experts and their organization as they gradually learned about the virus and its daily impact.

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Lawful Remedy or Illegal Response? Resolving the Issue of Foreign Subsidization Under WTO Law

World Trade Review ◽

10.1017/s1474745621000045 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

Victor Crochet ◽

Marcus Gustafsson

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

World Trade Organization ◽

World Trade ◽

The European Union ◽

Fair Competition ◽

Trade Law ◽

International Trade Law ◽

The World ◽

Shed Light ◽

Do So

Abstract Discontentment is growing such that governments, and notably that of China, are increasingly providing subsidies to companies outside their jurisdiction, ‘buying their way’ into other countries’ markets and undermining fair competition therein as they do so. In response, the European Union recently published a proposal to tackle such foreign subsidization in its own market. This article asks whether foreign subsidies can instead be addressed under the existing rules of the World Trade Organization, and, if not, whether those rules allow States to take matters into their own hands and act unilaterally. The authors shed light on these issues and provide preliminary guidance on how to design a response to foreign subsidization which is consistent with international trade law.

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Analyse des réseaux de personnages dans les textes de Leslie Kaplan : du postmodernisme à l’inconscient

French Cultural Studies ◽

10.1177/09571558211002449 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095715582110024

Author(s):

Murielle El Hajj

Keyword(s):

Identity Crisis ◽

The Unconscious ◽

The Real ◽

The World ◽

Fictional Worlds ◽

Shed Light

The texts of Leslie Kaplan question the irreducible opposition between the real and the non-real. Her characters and their intentional absence confuse the repository and fictional worlds, not only to point out the thin margin between reality and fiction, but to underline the impossible delimitation between the real and the fictional, or even between the text and the world. This article studies the characters of Kaplan and aims to demonstrate their identity crisis through the study of their literary onomastic and the use of the neutral pronoun ‘it’ and allegoric expressions. In addition, the objective of this article is to shed light on the Kaplanian characters as Kunderian models, while stressing the particularity of their physionomy, which consists to present ‘fuzzy’ characters that are present and absent at the same time, engaging the reader in the fictional process as a try to complete the missing details. This article concludes that the Kaplanian characters are not only the prototypes of the postmodern being, but they are also introverted, psychopaths and a demonstration of different facets of the unconscious.

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Emotion modulates cognitive flexibility in patients with major depression

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291711002418 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 42 (7) ◽

pp. 1373-1382 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

F. C. Murphy ◽

A. Michael ◽

B. J. Sahakian

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Control ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

Cognitive Flexibility ◽

Executive Control ◽

The Other ◽

Depressed Patients ◽

Performance Accuracy ◽

Healthy Control ◽

Emotional Category ◽

And Control

BackgroundDepression is associated with alterations of emotional and cognitive processing, and executive control in particular. Previous research has shown that depressed patients are impaired in their ability to shift attention from one emotional category to another, but whether this shifting deficit is more evident on emotional relative to non-emotional cognitive control tasks remains unclear.MethodThe performance of patients with major depressive disorder and matched healthy control participants was compared on neutral and emotional variants of a dynamic cognitive control task that requires participants to shift attention and response from one category to another.ResultsRelative to controls, depressed patients were impaired on both tasks, particularly in terms of performance accuracy. In the neutral go/no-go task, the ability of depressed patients to flexibly shift attention and response from one class of neutral stimuli to the other was unimpaired. This contrasted with findings for the emotional go/no-go task, where responding was slower specifically on blocks of trials that required participants to shift attention and response from one emotional category to the other.ConclusionsThe present data indicate that any depression-related difficulties with cognitive flexibility and control may be particularly evident on matched tasks that require processing of relevant emotional, rather than simply neutral, stimuli. The implications of these findings for our developing understanding of cognitive and emotional control processes in depression are discussed.

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Thinking critically about affect in organization studies: Why it matters

Organization ◽

10.1177/1350508416668192 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 3-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 58

Author(s):

Marianna Fotaki ◽

Kate Kenny ◽

Sheena J. Vachhani

Keyword(s):

Lived Experiences ◽

Affect Theory ◽

Special Issue ◽

Organization Studies ◽

The World ◽

New States ◽

Shed Light

Affect holds the promise of destabilizing and unsettling us, as organizational subjects, into new states of being. It can shed light on many aspects of work and organization, with implications both within and beyond organization studies. Affect theory holds the potential to generate exciting new insights for the study of organizations, theoretically, methodologically and politically. This Special Issue seeks to explore these potential trajectories. We are pleased to present five contributions that develop such ideas, drawing on a wide variety of approaches, and invoking new perspectives on the organizations we study and inhabit. As this Special Issue demonstrates, the world of work offers an exciting landscape for studying the ‘pulsing refrains of affect’ that accompany our lived experiences.

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The “Millstätter Predigten” (Millstatt Sermons), Petrus Berchorius, and Mechthild of Magdeburg

Daphnis ◽

10.1163/18796583-12340037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 59-84

Author(s):

Sabine Seelbach

Keyword(s):

Cultural Memory ◽

Educational History ◽

Mechthild Of Magdeburg ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Use ◽

Shed Light

Abstract This article presents the project “Virtual Benedictine library Millstatt” (www.virtbibmillstatt.com/), which is dedicated to the cultural memory and educational history of Carinthia in the broadest sense. It aims to reconstruct the hitherto little-known and little-researched corpus of manuscripts from the Benedictine Abbey of Millstatt, to identify its texts, and to shed light on their history of use. Against the background of the eventful history of ownership of the Millstatt library, the problems that arise when trying to reliably assign manuscripts scattered around the world to the Millstatt corpus are outlined. Examples will be used to show the extent to which external features (binding, signature system, accessories), but also text-internal indications, make the origin and ownership history of the manuscripts traceable. Spectacular new finds are presented, but also erroneous assumptions about the affiliation of certain texts to the reading canon of the Millstatt Benedictines are pointed out.

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Rising smoke-charged vortices in the mid-latitude stratosphere

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9309 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bernard Legras ◽

Hugo Lestrelin ◽

Aurélien Podglajen ◽

Mikail Salihoglu

Keyword(s):

Fluid Mechanics ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Radiative Heating ◽

Dynamical Structure ◽

The Past ◽

Self Organized ◽

The World ◽

Lidar Observations ◽

Meso Scale

<p>The two most intense wildfires of the last decade that took place in Canada in 2017 and Australia in 2019-2020 were followed by large injections of smoke in the stratosphere due to pyroconvection. It was discovered that, after the Australian event, part of this smoke self-organized as anticyclonic confined vortices that rose against the Brewer-Dobson circulation in the mid-latitude stratosphere up to 35 km (Khaykin et al., 2020, doi: 10.1038/s43247-020-00022-5).&#160; Based on CALIOP lidar observations and the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis, we analyze the Canadian case and find, similarly, that the large plume which penetrated the stratosphere on 12 August 2017 and reached 14 km got trapped thereafter within a meso-scale anticyclonic structure which travelled across the Atlantic. It then broke into three offsprings that could be followed until mid-October 2017, each performing&#160; round the world journeys and rising up to 23 km for one of them. We analyze the dynamical structure of the vortices produced by these two wildfires in the ERA 5 and demonstrate how they are maintained by the assimilation of data from instruments measuring the signature of the vortices in the temperature and ozone field. We propose that these vortices can be seen as bubbles of very low potential vorticity carried vertically by their internal radiative heating across the stratosphere against the stratification. We will also present elements of a theory and first numerical simulations explaining the dynamics of such structures&#160; and discuss possible occurrences after other forest fires and volcanic eruptions in the past as well as&#160; future likely impacts. This new phenomenon in geophysical fluid mechanics has, to our knowledge, no reported analog (see reference: https://acp.copernicus.org/preprints/acp-2020-1201/).</p>

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The Sister Village Program: Promoting Community Resilience after Merapi Eruption

The Indonesian Journal of Planning and Development ◽

10.14710/ijpd.3.1.32-43 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 32

Author(s):

Vita Elysia ◽

Ake Wihadanto

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Volcanic Eruption ◽

Disaster Recovery ◽

Local Level ◽

Community Resilience ◽

The World ◽

Evacuation Routes ◽

Post Disaster ◽

Shed Light

Local Government of Magelang Regency initiates the Sister Village Program after Mount Merapi Eruption in 2010. The idea of this program is to connect villages at risk from Merapi eruption to partner villages with less risk in the surrounding regions. This program is part of post-disaster recovery initiatives at the local level which includes planned evacuation routes, shelters, provision of food and other daily essentials. This paper aims to shed light on the role of sister village program in promoting community resilience after the volcanic eruption of Merapi. It is found that the system of sister village program can fulfill many aspects of community resilience components. Considering Indonesia is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world, this program should be regarded as a good example to be replicated in other prone areas in the country.

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Penerapan Bahasa Yang Baik Dan Benar Serta Sopan Santun Saat Melakukan Bimbingan Kelompok

10.31227/osf.io/mkxev ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

YuliaKurniasari

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Data Collection ◽

Qualitative Methods ◽

Group Counseling ◽

Human Interaction ◽

The World ◽

Collection Data ◽

The Moment ◽

Group Guidance ◽

Descriptive Qualitative

Language is a human interaction tool to facilitate humans to communicate with one another, language also has benefits that are very important for life as an introduction in the world of education. But what happens, the fact is that at the moment in carrying out group guidance conducted by some people, they have not been able to use good and correct grammar, but have already behaved politely when communicating with other interlocutors and some people still assume that when communicating only requires language simple or improvised. This study aims to teach that people need to apply true and wise communication, especially in the use of good and correct language systems when conducting group guidance. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods that refer to data collection, data analysis, interpretation of the data concerned with the situation. The results of this study indicate that in conducting group counseling they have not been able to apply good and correct language but have applied good manners. This research has various benefits, namely making people able to understand and realize that the importance of communication when guidance uses good and correct language so that it is easy to understand and easily accepted.

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