scholarly journals Volition and “free will”

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Seghezzi ◽  
Patrick Haggard

Philosophers have debated the “free will” for centuries, yet it is only in recent years that voluntary actions have become an object of investigation for cognitive neuroscience. This review begins by attempting a definition of volition (i.e., the mental state associated specifically with voluntary actions) that could be relevant for cognitive neuroscience. We then review the neuropsychology of volition. Alterations in voluntary behaviour in neurological and psychiatric patients first suggested the possibility that specific cognitive processes of volition have specific bases in the brain. These findings counter traditional dogmas that human volition is somehow ineffable, and instead suggest that voluntary actions depend on specific brain circuitry that is accessible to scientific investigation.The second part of the review focuses on the experimental psychology of volition. A number of studies have combined a systematic manipulation of experimental conditions, and recording of brain processes associated with voluntary action. We argue that this combination is most likely to identify the brain processes specifically associated with volition, and we therefore review these studies systematically. For example, several studies link the Readiness Potential of the EEG to preparatory conscious preplanning of actions. Further, a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies (PET/ fMRI) reveals a distinctive pattern of activations for choosing one among many possible actions - a key element of volition. The medial frontal cortex appears to make a key contribution to both these biomarkers of volition.

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreejoy J Tripathy ◽  
Shawn D Burton ◽  
Matthew Geramita ◽  
Richard C Gerkin ◽  
Nathaniel N Urban

For decades, neurophysiologists have characterized the biophysical properties of a rich diversity of neuron types. However, identifying common features and computational roles shared across neuron types is made more difficult by inconsistent conventions for collecting and reporting biophysical data. Here, we leverage NeuroElectro, a literature-based database of electrophysiological properties (www.neuroelectro.org), to better understand neuronal diversity -- both within and across neuron types -- and the confounding influences of methodological variability. We show that experimental conditions (e.g., electrode types, recording temperatures, or animal age) can explain a substantial degree of the literature-reported biophysical variability observed within a neuron type. Critically, accounting for experimental metadata enables massive cross-study data normalization and reveals that electrophysiological data are far more reproducible across labs than previously appreciated. Using this normalized dataset, we find that neuron types throughout the brain cluster by biophysical properties into 6-9 super-classes. These classes include intuitive clusters, such as fast-spiking basket cells, as well as previously unrecognized clusters, including a novel class of cortical and olfactory bulb interneurons that exhibit persistent activity at theta-band frequencies.


2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1451) ◽  
pp. 1775-1785 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zeki ◽  
O. R. Goodenough ◽  
Joshua Greene ◽  
Jonathan Cohen

The rapidly growing field of cognitive neuroscience holds the promise of explaining the operations of the mind in terms of the physical operations of the brain. Some suggest that our emerging understanding of the physical causes of human (mis)behaviour will have a transformative effect on the law. Others argue that new neuroscience will provide only new details and that existing legal doctrine can accommodate whatever new information neuroscience will provide. We argue that neuroscience will probably have a transformative effect on the law, despite the fact that existing legal doctrine can, in principle, accommodate whatever neuroscience will tell us. New neuroscience will change the law, not by undermining its current assumptions, but by transforming people's moral intuitions about free will and responsibility. This change in moral outlook will result not from the discovery of crucial new facts or clever new arguments, but from a new appreciation of old arguments, bolstered by vivid new illustrations provided by cognitive neuroscience. We foresee, and recommend, a shift away from punishment aimed at retribution in favour of a more progressive, consequentialist approach to the criminal law.


2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Lavazza

Grazie ai rapidi progressi delle neuroscienze cognitive, alcuni ricercatori, soprattutto di area anglosassone, cominciano a utilizzare criteri basati sulla neurobiologia per ridimensionare o dissolvere il concetto di persona – fondamentale in ambito bioetico – in quanto definito illusorio. In particolare, si sostiene che esista un network cerebrale innato, comprendente quattro aree specifiche dell’encefalo, che produrrebbe in modo automatico la percezione di una categoria speciale di cose, poi definite persone. Tale ipotesi si basa su una crescente mole di dati sperimentali, singolarmente presi ben corroborati dalle prove accumulate. Di fronte alla difficoltà di definire con precisione la “persona” nei casi bioeticamente più difficili e controversi, si suggerisce allora che l’idea stessa sia da abbandonare in quanto frutto di un meccanismo evolutivo-adattativo ormai inadeguato di fronte ai dilemmi creati dalla medicina contemporanea. Viene così operata una naturalizzazione totale del concetto per poi suggerire il ritorno a una prospettiva utilitaristica rispetto ai casi bioetici in cui manchi accordo condiviso. Dopo aver presentato nel dettaglio la proposta avanzata da M.J. Farah e A.S. Heberlein, nel presente articolo vengono offerti alcuni argomenti per confutare il monismo metodologico su cui tale proposta si basa, in particolare sottolineando la dimensione storica del concetto di persona, emerso gradualmente e non in modo omogeneo, in contrasto con la prospettiva neurobiologica innatista. Si evidenzia quindi il necessario pluralismo epistemologico che deve accompagnare la definizione di persona. Non è possibile escludere a priori la dimensione filosofica, che resta fondamentale, mentre le acquisizioni delle neuroscienze si candidano a elementi empirici complementari, ormai non ignorabili per la loro crescente rilevanza. ---------- Thanks to the rapid progress of cognitive neuroscience, several researchers – mostly from Anglo-Saxon countries – have begun to use neurobiological criteria in order to reappraise or discredit the concept of personhood, which is fundamental in bioethics, by defining it as illusory. In particular, they maintain that there is an innate cerebral network, comprising four specific areas of the brain, which automatically produces the perception of a particular category of objects that are then defined as persons. This hypothesis is based on an increasing body of experimental data, which are individually well supported by the existing evidence. Due to the difficulties associated with defining personhood in the most controversial bioethics cases, they suggest that the concept itself should be abandoned as the outcome of an evolutionary and adaptive mechanism that has become inadequate in light of the dilemmas created by contemporary medicine. The concept is thus fully naturalised, leading to calls for returning to a utilitarian perspective with regards to bioethics cases about which a consensus agreement cannot be reached. After discussing in detail the proposal put forward by M.J. Farah e A.S. Heberlein, the article presents arguments to refute the methodological monism upon which this proposal rests, by highlighting the historical dimension of the concept of personhood, which emerged gradually and in an uneven manner, in contradiction with the innatist neurobiological perspective. The article then highlights the necessary epistemological pluralism that must accompany the definition of personhood. The philosophical dimension cannot be excluded a priori, and indeed remains fundamental, while contributions from neuroscience are complementary empirical elements, whose increasing relevance makes them impossible to ignore.


2019 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-309
Author(s):  
Jolien Francken ◽  
Marc Slors

Abstract The New Neurophilosophy: An Introduction to the ANTW special issueContemporary neurophilosophy is more pragmatic than the early neurophilosophy of the 1980’s. It features two implicit ideas: First, commonsense cognitive concepts (CCC’s) like ‘free will’, ‘thoughts’, ‘consciousness’, ‘attention’ and ‘self’, belong to a variety of disciplines and cannot be appropriated by either philosophy or cognitive neuroscience. Second, the description of biological processes in the brain and the description of behavioral processes by CCC’s are so far removed from each other that a simple reduction, or even a relation of implementation between them, is implausible. What is needed instead, is a relation of interpretation: which cognitive concepts should be used to describe specific brain processes is not fixed in advance but the outcome of an ongoing negotiation between common sense practice, philosophy, and cognitive neuroscience. All articles in this special issue shed light on these two key ideas that characterize a new neurophilosophy.


Author(s):  
Nicholas Shea

Can findings from psychology and cognitive neuroscience about the neural mechanisms involved in decision-making tell us anything useful about the commonly-understood mental phenomenon of making voluntary choices? Two philosophical objections are considered. First, that the neural data is subpersonal, and so cannot enter into illuminating explanations of personal-level phenomena like voluntary action. Secondly, that mental properties are multiply realized in the brain in such a way as to make them insusceptible to neuroscientific study. The chapter argues that both objections would be weakened by the discovery of empirical generalizations connecting subpersonal properties with personal-level phenomena. It gives three case studies that furnish evidence to that effect. It argues that the existence of such interrelations is consistent with a plausible construal of the personal-subpersonal distinction. Furthermore, there is no reason to suppose that the notion of subpersonal representation relied on in cognitive neuroscience illicitly imports personal-level phenomena like consciousness or normativity, or is otherwise explanatorily problematic.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Genschow ◽  
Emiel Cracco ◽  
Jana Schneider ◽  
John Protzko ◽  
David Wisniewski ◽  
...  

Whether free will exists is a longstanding philosophical debate. Cognitive neuroscience and popular media have been putting forward the idea that free will is an illusion, raising the question of what would happen if people stopped believing in free will altogether. Psychological research has investigated this question by testing the consequences of experimentally weakening people’s belief in free will. The results of these investigations have been mixed, with successful experiments and unsuccessful replications. This raises two fundamental questions that can best be investigated with a meta-analysis: First, can free will beliefs be manipulated and, second, do such manipulations have downstream consequences? In a meta-analysis across 146 experiments (95 unpublished) with a total of 26,305 participants, we show that exposing individuals to anti-free will manipulations decreases belief in free will, g = -0.29, 95% CI = [-0.35, -0.22], and increases belief in determinism, g = 0.17, 95% CI = [0.09, 0.24]. In contrast, we find little evidence for the idea that manipulating belief in free will has downstream consequences after accounting for small sample and publication bias. Together, our findings have important theoretical implications for research on free will beliefs and contribute to the discussion of whether reducing people’s belief in free will has societal consequences.


Author(s):  
J. D. Hutchison

When the transmission electron microscope was commercially introduced a few years ago, it was heralded as one of the most significant aids to medical research of the century. It continues to occupy that niche; however, the scanning electron microscope is gaining rapidly in relative importance as it fills the gap between conventional optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.IBM Boulder is conducting three major programs in cooperation with the Colorado School of Medicine. These are the study of the mechanism of failure of the prosthetic heart valve, the study of the ultrastructure of lung tissue, and the definition of the function of the cilia of the ventricular ependyma of the brain.


Author(s):  
Jochen Seitz ◽  
Katharina Bühren ◽  
Georg G. von Polier ◽  
Nicole Heussen ◽  
Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann ◽  
...  

Objective: Acute anorexia nervosa (AN) leads to reduced gray (GM) and white matter (WM) volume in the brain, which however improves again upon restoration of weight. Yet little is known about the extent and clinical correlates of these brain changes, nor do we know much about the time-course and completeness of their recovery. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis and a qualitative review of all magnetic resonance imaging studies involving volume analyses of the brain in both acute and recovered AN. Results: We identified structural neuroimaging studies with a total of 214 acute AN patients and 177 weight-recovered AN patients. In acute AN, GM was reduced by 5.6% and WM by 3.8% compared to healthy controls (HC). Short-term weight recovery 2–5 months after admission resulted in restitution of about half of the GM aberrations and almost full WM recovery. After 2–8 years of remission GM and WM were nearly normalized, and differences to HC (GM: –1.0%, WM: –0.7%) were no longer significant, although small residual changes could not be ruled out. In the qualitative review some studies found GM volume loss to be associated with cognitive deficits and clinical prognosis. Conclusions: GM and WM were strongly reduced in acute AN. The completeness of brain volume rehabilitation remained equivocal.


2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rigoni ◽  
M. Brass ◽  
B. Burle
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