scholarly journals Neuroscienze e persona Nuova prospettiva o minaccia?

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Lavazza

Grazie ai rapidi progressi delle neuroscienze cognitive, alcuni ricercatori, soprattutto di area anglosassone, cominciano a utilizzare criteri basati sulla neurobiologia per ridimensionare o dissolvere il concetto di persona – fondamentale in ambito bioetico – in quanto definito illusorio. In particolare, si sostiene che esista un network cerebrale innato, comprendente quattro aree specifiche dell’encefalo, che produrrebbe in modo automatico la percezione di una categoria speciale di cose, poi definite persone. Tale ipotesi si basa su una crescente mole di dati sperimentali, singolarmente presi ben corroborati dalle prove accumulate. Di fronte alla difficoltà di definire con precisione la “persona” nei casi bioeticamente più difficili e controversi, si suggerisce allora che l’idea stessa sia da abbandonare in quanto frutto di un meccanismo evolutivo-adattativo ormai inadeguato di fronte ai dilemmi creati dalla medicina contemporanea. Viene così operata una naturalizzazione totale del concetto per poi suggerire il ritorno a una prospettiva utilitaristica rispetto ai casi bioetici in cui manchi accordo condiviso. Dopo aver presentato nel dettaglio la proposta avanzata da M.J. Farah e A.S. Heberlein, nel presente articolo vengono offerti alcuni argomenti per confutare il monismo metodologico su cui tale proposta si basa, in particolare sottolineando la dimensione storica del concetto di persona, emerso gradualmente e non in modo omogeneo, in contrasto con la prospettiva neurobiologica innatista. Si evidenzia quindi il necessario pluralismo epistemologico che deve accompagnare la definizione di persona. Non è possibile escludere a priori la dimensione filosofica, che resta fondamentale, mentre le acquisizioni delle neuroscienze si candidano a elementi empirici complementari, ormai non ignorabili per la loro crescente rilevanza. ---------- Thanks to the rapid progress of cognitive neuroscience, several researchers – mostly from Anglo-Saxon countries – have begun to use neurobiological criteria in order to reappraise or discredit the concept of personhood, which is fundamental in bioethics, by defining it as illusory. In particular, they maintain that there is an innate cerebral network, comprising four specific areas of the brain, which automatically produces the perception of a particular category of objects that are then defined as persons. This hypothesis is based on an increasing body of experimental data, which are individually well supported by the existing evidence. Due to the difficulties associated with defining personhood in the most controversial bioethics cases, they suggest that the concept itself should be abandoned as the outcome of an evolutionary and adaptive mechanism that has become inadequate in light of the dilemmas created by contemporary medicine. The concept is thus fully naturalised, leading to calls for returning to a utilitarian perspective with regards to bioethics cases about which a consensus agreement cannot be reached. After discussing in detail the proposal put forward by M.J. Farah e A.S. Heberlein, the article presents arguments to refute the methodological monism upon which this proposal rests, by highlighting the historical dimension of the concept of personhood, which emerged gradually and in an uneven manner, in contradiction with the innatist neurobiological perspective. The article then highlights the necessary epistemological pluralism that must accompany the definition of personhood. The philosophical dimension cannot be excluded a priori, and indeed remains fundamental, while contributions from neuroscience are complementary empirical elements, whose increasing relevance makes them impossible to ignore.

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Seghezzi ◽  
Patrick Haggard

Philosophers have debated the “free will” for centuries, yet it is only in recent years that voluntary actions have become an object of investigation for cognitive neuroscience. This review begins by attempting a definition of volition (i.e., the mental state associated specifically with voluntary actions) that could be relevant for cognitive neuroscience. We then review the neuropsychology of volition. Alterations in voluntary behaviour in neurological and psychiatric patients first suggested the possibility that specific cognitive processes of volition have specific bases in the brain. These findings counter traditional dogmas that human volition is somehow ineffable, and instead suggest that voluntary actions depend on specific brain circuitry that is accessible to scientific investigation.The second part of the review focuses on the experimental psychology of volition. A number of studies have combined a systematic manipulation of experimental conditions, and recording of brain processes associated with voluntary action. We argue that this combination is most likely to identify the brain processes specifically associated with volition, and we therefore review these studies systematically. For example, several studies link the Readiness Potential of the EEG to preparatory conscious preplanning of actions. Further, a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies (PET/ fMRI) reveals a distinctive pattern of activations for choosing one among many possible actions - a key element of volition. The medial frontal cortex appears to make a key contribution to both these biomarkers of volition.


Author(s):  
J. D. Hutchison

When the transmission electron microscope was commercially introduced a few years ago, it was heralded as one of the most significant aids to medical research of the century. It continues to occupy that niche; however, the scanning electron microscope is gaining rapidly in relative importance as it fills the gap between conventional optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.IBM Boulder is conducting three major programs in cooperation with the Colorado School of Medicine. These are the study of the mechanism of failure of the prosthetic heart valve, the study of the ultrastructure of lung tissue, and the definition of the function of the cilia of the ventricular ependyma of the brain.


2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (05) ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
Alfred O. Ankrah ◽  
Ismaheel O. Lawal ◽  
Tebatso M.G. Boshomane ◽  
Hans C. Klein ◽  
Thomas Ebenhan ◽  
...  

Abstract 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate PET/CT have both been shown to be useful in the management of tuberculosis (TB). We compared the abnormal PET findings of 18F-FDG- and 68Ga-citrate-PET/CT in patients with TB. Methods Patients with TB on anti-TB therapy were included. Patients had a set of PET scans consisting of both 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate. Abnormal lesions were identified, and the two sets of scans were compared. The scan findings were correlated to the clinical data as provided by the attending physician. Results 46 PET/CT scans were performed in 18 patients, 11 (61 %) were female, and the mean age was 35.7 ± 13.5 years. Five patients also had both studies for follow-up reasons during the use of anti-TB therapy. Thirteen patients were co-infected with HIV. 18F-FDG detected more lesions than 68Ga-citrate (261 vs. 166, p < 0.0001). 68Ga-citrate showed a better definition of intracerebral lesions due to the absence of tracer uptake in the brain. The mean SUVmax was higher for 18F-FDG compared to 68Ga-citrate (5.73 vs. 3.01, p < 0.0001). We found a significant correlation between the SUVmax of lesions that were determined by both tracers (r = 0.4968, p < 0.0001). Conclusion Preliminary data shows 18F-FDG-PET detects more abnormal lesions in TB compared to 68Ga-citrate. However, 68Ga-citrate has better lesion definition in the brain and is therefore especially useful when intracranial TB is suspected.


Author(s):  
Olena Karpenko ◽  
Tetiana Stoianova

The article is devoted to the study of personal names from a cognitive point of view. The study is based on the cognitive concept that speech actually exists not in the speech, not in linguistic writings and dictionaries, but in consciousness, in the mental lexicon, in the language of the brain. The conditions for identifying personal names can encompass not only the context, encyclopedias, and reference books, but also the sound form of the word. In the communicative process, during a free associative experiment, which included a name and a recipient’s mental lexicon. The recipient was assigned a task to quickly give some association to the name. The aggregate of a certain number of reactions of different recipients forms the associative field of a proper name. The associative experiment creates the best conditions for identifying the lexeme. The definition of a monosemantic personal name primarily includes the search of what it denotes, while during the process of identifying a polysemantic personal name recipients tend have different reactions. Scientific value is posed by the effect of the choice of letters for the name, sound symbolism, etc. The following belong to the generalized forms of identification: usage of a hyperonym; synonyms and periphrases or simple descriptions; associations denoting the whole (name stimulus) by reference to its part (associatives); cognitive structures such as “stimulus — association” and “whole (stimulus) — part (associative)”; lack of adjacency; mysterious associations. The topicality of the study is determined by its perspective to identify the directions of associative identification of proper names, which is one of the branches of cognitive onomastics. The purpose of the study is to identify, review, and highlight the directions of associative identification of proper names; the object of the research is the names in their entirety and variety; its subject is the existence of names in the mental lexicon, which determines the need for singling out the directions for the associative identification of the personal names.


1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 766-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Václav Kolář ◽  
Jan Červenka

The paper presents results obtained by processing a series of published experimental data on heat and mass transfer during evaporation of pure liquids from the free board of a liquid film into the turbulent gas phone. The data has been processed on the basis of the earlier theory of mechanism of heat and mass transfer. In spite of the fact that this process exhibits a strong Stefan's flow, the results indicate that with a proper definition of the driving forces the agreement between theory and experiment is very good.


We have new answers to how the brain works and tools which can now monitor and manipulate brain function. Rapid advances in neuroscience raise critical questions with which society must grapple. What new balances must be struck between diagnosis and prediction, and invasive and noninvasive interventions? Are new criteria needed for the clinical definition of death in cases where individuals are eligible for organ donation? How will new mobile and wearable technologies affect the future of growing children and aging adults? To what extent is society responsible for protecting populations at risk from environmental neurotoxins? As data from emerging technologies converge and are made available on public databases, what frameworks and policies will maximize benefits while ensuring privacy of health information? And how can people and communities with different values and perspectives be maximally engaged in these important questions? Neuroethics: Anticipating the Future is written by scholars from diverse disciplines—neurology and neuroscience, ethics and law, public health, sociology, and philosophy. With its forward-looking insights and considerations for the future, the book examines the most pressing current ethical issues.


Author(s):  
Aaron Z. Zimmerman

The author offers a pragmatist definition of belief. To believe something at a given time is to be so disposed that you would use that information to guide those relatively attentive and self-controlled activities you might engage in at that time, whether these activities involve bodily movement or not. This definition is then unpacked and applied to examples. The analysis is relatively straightforward when applied to assertions, but the pragmatists insisted that our beliefs are manifested in a wide variety of non-discursive behaviors, many of which involve the dissociation of attention from control within the execution of a task. Neuroscientist M. Jeannerod’s experiments reveal this complexity. The author argues that these experiments complicate matters, but they do not support “will scepticism.” Contemporary cognitive neuroscience is compatible with a number of different analyses of belief, but it meshes at least as nicely with Bain’s pragmatic conception as any other.


Author(s):  
Chiara Treghini ◽  
Alfonso Dell’Accio ◽  
Franco Fusi ◽  
Giovanni Romano

AbstractChronic lung infections are among the most diffused human infections, being often associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria. In this framework, the European project “Light4Lungs” aims at synthesizing and testing an inhalable light source to control lung infections by antimicrobial photoinactivation (aPDI), addressing endogenous photosensitizers only (porphyrins) in the representative case of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. In the search for the best emission characteristics for the aerosolized light source, this work defines and calculates the photo-killing action spectrum for lung aPDI in the exemplary case of cystic fibrosis. This was obtained by applying a semi-theoretical modelling with Monte Carlo simulations, according to previously published methodology related to stomach infections and applied to the infected trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli. In each of these regions, the two low and high oxygen concentration cases were considered to account for the variability of in vivo conditions, together with the presence of endogenous porphyrins and other relevant absorbers/diffusers inside the illuminated biofilm/mucous layer. Furthermore, an a priori method to obtain the “best illumination wavelengths” was defined, starting from maximizing porphyrin and light absorption at any depth. The obtained action spectrum is peaked at 394 nm and mostly follows porphyrin extinction coefficient behavior. This is confirmed by the results from the best illumination wavelengths, which reinforces the robustness of our approach. These results can offer important indications for the synthesis of the aerosolized light source and definition of its most effective emission spectrum, suggesting a flexible platform to be considered in further applications.


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