scholarly journals Narrative thinking lingers in spontaneous thought

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buddhika Bellana ◽  
Abhijit Mahabal ◽  
Christopher John Honey
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Word Generation ◽  
Mental Context ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
The World ◽  
Spontaneous Thought ◽  
Different Levels

What we think about at any moment is shaped by what preceded it. Why do some experiences, such as reading an immersive story, feel as if they linger in mind beyond their conclusion? In this study, we hypothesize that the stream of our thinking is especially affected by "deeper" forms of processing, emphasizing the meaning and implications of a stimulus rather than its immediate physical properties or low-level semantics (e.g., reading a story vs. reading disconnected words). To test this idea, we presented participants with short stories that preserved different levels of coherence (word-level, sentence-level, or intact narrative), and we measured participants’ self-reports of lingering and spontaneous word generation. Participants reported that stories lingered in their minds after reading, but this effect was greatly reduced when the same words were read with sentence or word-order randomly shuffled. Furthermore, the words that participants spontaneously generated after reading shared semantic meaning with the story’s central themes, particularly when the story was coherent (i.e., intact). Crucially, regardless of the objective coherence of what each participant read, lingering was strongest amongst participants who reported being ‘transported’ into the world of the story while reading. We further generalized this result to a non-narrative stimulus, finding that participants reported lingering after reading a list of words, especially when they had sought an underlying narrative or theme across words. We conclude that recent experiences are most likely to exert a lasting mental context when we seek to extract and represent their deep situation-level meaning.

scholarly journals Multi-Level Policy and Reward Reinforcement Learning for Image Captioning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anan Liu ◽  
Ning Xu ◽  
Hanwang Zhang ◽  
Weizhi Nie ◽  
Yuting Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Policy Network ◽  
Image Captioning ◽  
Language Understanding ◽  
Word Generation ◽  
Reward Function ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Sequential Prediction ◽  
Multi Level

Image captioning is one of the most challenging hallmark of AI, due to its complexity in visual and natural language understanding. As it is essentially a sequential prediction task, recent advances in image captioning use Reinforcement Learning (RL) to better explore the dynamics of word-by-word generation. However, existing RL-based image captioning methods mainly rely on a single policy network and reward function that does not well fit the multi-level (word and sentence) and multi-modal (vision and language) nature of the task. To this end, we propose a novel multi-level policy and reward RL framework for image captioning. It contains two modules: 1) Multi-Level Policy Network that can adaptively fuse the word-level policy and the sentence-level policy for the word generation; and 2) Multi-Level Reward Function that collaboratively leverages both vision-language reward and language-language reward to guide the policy. Further, we propose a guidance term to bridge the policy and the reward for RL optimization. Extensive experiments and analysis on MSCOCO and Flickr30k show that the proposed framework can achieve competing performances with respect to different evaluation metrics.

scholarly journals The Use of Indoglish in Faculty of Arts, Udayana University-Bali

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Sedeng ◽  
Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati
Keyword(s):  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Correct Interpretation ◽  
Note Taking ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Linguistic Level ◽  
Index Terms ◽  
Different Levels

This study is aimed at 1) identifying the form of linguistic level of Indoglish commonly used in communication in Faculty of Arts, Udayana University Bali; 2) identifying the reasons of speakers when using Indoglish in the campus; and 3) analyzing the impacts of its usage on the speakers Indonesian language. As a source of data, this study uses various forms of authentic conversation that focus on the emergence of Indoglish in Faculty of Arts, Udayana University Bali, which was collected through recording and note taking techniques. In addition, the data was also gathered through filling out questionnaires by 184 respondents consisting of students, lecturers and employees in the faculty. The questionnaires focused more on questions about the respondents’ motives behind their using of Indoglish in their communication. The data was then analyzed and presented qualitatively using the theories proposed by Weinrich [1] and Holmes [2].The results of this study indicate that the form of Indoglish linguistic level used in communication between students, lecturers and staff in the Faculty of Arts of Udayana University is at 3 different levels, namely at the word level(71.96%), the level of the phrase(12.15%) and the clause / sentence level(15.89%; the dominant motives behind the use of the language are to facilitate speaking / convey intentions (34.9%) and that they do not know the correct interpretation in Indonesian (33.7%). As many as 16% of respondents stated that it is for familiarity, 10.9% to show affirmation intentions, and 1.2% used the term to express irritation; although most respondents gave a positive response to the impacts of the use of Indoglish together with their Indonesian language, it is still needed to develop a positive attitude towards the use of the correct and appropriate Indonesian in order to optimize the dynamics and poise of the language. Index Terms— linguistic level, indoglish, impact, emergence.

“To Corrupt a Man in the Midst of a Verse”: Ben Jonson and the Prose of the World

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-72
Author(s):  
Jacob Tootalian
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Mode ◽  
Ben Jonson ◽  
Digital Analysis ◽  
Interactive Engagement ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
The World ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Bartholomew Fair

Ben Jonson's early plays show a marked interest in prose as a counterpoint to the blank verse norm of the Renaissance stage. This essay presents a digital analysis of Jonson's early mixed-mode plays and his two later full-prose comedies. It examines this selection of the Jonsonian corpus using DocuScope, a piece of software that catalogs sentence-level features of texts according to a series of rhetorical categories, highlighting the distinctive linguistic patterns associated with Jonson's verse and prose. Verse tends to employ abstract, morally and emotionally charged language, while prose is more often characterized by expressions that are socially explicit, interrogative, and interactive. In the satirical economy of these plays, Jonson's characters usually adopt verse when they articulate censorious judgements, descending into prose when they wade into the intractable banter of the vicious world. Surprisingly, the prosaic signature that Jonson fashioned in his earlier drama persisted in the two later full-prose comedies. The essay presents readings of Every Man Out of his Humour and Bartholomew Fair, illustrating how the tension between verse and prose that motivated the satirical dynamics of the mixed-mode plays was released in the full-prose comedies. Jonson's final experiments with theatrical prose dramatize the exhaustion of the satirical impulse by submerging his characters almost entirely in the prosaic world of interactive engagement.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF EDUCATION AND TOLERANCE IN STUDENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR GLEB NAYDONOV
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Interethnic Differences ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
Different Levels

The article considers the students’ tolerance as a spectrum of personal manifestations of respect, acceptance and correct understanding of the rich diversity of cultures of the world, values of others’ personality. The purpose of the study is to investgate education and the formation of tolerance among the students. We have compiled a training program to improve the level of tolerance for interethnic differences. Based on the statistical analysis of the data obtained, the most important values that are significant for different levels of tolerance were identified.

scholarly journals The Hierarchy of Walking Needs and the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7461
Author(s):  
Mohammad Paydar ◽  
Asal Kamani Fard
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Current Context ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Different Levels

More than 150 cities around the world have expanded emergency cycling and walking infrastructure to increase their resilience in the face of the COVID 19 pandemic. This tendency toward walking has led it to becoming the predominant daily mode of transport that also contributes to significant changes in the relationships between the hierarchy of walking needs and walking behaviour. These changes need to be addressed in order to increase the resilience of walking environments in the face of such a pandemic. This study was designed as a theoretical and empirical literature review seeking to improve the walking behaviour in relation to the hierarchy of walking needs within the current context of COVID-19. Accordingly, the interrelationship between the main aspects relating to walking-in the context of the pandemic- and the different levels in the hierarchy of walking needs were discussed. Results are presented in five sections of “density, crowding and stress during walking”, “sense of comfort/discomfort and stress in regard to crowded spaces during walking experiences”, “crowded spaces as insecure public spaces and the contribution of the type of urban configuration”, “role of motivational/restorative factors during walking trips to reduce the overload of stress and improve mental health”, and “urban design interventions on arrangement of visual sequences during walking”.

scholarly journals Typological Shift in Bilinguals’ L1: Word Order and Case Marking in Two Varieties of Child Quechua

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Kalt ◽  
Jonathan A. Geary
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
New Information ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Case Morphology ◽  
Grammatical Roles

We compare speech production and find morphosyntactic change among children and adolescents speaking two closely related varieties of Quechua in Cuzco, Peru, and Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Quechua languages traditionally employ Object-Verb (OV) word order in main clauses, but robust case marking permits other orders, especially to focalize new information through constituent fronting. In Chuquisaca, but not Cuzco, we find that schoolchildren often omit the accusative suffix -ta from direct objects while retaining a prosodic trace of -ta. In other varieties, loss of accusative marking is associated with a shift towards Verb-Object (VO) word order, as in Spanish. However, we find that Chuquisaqueños use more canonical OV and possessor-possessed order in declarative sentences than do Cuzqueños, who employ a wide range of word orders at the sentence level and deviate from the possessor-possessed norm for Quechua noun phrases. Our finding of more rigid word order in Chuquisaca highlights the complex factors contributing to typological shift in word order and morphology: Omission of case morphology places a greater burden on word order to identify grammatical roles. Further, we find that Chuquisaqueño schoolchildren alone have begun to use huk, “one,” to mark indefiniteness, perhaps to replace determiner-like functions ascribed to -ta and to obsolescent markers such as evidentials.

ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS OF EXISTING MECHANISMS TO STIMULATE FINANCING OF «GREEN» PROJECTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
A. M. SAMIDOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Different Levels

The article analyzes the problems of existing mechanisms to stimulate financing of «green» projects. Statistical data on financing of «green» projects in the world and in Russia presented. Criteria and standards for financing «green projects», financing problems in regions with different levels of socio-economic development, and so on are considered.

Deaf and Hard-of-hearing Users Evaluating Designs for Highlighting Key Words in Educational Lecture Videos

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Sushant Kafle ◽  
Becca Dingman ◽  
Matt Huenerfauth
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Educational Video ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
First Occurrence ◽  
Educational Videos

There are style guidelines for authors who highlight important words in static text, e.g., bolded words in student textbooks, yet little research has investigated highlighting in dynamic texts, e.g., captions during educational videos for Deaf or Hard of Hearing (DHH) users. In our experimental study, DHH participants subjectively compared design parameters for caption highlighting, including: decoration (underlining vs. italicizing vs. boldfacing), granularity (sentence level vs. word level), and whether to highlight only the first occurrence of a repeating keyword. In partial contrast to recommendations in prior research, which had not been based on experimental studies with DHH users, we found that DHH participants preferred boldface, word-level highlighting in captions. Our empirical results provide guidance for the design of keyword highlighting during captioned videos for DHH users, especially in educational video genres.

Distinction between Dolus and Culpa with reference to Arson in Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj

De Jure ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Haman ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Criminal Offenses ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Better Than

The difference between intent (dolus) and negligence (culpa) was rarely emphasized in codified medieval laws and regulations. When compared to the legal statements related to intent, negligence was mentioned even more rarely. However, there are some laws that distinguished between the two concepts in terms of some specific crimes, such as arson. This paper draws attention to three medieval Slavic legal documents – the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem (ZSLJ), the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj. They are compared with reference to regulations regarding arson, with the focus being on arson as a crime committed intentionally or out of negligence. The ZSLJ as the oldest known Slavic law in the world shows some similarities with other medieval Slavic legal codes, especially in the field of criminal law, since most of the ZSLJ’s articles are related to criminal law. On the other hand, the Vinodol Law is the oldest preserved Croatian law and it is among the oldest Slavic codes in the world. It was written in 1288 in the Croatian Glagolitic script and in the Croatian Chakavian dialect. The third document – the Statute of Senj – regulated legal matters in the Croatian littoral town of Senj. It was written in 1388 – exactly a century after the Vinodol Law was proclaimed. When comparing the Vinodol Law and the Statute of Senj with the Zakon Sudnyj LJudem, there are clear differences and similarities, particularly in the field of criminal law. Within the framework of criminal offenses, the act of arson is important for making a distinction between intent and negligence. While the ZSLJ regulates different levels of guilt, the Vinodol Law makes no difference between dolus and culpa. On the other hand, the Statute of Senj strictly refers to negligence as a punishable crime. Even though the ZSLJ is almost half a millennium older than the Statute of Senj and around 400 years older than the Vinodol Law, this paper proves that the ZSLJ defines the guilt and the punishment for arson much better than the other two laws.

scholarly journals Understanding Syntactic and Semantic Errors in the Composition Writing of Jordanian EFL Learners

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Yazan Shaker Almahameed ◽  
May Al-Shaikhli
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Resumptive Pronouns ◽  
Foreign Language Learners ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Semantic Errors ◽  
Verb Tense

The current study aimed at investigating the salient syntactic and semantic errors made by Jordanian English foreign language learners as writing in English. Writing poses a great challenge for both native and non-native speakers of English, since writing involves employing most language sub-systems such as grammar, vocabulary, spelling and punctuation. A total of 30 Jordanian English foreign language learners participated in the study. The participants were instructed to write a composition of no more than one hundred and fifty words on a selected topic. Essays were collected and analyzed statistically to obtain the needed results. The results of the study displayed that syntactic errors produced by the participants were varied, in that eleven types of syntactic errors were committed as follows; verb-tense, agreement, auxiliary, conjunctions, word order, resumptive pronouns, null-subject, double-subject, superlative, comparative and possessive pronouns. Amongst syntactic errors, verb tense errors were the most frequent with 33%. The results additionally revealed that two types of semantic errors were made; errors at sentence level and errors at word level. Errors at word level outstripped by far errors at sentence level, scoring respectively 82% and 18%. It can be concluded that the syntactic and semantic knowledge of Jordanian learners of English is still insufficient.

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