scholarly journals Neural Processing of Other-Race Faces as a Function of Racial Familiarity: A P300 Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.22) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Tai Yan Shan ◽  
Faruque Reza ◽  
Tahamina Begum ◽  
Nasir Yusoff

Background: The other-race categorisation advantage (ORCA) is a well-established phenomenon, whereby other-race faces are categorised faster than own race faces. Objectives: This study investigated whether extraverts would demonstrate an ORCA-like effect toward unfamiliar other-race faces and familiar other-race faces in a modified oddball and choice reaction paradigm.  Methods: This event-related potential (ERP) study employed a repeated measures experimental design with one independent variable (racial familiarity) and three levels (familiar other-race/Malay faces, unfamiliar other-race/African faces, control group/furniture photos). In the oddball task, African faces and Malay faces were the target stimuli and furniture photos were the standard stimuli. Electroencephalography data (EEG) was collected during the oddball task, from which ERP components were derived. Results: The reaction time (RT) for African and Malay faces were not significantly different.  Significant effect of racial familiarity on P300 latencies at all electrode sites was not observed.  However, there was a significant effect of racial familiarity on P300 amplitudes at midline electrodes (Cz).  It was also observed that the P300 amplitude was larger for African faces than Malay faces at midline electrodes (Cz). Conclusion: An ORCA-like effect was not found in categorisation tasks involving faces from a familiar and an unfamiliar other-race, but a larger P300 amplitude was evoked by African faces. This dissociation between RT and P300 amplitude provided important theoretical implications with regard to models associated with ORCA. Specifically, the current findings lent support to the social cognition model and the Categorisation-Individuation Model (CIM).

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoinette R. Miller ◽  
J. Peter Rosenfeld ◽  
Matthew Soskins ◽  
Marianne Jhee

Abstract The P300 component of the event-related potential was recorded during two blocks of an autobiographical oddball task. All participants performed honestly during the first block (Phone), i.e., the oddball stimuli were phone numbers. During the second block (Birthday), in which the oddball stimuli were participants' birthdays, a Truth group (N = 13) performed honestly and a Malinger group (N = 14) simulated amnesia. Amnesia simulation significantly reduced P300 amplitudes, both between groups and within the Malinger group (Phone vs. Birthday), possibly because of an increase in task difficulty in the Malinger condition. Analysis of scaled amplitudes also indicated a trend for a feigning-related alteration in P300 topography. Bootstrapping of peak-to-peak amplitudes detected significantly more (93%) Malinger individuals than bootstrapping of baseline-to-peak amplitudes (64%). Bootstrapping also provided evidence of a feigning-related amplitude difference between oddball stimuli (i.e., Phone > Birthday) in 71% of Malinger group individuals. In this comparison, the peak-to-peak measure also performed significantly better in intraindividual diagnostics.


2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Serhat Üstündağ ◽  
Gülsen Özcan

This research examines the effect of educational games on self-concept levels of inclusive students enrolled in secondary schools. The research was conducted in two secondary schools in Golbasi district of Ankara, the capital of Turkey, in the spring semester of 2015 - 2016 academic year. The research employed semi-experimental design with pretest and posttest control group. Of a total of 24 students, 12 (4 girls, 8 boys) were included in the experimental group and the other 12 (6 girls, 6 boys) were included in the control group. Educational games program, an independent variable of the research, was applied for 11 weeks, 2 lessons per week. The program that did not include educational games was applied to the control group. Self-concept Scale (SCS) was used to collect data in the research. Independent group t test was used for data analysis, and for single-factor repeated measures, two-factor ANOVA test was used. The significance level was determined to be 0.05. At the end of this research, a significant difference was found in favor of the students in the experimental group in terms of physical competence, physical appearance, peer relationships and general self-concept dimensions of the self-concept scale. On the other hand, there was not any significant difference in favor of both groups in terms of the dimension of relations with parents of the scale.


2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 034-053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Martin ◽  
James Jerger ◽  
Jyutika Mehta

Dichotic listening (DL) procedures are commonly employed in the evaluation of auditory processing in children. Review of the various clinical tests reveals considerable diversity in both the signals employed and their mode of administration. The extent to which other non auditory-specific factors influence the test outcome is often difficult to determine. Individual differences in memory, attention, facility with test stimuli, and report strategy are always of potential concern in the interpretation of results.In the present study, we examined behavioral and electrophysiological (ERP) responses for 20 children during two DL tasks. Two groups of children were evaluated. One group was comprised of children who showed substantial ear differences on clinical measures of DL; the other group showed no such deficits and served as age-matched controls. In one of the DL tasks, participants monitored dichotic stimuli using the divided-attention (unfocused) mode. In the other DL task, a directed-attention (focused) mode was employed. Both tasks involved simple "same-different" judgments for real words presented in a basic reference-probe paradigm. We purposefully sought an easy DL task in order to minimize the number of extra-auditory factors influencing their performance. For control purposes, a diotic procedure involving the same stimuli was also included.Results showed that the amplitude of the elicited late-positive component (LPC) was smaller and prolonged in latency for the group of poor listeners as compared to the control group. This finding occurred only when dichotic stimuli were presented in the divided-attention mode. When participants directed their attention to a single side, or when listening in a diotic mode, the LPC for both groups was more similar. Group differences in the N400 component were apparent for both listening tasks. Results are discussed in relation to an inability of some children to inhibit processing of unattended auditory information. Implications for the clinical administration of dichotic listening tests are also discussed. Los procedimientos de Audición Dicótica (DL) son comúnmente empleados en la evaluación del procesamiento auditivo en niños. La revisión de varias pruebas clínicas revela una diversidad considerable tanto en las señales empleadas como en su modo de administración. En qué grado otros factores no específicos de la audición influyen en los resultados de las pruebas es a menudo difícil de determinar. Las diferencias individuales en memoria, atención, facilidad con los estímulos de la prueba y la estrategia de reporte, tienen siempre influencia potencial en la interpretación de los resultados. En el presente estudio, examinamos respuestas conductuales y electrofisiológicas (ERP) en 20 niños con dos tareas de DL. Se evaluaron dos grupos de niños. Un grupo estaba constituido por niños que mostraban diferencias sustanciales entre los oídos en las mediciones clínicas de la DL; el otro grupo no mostró tal déficit y sirvieron como controles pareados por edad. En una de las tareas de DL, los participantes monitorearon estímulos dicóticos utilizando el modo de atención dividida (no concentrada). En la otra tarea de DL, se empleó un modo de atención dirigida (concentrada). Ambas tareas involucraron juicios simples de "igual-diferente" para palabras reales presentadas en un paradigma de sondeo de diferencia básica. A propósito, buscamos una tarea de DL fácil, para minimizar el número de factores extra-auditivos que influían en el desempeño. Para propósitos de control, se incluyó también un procedimiento diótico que utilizara los mismos estímulos. Los resultados muestran que la amplitud del componente positivo tardío (LPC) generado era más pequeña y más prolongada en latencia para el grupo de oyentes pobres comparado con el grupo control. Este hallazgo tuvo lugar sólo cuando se presentaron estímulos dicóticos en el modo de atención dividida. Cuando los participantes dirigieron su atención a un sólo lado, o cuando escucharon en un modo diótico, el LPC para ambos grupos fue similar. Las diferencias de grupo en el componente N400 fueron aparentes para ambas tareas de audición. Se discuten los resultados en relación con la incapacidad de algunos niños de inhibir el procesamiento de información auditiva a la que no se le está prestando atención. Se discuten las implicaciones para la administración clínicas de pruebas de audición dicótica.


2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
Nudia Yultisa ◽  
Ainun Mardiah

This study aimed to find out whether using English Slang Words affects students’ speaking skill of the 2018/2019 tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Hinai Kabupaten Langkat. In this study, using English slang words as the independent variable (X) and students’ speaking skill as the dependent variable (Y), with the hypothesis: using English slang words significantly affects students’ speaking skill of the 2018/2019 tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Hinai Kabupaten Langkat . The population of this study was the 2018/2019 tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Hinai Kabupaten Langkat. Which consisted of 154 students. The sample was taken buy using cluster random sampling, that consist of 81 students. Then, the sample was divided into two groups, the group taught by using English slang words was as the experimental group and the group taught without Englih slang words was as the control group. The writer used interview test as the instrument of collecting data. The data was analyzed by using t-test formula. Based on the data analysis, it was found that the value of t-observed (t0) was higher than the value of t-table, (tobserved = 7,47 > ttable = 2,00). Therefore, the hypothesis proposed by the writer was accepted. In the other words, using English Slang Words significantly affects the students’ speaking skill of the 2018/2019 tenth grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Hinai Kabupaten Langkat.Keywords: English slang words, speaking skill


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Schiano Lomoriello ◽  
Mattia Doro ◽  
Paola Sessa ◽  
Ivana Konvalinka

Previous studies have shown that sharing an experience, without communicating, affects people’s subjective perception of the experience, often by intensifying it. However, the effect of shared experience on the underlying neural processing of information is not well understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying shared attention by implementing a dual- EEG study where participants were required to attend to and judge the intensity of neutral, angry and happy faces, simultaneously or independently. In order to study whether the presence of another individual modulates an individual's perception and processing of facial expressions, we implemented three experimental conditions: 1) participants performed the task alone, in the absence of a social context (unshared condition), 2) participants performed the task simultaneously next to each other in pairs, without receiving feedback about the other participant's responses (shared no feedback) and 3) participants performed the task simultaneously while receiving the feedback (shared with feedback). We focused on two face-sensitive ERP components: the N170 and the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN). We found that the amplitude of the N170 was greater in the shared with feedback condition compared to the other conditions, reflecting a top-down effect of shared attention on the structural encoding of faces, irrespective of valence. In addition, the EPN was significantly greater in both shared context conditions compared to the unshared condition, reflecting an enhanced attention allocation in the processing of emotional content of faces, modulated by the social context. Behaviourally, we found a modulation on the perceived intensity of the neutral faces only when participants received the feedback of the other person’s ratings, by amplifying the perceived neutrality of faces. Taken together, these results suggest that shared attention amplifies the neural processing of faces, regardless of the valence of facial expressions.


2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-420
Author(s):  
Joel E. Alexander ◽  
Ben Crowson ◽  
Kelly Machan ◽  
Denesa Lockwood ◽  
Ronald G. Alexander ◽  
...  

The effects of self evaluation on the P300 event-related potential (ERP) were explored with 56 participants (16 men, 40 women; M age = 23.4 yr., SD = 1.2) across three conditions. The conditions included (1) a standard ERP auditory oddball discrimination between a random target (15% occurrence) and standard stimuli (85% occurrence), (2) the oddball task followed by the additional cognitive task of maintaining a mental count of the target tones, and (3) the oddball task followed by the additional cognitive task of self-evaluating whether they felt surprised by the current occurrence of the target tone. The added cognitive requirements for Conditions 2 and 3 required the subjects to maintain a cognitive readiness for the secondary stimulus-related task during their sensory discrimination response for the standard oddball task. During the self-evaluation condition, the P300 amplitude was significantly larger across all recording locations than the regular oddball condition and the cognitive count condition.


Behaviour ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Pongrácz ◽  
Petra Bánhegyi ◽  
Ádám Miklósi

AbstractDogs can learn effectively from a human demonstrator in detour tests as well as in different kinds of manipulative tasks. In this experiment we used a novel two-action device from which the target object (a ball) was obtained by tilting a tube either by pulling a rope attached to the end of the tube, or by directly pushing the end of the tube. Tube tilting was relatively easy for naïve companion dogs; therefore, the effect of the human demonstration aimed to alter or increase the dogs’ initial preference for tube pushing (according to the behaviour shown by naïve dogs in the absence of a human demonstrator). Our results have shown that subjects preferred the demonstrated action in the two-action test. After having witnessed the tube pushing demonstration, dogs performed significantly more tube pushing than the dogs in the rope pulling demonstration group. In contrast, dogs that observed the rope pulling demonstration, performed significantly more similar actions than the subjects of the other demonstration group. The ratio of rope pulling was significantly higher in the rope pulling demonstration group, than in the No Demo (control) group. The overall success of solving the task was also influenced by the social rank of the dog among its conspecific companions at home. Independently of the type of demonstration, dominant dogs solved the task significantly more often than the subordinate dogs did. There was no such difference in the No Demo group. This experiment has shown that a simple two-action device that does not require excessive pre-training, can be suitable for testing social learning in dogs. However, effects of social rank should be taken into account when social learning in dogs is being studied and tested, because dominant and subordinate dogs perform differently after observing a demonstrator.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlene Heyns-Nell ◽  
Kimberley Clare Williams ◽  
David John Hume ◽  
Fleur Margaret Howells

ABSTRACTDecision-making is central to daily function for executives in any organisation. Strategic leadership coaching (SLC) is an effective way to support complex decision-making, yet empirical neuroscientific data to support is lacking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of SLC on young executive’s cortical arousal and their neural circuitry activation during the completion of computerized tasks which require activation of decision-making circuitry. We hypothesised SLC would improve cortical arousal when engaged with decision-making tasks, specifically increased electroencephalography (EEG) relative alpha band activity and improved neural circuitry engagement, measured as increased amplitude of event-related potential wave components. This study included thirty-one young male executives, of which eighteen underwent 8 sessions of SLC over two months. EEG records were collected thrice from those who underwent SLC (prior, post, and two months post), and twice from the control group (two months apart). The EEG recording session included completion of two decision-making tasks, an Iowa gambling task and Stroop colour-word conflict task. Finding, SLC increased alpha band activity over left frontal and central electrodes, and increased right parietal N170 amplitude and left parietal P300 amplitude. These findings support our hypothesis, as SLC improved cognitive cortical resources (enhanced alpha) which in turn permitted greater efficiency within decision-making circuitry (increased wave component amplitudes). This study provides the first and necessary neurobiological evidence to support and develop this line of research in SLC, and other forms of coaching, as it adds significant value.


Author(s):  
Gorana Pobric ◽  
Jason R. Taylor ◽  
Hemavathy M. Ramalingam ◽  
Emily Pye ◽  
Louise Robinson ◽  
...  

AbstractNeurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a single gene disorder associated with working Memory (WM) impairments. The aim of this study was to investigate P300 event-related potential (ERP) associated with WM in NF1. Sixteen adolescents with NF1 were compared with controls on measures of WM and EEG was recorded during a WM nback task. The NF1 group showed poorer performance on measures of WM as compared to the control group. No group differences were observed in P300 amplitude at Pz, but P300 latency was shorter in the NF1 group. Topographic analyses of P300 amplitude showed group differences indicating neural processing differences in the NF1 group relative to controls, which possibly contribute to the cognitive deficits seen in this population.


Author(s):  
Parisa Ghasemi Zadeh ◽  
◽  
Leila Shameli ◽  
Habib Hadian Fard ◽  
◽  
...  

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of time perspective therapy (TPT) on maternal dark tetrad personality and separation anxiety symptoms in preschool children. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was carried out using pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a one-step follow-up. Out of all preschool children with Separation Anxiety symptoms of Kazerun, in winter of 2019, 32 individuals were selected via convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental (16 persons) and control groups (16 persons). Mothers of Children in the experimental group participated in six 90-minute sessions once per week of TPT. The study data were obtained by using dirty dozen scales, short sadistic impulse scale and children symptom inventory-4. The achieved data were analyzed by analysis of variance with repeated-measures in SPSS-22. Results: Findings indicated that maternal TPT leads to significant decrease in Separation Anxiety symptoms and narcissism (p≤0.05) in the post-test and follow up. But it doesnchr('39')t have any significant decrease in the other sub scales of dark tetrad personality (P≥0.05). Conclusion: Maternal Time Perspective therapy decreases Separation Anxiety symptoms in preschool children and narcissism of mothers but it doesnchr('39')t have any result in the other sub scales of dark tetrad personality of mothers.


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