scholarly journals Sport Psychological Effects of Missing Supporters in European Elite Football during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Draft version 2 17-12-2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christian Leitner ◽  
Fabio Richlan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Second Home ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
Draft Version ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Positive Support

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, European top football (soccer) leagues played the final rounds of season 2019/20 without or strongly limited attendance of supporters (i.e., “ghost games”). From a sport psychological perspective this situation poses a unique opportunity to investigate the crowd’s influence on sports professionals’ behavior and performance.A total of 1286 matches - played in the top leagues of Spain, England, Germany, Italy, Russia, Turkey, Austria and the Czech Republic - were analyzed for results, points, goals, fouls, bookings and reasons for bookings and contrasted between respective matchdays of season 2018/19 (regular attendance) and season 2019/20 (“ghost games”).There are two main findings. First, the overall home advantage effect in the respective elite leagues - identified in the respective matches of the regular 2018/19 season - vanishes almost completely in the “ghost games” of the 2019/20 season. Consequently, home teams lose significantly more matches, whereas away teams win significantly more matches. Second, home teams are booked significantly more often with yellow cards for committing fouls in “ghost games” relative to regular games. Furthermore, our results provide evidence that this effect is independent on whether the home teams are leading, trailing, or drawing in score.We conclude that missing supporters in European elite football leagues dissolve the “home advantage” effect. This missing support of the “home crowd” has a significant psychological effect on the experience, behavior and performance of home teams and/or officials. The effect is evident in the awarding of yellow cards for fouls for home teams, but not for away teams. There are (at least) three possible explanations: (1) Due to missing supporters, players experience an unfamiliar reduction of arousal and drive, (2) players lack the positive support from the home crowd, resulting in increased dysfunctional aggressive behavior and/or (3) without the pressure from the ranks, referees act more objectively in their decision making.

scholarly journals Decision Making, Interest Intermediation, and Value: In Government, Public, and Private Agencies Corporatism for Work Promotion

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-342
Author(s):  
Esien Eddy Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Paper Analysis ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Transition To Work ◽  
Delegation Of Authority ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Public And Private Cooperation

Abstract This paper analysis decision making, interest intermediation, and value in the realm of government, public and private cooperation under corporatism to enable young third-country immigrants’ transition to work in Austria, Finland and the Czech Republic. Based on document analysis, this paper concludes a centralized delegation of authority, interest intermediations, and public values administrative devices in corporatism governance with democratic deficit that steer young third-country immigrants transition to work. However, the Czech Republic is dissimilar to Austria and Finland with the focus on relationship and partnership cooperation pattern to build contacts, where as Finland and Austria prefer cooperation in the form of coordinating varying employment objectives. The outcome points to deliberate democracy in neoliberal market-oriented setting. This is relevance to bureaucratic accountability and performance monitoring, but imperative to operational risk that may not only impair vulnerable people's belongings, but jeopardize public value accountability, sustainable finance and democratic values.

scholarly journals No Fans–No Pressure: Referees in Professional Football During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Christian Leitner ◽  
Fabio Richlan
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Social Pressure ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Professional Football ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Home Advantage ◽  
European Football ◽  
Potential Impact

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, European elite football (a.k.a. soccer) leagues played the remaining season 2019/20 without or strongly limited attendance of supporters (i.e., “ghost games”). From a sport psychological perspective this situation poses a unique opportunity to investigate the crowd's influence on referee decisions and the associated effect of “home advantage.” A total of 1286 matches–played in the top leagues of Spain, England, Germany, Italy, Russia, Turkey, Austria and the Czech Republic–were analyzed for results, fouls, bookings and reasons for bookings and contrasted between respective matchdays of season 2018/19 (regular attendance) and season 2019/20 (ghost games). Following recent methodological developments in the research on the home advantage effect, four different statistical analyses–including Pollard's traditional method–were used for the assessment of the home advantage effect. There are two main findings. First, home teams were booked significantly more often with yellow cards for committing fouls in ghost games. Most importantly, this effect was independent of the course of the games. In contrast, bookings for other reasons (criticism and unfair sportsmanship) changed similarly for both home and away teams in ghost games. Second, the overall home performance and home advantage effect in the respective elite leagues–identified in the respective matches of the regular 2018/19 season–vanished in the ghost games of the 2019/20 season. We conclude that the lack of supporters in top European football during the COVID-19 pandemic led to decreased social pressure from the ranks on referees, which also had a potential impact on the home advantage. Referees assessed the play of home teams more objectively, leading to increased yellow cards awarded for fouls committed by the home teams. Since there were no significant changes in referee decisions against the away teams, we argue that our observations reflect a reduction of unconscious favoritism of referees for the home teams.

scholarly journals Spatial modelling of assumption of tourism development with geographic IT using

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 279-294
Author(s):  
Jitka Machalová ◽  
Ida Vajčnerová ◽  
Kateřina Ryglová
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
High Level

The aim of this article is to show the possibilities of spatial modelling and analysing of assumptions of tourism development in the Czech Republic with the objective to make decision-making processes in tourism easier and more efficient (for companies, clients as well as destination managements). The development and placement of tourism depend on the factors (conditions) that influence its application in specific areas. These factors are usually divided into three groups: selective, localization and realization. Tourism is inseparably connected with space – countryside. The countryside can be modelled and consecutively analysed by the means of geographical information technologies. With the help of spatial modelling and following analyses the localization and realization conditions in the regions of the Czech Republic have been evaluated. The best localization conditions have been found in the Liberecký region. The capital city of Prague has negligible natural conditions; however, those social ones are on a high level. Next, the spatial analyses have shown that the best realization conditions are provided by the capital city of Prague. Then the Central-Bohemian, South-Moravian, Moravian-Silesian and Karlovarský regions follow. The development of tourism destination is depended not only on the localization and realization factors but it is basically affected by the level of local destination management. Spatial modelling can help destination managers in decision-making processes in order to optimal use of destination potential and efficient targeting their marketing activities.

Evaluace politiky cestovního ruchu ČR za období 2014-2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Holešinská
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
The State ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Tourism Policy

The paper deals with the evaluation of the state tourism policy of the Czech Republic. Primarily it focuses on the accomplishment of the strategic document the Concept of the State Tourism Policy of the Czech Republic for 2014-2020. The activities related to particular measures are examined and as well as the implementation of tools used by the state tourism policy is analysed. The state tourism policy of the Czech Republic is also confronted with the theoretical background. Therefore, the attention is paid to the decision-making process, the legitimacy of state interference in tourism and the role of the state in tourism policy. It is emphasized that external factors (e.g. global trends or COVID-19) have an impact on the decision-making process and the direction of tourism policy. The paper is based on the qualitative analysis of documents, which is supported by the analysis of secondary data sources.

Local referendum as a tool of direct participation of citizens in the decision-making of municipalities in the Czech Republic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Hampl
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Direct Democracy ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Correlation Relationship ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Binding Force ◽  
Direct Participation

The local referendum is the only tool of direct democracy in the Czech Republic, allowing citizens to decide on issues falling within the independent competence of municipalities directly. The aim of the paper is to assess the use, voter turnout, binding force, and thematic focus of local referenda as a tool of direct participation of citizens in the decision-making on local issues in the Czech municipalities with respect to their size defined by the population in the period 2006-2019. To fulfil the aim, descriptive statistics, binary logistic regression, classification analysis and correlation analysis have been employed. A total of 288 local referenda were held in the examined period, 193 of them in the municipalities up to 1,999 inhabitants. The results do not indicate a statistically significant relationship between the municipality size and the holding of referenda. On the other hand, the results show a weakly negative correlation relationship between the municipality size and the turnout (the binding force, respectively). The referenda focused on territorial development, environment, alternative sources of power and infrastructure predominate in the municipalities up to 4,999 inhabitants. The referenda on municipal property and public order prevail in the municipalities with 5,000 and more inhabitants.

scholarly journals 5-Item Likert Scale and Percentage Scale Correspondence with Implications for the Use of Models with (Fuzzy) Linguistic Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 3-16
Author(s):  
Jiří Mazurek ◽  
Cristina Pérez Rico ◽  
Carlos Fernández García ◽  
Jean-Pierre Magnot ◽  
Tristan Magnot
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Fuzzy Linguistic ◽  
Use Of Models

The aim of this paper is to examine how people perceive correspondence between the 5-item Likert scale and the percentage scale (the LS-PS correspondence thereinafter). Are all five items of the Likert scale equidistant? Do people use the same scale when evaluating different objects? Are men and women different? Are people from different countries / cultures different? The method of the study was a questionnaire with 661 participating respondents altogether from the Czech Republic, Ecuador, and France. The results indicate that the 5-item Likert scale is neither equidistant, nor symmetrical. Furthermore, there are (highly) statistically significant differences in the LS-PS correspondence with respect to location, age, or gender of respondents. The results can be used as an input for more precise decision-making modeling associated with (fuzzy) linguistic variables.

scholarly journals The Assessment of a Building’s insurable Value using Multivariate Statistics: The Case of the Czech Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Martin Cupal ◽  
Marek Sedlačík ◽  
Jaroslav Michálek
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Risk Measure ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
The Czech Republic

Abstract When concluding a property insurance agreement, adjustment of the insured amount poses a certain risk. From the policyholder’s point of view, the risk measure translates into the chosen target amount, which should correspond to the insurable value. The aim of the research is to determine a statistical model for prediction of the insurable value with using current models in the Czech Republic. The model for insurable value prediction proposed in this paper accepts the risk of decision making under uncertainty suitably. The model’s foundation is a synthesis of four core models discussing the addressed issue. The methodology is based on a classification tree created by the CART method, and multivariate linear regression. After the classification tree is created, the input variables which contributed to the classification are used in the regression model. The database consists of 125 family houses which went through a detailed examination (they were documented, measured, and their technical state and legal status were determined), and described in experts’ reports. The obtained results showed a high degree of statistical association of selected predictors with the estimated insurable value of property, as well as with the acceptable risk, and subsequently, a relatively low percentage of misclassified objects. The proposed multiple regression model proved to be statistically significant and can be used for objective estimations of insurable values free of insurance companies’ strategy. The designed methodology may be applied in other areas as well, for example, in decision-making processes at the population level in crisis situations.

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