scholarly journals A few questions regarding perceptual filling-in of the blind spot

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernt Skottun
Keyword(s):  
Blind Spot ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Blind Spots

The fact that we are generally unaware of our blind spots is supposed to be the result of the visual systemfilling them in. This brings up the question of what would be the case if no filling-in were to take place.In other words, what would be the difference between the presence and absence of filling-in. The lack of aclear answer to this question makes it unclear what is to be explained by filling-in or even if any explanationis called for. Because filling-in is supposed to be accomplished by some ”mechanism” the lack of an answeralso raises a question regarding what is to be meant by ”mechanisms” in this case.

On the illocutionary force of exclamatives and non-canonical questions in German and Italian

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-65
Author(s):  
Roland Hinterhölzl ◽  
Nicola Munaro
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Landing Site ◽  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
Verb Second ◽  
Presence And Absence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Directive Speech

On the basis of evidence from German and Italian, it is argued that non-canonical wh-questions and wh-exclamatives involve the expression of surprise about an unexpected state of affairs; however, they exhibit a difference in illocutionary force: while non-canonical questions constitute directive speech acts which request the hearer to provide an explanation for the unexpected state of affairs, wh-exclamatives are more akin to assertions, since they are used to indicate the speaker’s surprise about the difference between the expected state of affairs and the actual one. These interpretive differences are syntactically codified by the presence and absence of Verb Second in German and by a difference in the final landing site of the wh-element in standard questions, non-canonical questions, and wh-exclamatives in Italian.

Blind-Spots in Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Perceptual Mean

Apeiron ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-284
Author(s):  
Roberto Grasso
Keyword(s):  
Blind Spot ◽  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Physiological Reaction ◽  
Sensory Apparatus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sense Of Touch ◽  
Blind Spots

AbstractThis paper aims to identify several interpretive problems posed by the final part of DA II.11 (423b27–424 a10), where Aristotle intertwines the thesis that a sense is like a ‘mean’ and an explanation for the existence of a ‘blind spot’ related to the sense of touch, adding the further contention that we are capable of discriminating because the mean ‘becomes the other opposite’ in relation to the perceptible property being perceived. To solve those problems, the paper explores a novel interpretation of Aristotle’s claims, arguing that they describe a homeostatic physiological reaction by which the sensory apparatus responds to perceptible stimuli. According to the proposed interpretation, such homeostatic reaction constitutes a necessary condition for perceiving what Aristotle refers to as ‘proper’ perceptible features, which include properties like ‘hot’ and ‘cold’ as well as colors and sounds.

The Adaptive Significance of the Location of the Optic Disk

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 649-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aries Arditi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Space ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optic Disk ◽  
Horizontal Position ◽  
Fixation Distance ◽  
Adaptive Property ◽  
Blind Spots

Although the ‘filling in’ of each blind spot by healthy retina in the other eye has long been described as an adaptive property of the spatial arrangement of the optic disks, an explanation of why the disks are specifically located where they are has yet to be proposed. A rationale for their horizontal position in humans is offered that is based on the projections of the blind spots in visual space in relation to fixation distance and to the protrusion of the bony facial occlusion of the nose bridge.

Behavioral evidence of filling-in at the blind spot of the monkey

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1103-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidehiko Komatsu ◽  
Ikuya Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Opposite Field ◽  
Normal Visual Field ◽  
Saccade Task ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Blind Spots

AbstractIn human subjects, the blind spot is perceptually filled-in by color and brightness from the surrounding visual field. The present behavioral study examined the occurrence of color filling-in at the blind spot in monkeys. First, the location of the blind spot was determined using a monocular saccade task. The blind spots were located on the horizontal meridian at approximately 15–17 deg from the fixation point in the temporal visual field. Then, filling-in at the blind spot was tested by determining if the monkey could discriminate between an annulus presented on the blind spot and a homogeneous disk in the normal visual field. In this task, the monkey was required to make a saccade to a homogeneous disk of the same color and size as an annulus presented simultaneously in the opposite field. Both stimuli were large enough to cover the blind spot and the inner circle of the annulus was confined inside the blind spot. All four monkeys tested performed this task correctly in over 80% of the trials. However, when one eye was covered and the annulus was presented on the blind spot of the uncovered eye, performance deteriorated significantly. To confirm that these results reflected filling-in, one monkey was trained to maintain fixation when two identical homogeneous disks appeared in opposite visual fields. When only one eye was uncovered, and the annulus was presented on the blind spot of the uncovered eye, the monkey maintained fixation in most of the trials. These results show that monkeys were unable to distinguish an annulus from a homogeneous disk when the annulus was presented on the blind spot. This indicates that color filling-in occurs at the blind spot in monkeys and opens possibility to physiological experiments to study the neural mechanisms of filling-in.

scholarly journals Addressing two blind spots of commonly used experimental designs: The highly-repeated within-person approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Zayas ◽  
Vasundhara Sridharan ◽  
Randy T. Lee ◽  
Yuichi Shoda
Keyword(s):  
Blind Spot ◽  
Experimental Designs ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Limited Sample ◽  
Psychological Phenomenon ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
Blind Spots

Two well documented but still neglected blind spots of often-used study designs limit a researcher’s ability to make inferences about psychological phenomenon. First, typical designs focus on effects of conditions at the group level and are not able to assess the extent to which effects characterize each participant in the study. This blind spot can lead to erroneous (or incomplete) conclusions about the effects of manipulations both for a given participant and at the group level. Second, commonly used research designs often use only a limited sample of stimuli, constraining conclusions to the particular stimuli. This blind spot can lead to non-replication when different stimuli are used. We propose that the Highly-Repeated Within-Person (HRWP) approach helps mitigate these limitations. Using a study on the effects of anti-smoking messages, we illustrate how the HRWP approach helps alert researchers when the conclusions at the group-level may not apply to all (or any) participant, quantifies the heterogeneity of effects of manipulations across people, and increases confidence regarding the generalizability of the effects. We discuss how the HRWP approach may help conceptualize issues of replicability in a new light.

scholarly journals Developing a Driver Alert and Alarm System for High Quality Driving Supports

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Rei-Jo Yamashita ◽  
Hsiu-Hsen Yao ◽  
Hiroki Yamashita ◽  
Lo Chi
Keyword(s):  
Drunk Driving ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Alarm System ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Diagnostics System ◽  
Fatigue Driving ◽  
Vehicle Status ◽  
Blind Spots

Abstract—Prevention and vigilance plays a key role in preventing threatening risks and potential dangers when one is driving. In other to achieve the goal of averting danger when driving, people need valid and up to date information about: driving behavior, driving environment and vehicle status. There are a lot of factors that needs to be considered in order to keep a driver safe. Drunk driving, blind spots, bad driving habits, fatigue driving, and vehicle status are all factors that needs to be taken into account if safety is to be improved. Driving comfortability greatly depends on vehicle’s status and driver’s behavior. To evaluate the comfort level for a particular ride, we developed a number of formulas for evaluating various variable like vibration which has their base from the ISO. Rules for detecting these factors like fatigue driving, blind spot collision, etc., were set in this study, each of which has a threshold that shouldn’t be exceeded. In this paper, we introduce an in-car monitoring system for driving safety and provide alert and alarm functions using Android device connected to the car’s on-board diagnostics system(OBD-II) and the in-car module.

scholarly journals Biases and Blind-Spots in Genome-Wide CRISPR Knockout Screens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merve Dede ◽  
Eiru Kim ◽  
Traver Hart
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Cancer Subtype ◽  
Crispr Screen ◽  
Single Knockout ◽  
Blind Spots

AbstractIt is widely accepted that pooled library CRISPR knockout screens offer greater sensitivity and specificity than prior technologies in detecting genes whose disruption leads to fitness defects, a critical step in identifying candidate cancer targets. However, the assumption that CRISPR screens are saturating has been largely untested. Through integrated analysis of screen data in cancer cell lines generated by the Cancer Dependency Map, we show that a typical CRISPR screen has a ∼20% false negative rate, beyond library-specific false negatives previously described. Replicability falls sharply as gene expression decreases, while cancer subtype-specific genes within a tissue show distinct profiles compared to false negatives. Cumulative analyses across tissues suggest only a small number of lineage-specific essential genes and that these genes are highly enriched for transcription factors that define pathways of tissue differentiation. In addition, we show that half of all constitutively-expressed genes are never hits in any CRISPR screen, and that these never-essentials are highly enriched for paralogs. Together these observations strongly suggest that functional buffering masks single knockout phenotypes for a substantial number of genes, describing a major blind spot in CRISPR-based mammalian functional genomics approaches.

scholarly journals The Blind Spot

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Francis Müller
Keyword(s):  
Blind Spot ◽  
Everyday World ◽  
Blind Spots

AbstractIn our everyday world, we operate within a reality that we experience as “normal,” and which we do not question further, although it is actually man-made and designed. In design ethnography, however, we need to define this reality not simply as given, but as constructed and contingent. We need to make blind spots visible and decompose the reality that we classify on the basis of received knowledge in a phenomenological way, which is epistemologically relevant. We must deliberately alienate ourselves from the familiar in order to seek new connections of meaning in it.

scholarly journals Identifying hot spots for harm and blind spots across the care pathway from patient complaints about general practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily O’Dowd ◽  
Sinéad Lydon ◽  
Kathryn Lambe ◽  
Chris Rudland ◽  
Aoife Hilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Care Pathway ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Blind Spots

Abstract Introduction Healthcare complaints are underutilized for quality improvement in general practice. Systematic analysis of complaints has identified hot spots (areas across the care pathway where issues occur frequently) and blind spots (areas across the care pathway that cannot be observed by staff) in secondary care. The Healthcare Complaints Analysis Tool (HCAT) has been adapted to the HCAT(GP). Aims This study aimed to: (i) assess whether the HCAT(GP) can systematically analyze complaints about general practice; and (ii) identify hot spots and blind spots in general practice. Methods GP complaints were sampled. Complaints were coded with the HCAT(GP), classified by HCAT(GP) category (e.g. Safety, Environment, Listening), stage of care (e.g. accessing care, referral/follow-up), severity (e.g. low, medium, high), and harm (e.g. none, major). Descriptive statistics were run to identify discrete issues. A chi-square test of independence identified hot spots, and logistic regression was used for blind spots. Results A total of 230 complaints, encompassing 432 issues (i.e. unique problems within complaints), were categorized. Relationship issues (e.g. problems with listening, communication, and patient rights) emerged most frequently (n = 174, 40%). Hot spots were identified in the consultation and the referral/follow-up stages (χ 2(5, n = 432) = 17.931, P < 0.05). A blind spot for multiple issues was identified, with the likelihood of harm increasing with number of issues (odds ratio = 2.02, confidence interval = 1.27–3.23, P < 0.05). Conclusions Complaints are valuable data for improving general practice. This study demonstrated that the HCAT(GP) can support the systematic analysis of general practice complaints, and identify hot spots and blind spots in care.

scholarly journals Studying insecurity from relative safety — Dealing with methodological blind spots

2021 ◽  
pp. 146879412110610
Author(s):  
Lotje de Vries ◽  
Tim Glawion
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
Outer Circle ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
Blind Spots

Qualitative empirical enquiries into dynamics of security and insecurity often include a blind spot that bear theoretical ramifications because only those areas and respondents that allow for relatively safe fieldwork are studied. To transparently articulate the spheres of projection that creep into our knowledge production, we propose a distinction between inner and outer circles as highly fluid but separate geographical, socio-political and methodological spaces. Drawing on fieldwork in the Central African Republic and South Sudan, we discuss the risks posed by incomplete data and subsequently flawed inferences. We argue that the perceptions of fear projected onto the outer circle shape people’s behaviour more than measurable insecurity incidents and that increased interaction between actors in both circles reduces the perceived threats coming from the outer circles. We demonstrate how studying insecurity from inner circles risks securitizing outer circles while further centralizing the inner ones. We thus urge transparency in data collection and the related inferences that underpin our knowledge production.

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