scholarly journals How Intellectual Communities Progress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Ross
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Epistemic Position ◽  
Intellectual Community ◽  
Epistemic States ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Philosophical Progress

Recent work takes both philosophical and scientific progress to consist in acquiring factive epistemic states such as knowledge. However, much of this work leaves unclear what entity is the subject of these epistemic states. Furthermore, by focusing only on states like knowledge, we overlook progress in intermediate cases between ignorance and knowledge—for example, many now celebrated theories were initially so controversial that they were not known. This paper develops an improved framework for thinking about intellectual progress. Firstly, I argue that we should think of progress relative to the epistemic position of an intellectual community rather than individual inquirers. Secondly, I show how focusing on the extended process of inquiry (rather than the mere presence or absence of states like knowledge) provides a better evaluation of different types of progress. This includes progress through formulating worthwhile questions, acquiring new evidence, and increasing credence on the right answers to these questions. I close by considering the ramifications for philosophical progress, suggesting that my account supports rejecting the most negative views while allowing us to articulate different varieties of optimism and pessimism.

scholarly journals How Intellectual Communities Progress

Episteme ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Lewis D. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Epistemic Position ◽  
Intellectual Community ◽  
Epistemic States ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Philosophical Progress

Abstract Recent work takes both philosophical and scientific progress to consist in acquiring factive epistemic states such as knowledge. However, much of this work leaves unclear what entity is the subject of these epistemic states. Furthermore, by focusing only on states like knowledge, we overlook progress in intermediate cases between ignorance and knowledge – for example, many now celebrated theories were initially so controversial that they were not known. This paper develops an improved framework for thinking about intellectual progress. Firstly, I argue that we should think of progress relative to the epistemic position of an intellectual community rather than individual inquirers. Secondly, I show how focusing on the extended process of inquiry (rather than the mere presence or absence of states like knowledge) provides a better evaluation of different types of progress. This includes progress through formulating worthwhile questions, acquiring new evidence, and increasing credence on the right answers to these questions. I close by considering the ramifications for philosophical progress, suggesting that my account supports rejecting the most negative views while allowing us to articulate different varieties of optimism and pessimism.

scholarly journals Internet use in Brazil: speeding up or lagging behind?

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilda Olinto ◽  
Suely Fragoso
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Annual Survey ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Evidence

The evolution of internet access and use in Brazil in the direction of social inclusiveness and to guarantee uses that promote individual and community development is the focus of the present paper. Previous evidence on the subject initially presented indicates the prevalence of contrasting aspects: some outstanding positive initiatives and results towards democratization of the internet, as well as the maintenance of great digital inequalities. New evidence on the evolution of internet access and use is also discussed herein, based on analyses of longitudinal data obtained from the Brazilian Census Bureau’s Annual Survey (IBGE/PNAD, 2005, 2008). After describing aspects of increase in access to the internet, we focus on the evolution of different types of everyday life internet uses, particularly those that might contribute to individual and community development. How accesses and uses are gradually incorporating the less privileged sectors of the Brazilian adult population is also considered in the analyses. The results obtained reinforce the previous contrasting evidences: outstanding growth in access and in diversified uses are observed - suggesting intensive appropriation of internet technology and resources by the population - as well as the persistence of great inequalities. These circumstances indicate that the digital divide in Brazil is still a great challenge to be faced through comprehensive and long-term policies and initiatives.

scholarly journals Threshold Values of Myopic Anisometropia Causing Loss of Stereopsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Maciej Gawęcki
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Vision ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

Purpose. The aim of the study was to determine the threshold values of myopic anisometropia that lead to the loss of stereoacuity in most of patients. Materials and Methods. Forty healthy subjects were included in the study. The inclusion criteria were as follows: lack of any functional or morphological ophthalmological disorders, or detectable damage to the visual system, anisometropia equal or less than 0.25 D in a spherical equivalent, and full stereoscopic vision for near and for distance. Myopic anisometropia was evoked by placing different focusing lenses in front of the right eye of the subject in the trial frame. Stereoscopic vision was assessed with the use of the Titmus test (dots) (Stereo Fly Test Stereo Optical Co. Inc.) for near and the Randot test for distance (Distance Randot Stereotest Stereo Optical Co. Inc.). Results. The threshold values for different types of myopic anisometropia for the loss of stereopsis in more than 50% of patients were determined. For near, this value was 3 D for sphere and “against the rule astigmatism” and 4 D for “with the rule astigmatism”. For distance, the values were 2 D for sphere and “against the rule astigmatism” and 3 D for “with the rule astigmatism.” Conclusions. Myopic anisometropia of more than 2 D can cause a significant impairment of binocular vision. Stereoacuity at distance is more sensitive to myopic anisometropia than stereoacuity at near. Myopic anisometropia involving “against the rule” astigmatism potentially affects binocularity more than anisometropia with regular astigmatism. A prompt correction of anisometropia of more than 2 D is needed in children to prevent the development of amblyopia.

scholarly journals A Indisciplina na Educação de Jovens e Adultos: Causas e Consequências / Indiscipline in Youth and Adult Education: Causes and Consequences

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (58) ◽  
pp. 717-725
Author(s):  
Maria Emilly Bezerra Sousa ◽  
Aurelania Maria De Carvalho Menezes
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
School Life ◽  
Critical Observation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Right ◽  
Sobre Todo

Resumo: O principal objetivo do artigo é enfatizar a indisciplina na modalidade EJA dentre suas causas e consequências. O tema traz consigo uma abordagem bastante enriquecedora sobre como observar e lidar com estas determinadas situações presentes no cotidiano escolar. A modalidade EJA é uma proposta de ensino que atende um determinado público bastante adversa, por se tratar de alunos que de uma maneira ou outra não finalizaram os estudos no tempo certo. E a indisciplina vem sendo explanada com frequência nos grupos docentes, porém sem nenhuma perspectiva de metodologias para conseguir driblar tal questão sobre o ensino. As bases teóricas para a construção do artigo discorrem de citações e argumentos em teóricos bastantes influenciadores na perspectiva abordada, vindo ao encontro de autores como FREIRE (2001), MATOS (2012), SANTOS (2012) dentre outros, além de informações com veracidade em cima das Leis educacionais como a LDB e CNE, além de afirmações de minha autoria sobre todo o estudado mediante a pesquisa. O processo metodológico para a construção discorre de estudo analítico e observação crítica acerca do conteúdo a ser pesquisado por meio de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo em estudo bibliográfico a respeito do tema. Os resultados apresentados no entorno do artigo surgem como possíveis respostas e hipóteses à problemática apresentada, dentre suas aquisições, uma nova perspectiva de formação para professores com problemas atuais na sala de aulas, assim como observar os diversos tipos de indisciplina escolar apresentados na modalidade EJA. Ao concluir o estudo, fica a oportunidade de querer buscar mais informações do tema a fim de aprofundar ainda mais o conhecimento e transformar em metodologias para um melhor ensino aprendizagem na EJA. Palavras-Chave: Educação; Educação de Jovens e Adultos; Indisciplina. Abstract: The main aim  of the article is to emphasize indiscipline in the EJA modality among its causes and consequences. The theme brings with it a very enriching approach on how to observe and deal with these certain situations present in everyday school life. The EJA modality is a teaching proposal that caters to a very adverse audience, as they are students who, in one way or another, did not finish their studies at the right time. And indiscipline has been frequently explained in the teaching groups, but without any perspective of methodologies to get around this issue about teaching. The theoretical bases for the construction of the article are based on citations and arguments in theorists who are quite influential in the perspective addressed, coming to the meeting of authors such as FREIRE (2001), MATOS (2012), SANTOS (2012) among others, as well as truthful information in above the educational laws such as the LDB and CNE, in addition to statements of my authorship about everything studied through the research. The methodological process for the construction is based on an analytical study and critical observation about the content to be researched through qualitative research in a bibliographical study about the subject. The results presented around the article appear as possible answers and hypotheses to the problem presented, among its acquisitions, a new perspective of training for teachers with current problems in the classroom, as well as observing the different types of school indiscipline presented in the EJA modality. Upon completing the study, there is the opportunity to seek more information on the topic in order to further deepen the knowledge and transform it into methodologies for better teaching and learning in EJA.Keywords: Education. Youth and Adult Education. Indiscipline. 

Economic, social, and cultural rights

2021 ◽  
pp. 295-326
Author(s):  
William A. Schabas
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

The subject of economic, social, and cultural rights has been greatly neglected. The evidence establishing customary legal norms in the area of economic, social, and cultural rights is very compelling and often as convincing, if not more so, as in the case of civil and political rights. Included in this category are the right to social security, to work, and the right to an adequate standard of living encompassing such necessities as food, clothing, housing, health and medical care, and water and sanitation. The right to education is also fundamental, with complex issues such as the role of parental choice in education. Education is not only an entitlement, it is also an obligation upon parents and children. Cultural rights are often associated with rights of minorities but their scope is much broader and more general, and includes the right to enjoy the arts and to benefit from scientific progress.

EUTANÁSIA E O AUXÍLIO AO SUICÍDIO: UM ESTUDO SOBRE A DESCRIMINALIZAÇÃO DO HOMICÍDIO PIEDOSO

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (208) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Rodolfo de Holanda Freitas
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Religion And Medicine ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Individual Determination ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Historical Scenario

This article will carry out an analysis on the practice of Euthanasia, going through its etymology, historical scenario, principles involved, as well as its understanding in our legal system and social context. In addition, an analysis of a real case in Brazil and a comparison with other countries where the practice is legal is made. This article is mainly aimed at minimally elucidating the controversy surrounding the topic, which is still very stigmatized in our country, since it involves several principles not only of law, but of religion and medicine, making a comparison between them. For the realization of this article, bibliographic research had been carried out through articles, legal sites and news sites, using deductive methodology for its understanding and outcome. There is a great taboo on the subject in our country, given that it can have different types of understanding according to the individual determination of each one, with much debate still remaining so that, finally, sick patients have the right to put their lives the best way possible.

scholarly journals Cryptocurrency as a New Financial and Legal Instrument: Defining Cryptoassets in Property Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 02002
Author(s):  
Irina Astrakhantseva ◽  
Roman Astrakhantsev
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Private Key ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tangible Asset ◽  
The Right

The scientific research study is about the approach to crypto assets in property law. The cryptocurrency, possessing the signs of many civil rights, at the same time does not belong to any of them and does not correspond with anyone in a complete way. This is due to the uniqueness of cryptocurrency as a phenomenon itself. Cryptocurrencies can also represent different types between cryptocurrency holders, as well as between holders and creators of the platform, which have been concluded by implicit actions. The authors propose new definition for cryptocurrency through the cryptographically protected property concept, which has the feature of cryptographic authentication, decentralization, management through consensus, the use of distributed ledgers. According to the authors, the starting point for determining the ownership of the cryptocurrency should be that the subject of the right will be the asset’s owner if he or she legally gained access to the private key, by analogy as the subject acquired the ownership of a tangible asset on a legal basis.

scholarly journals Retroperitoneal Tissue Contrast Examination in Different Types of Acute Destructuve Pancreatitis

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 264-267
Author(s):  
Alfiya Kamilevna Imaeva ◽  
Tagir Islamnurovich Mustafin
Keyword(s):  
Retroperitoneal Space ◽  
Contrast Study ◽  
Special Device ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
At Iii ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tissue Contrast ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Type V

Acute destructive pancreatitis refers to severe surgical pathology with high mortality. Destructive changes in this case cover both adjacent and distant structures. The aim of the study was to achieve a more accurate injection of the liquid contrast agent to the tissues of the retroperitoneal space affected by the purulent-necrotic process. We have developed a method that involves the use of a special device with a metal goniometer with a gradation of up to 180° with clamps to fix the syringe with a needle. Syringe with a needle is fixed in the device at an angle of 40° to 50° depending on the figure and the nature of the nutrition patients. The paper presents the results of contrast study of retroperitoneal tissue using the proposed device. The results of 63 cases of retroperitoneal space contrasting study through the right and left lumbar regions are considered. The use of the proposed method of contrast retroperitoneal area taking into account the figure and the nature of nutrition allows more accurately determine the variant of lesion of the pancreas and adjacent adipose tissue. The previously proposed methods of retroperitoneal tissues puncture in acute destructive pancreatitis (ADP) did not fully take into account the figure and the nature of nutrition of the subjects. A significant number (35%) of patients have an excess weight, especially among mesomorphs and endomorphs (91,4%). The figure and the nature of the nutrition of the subject should be provided in bringing the contrast into the retroperitoneal tissue, since this determines the angle of fixation of the needle in the device and the depth of its advancement. Puncture through the right lumbar region was carried out at I and II, through the left lumbar region - at III and IV types of ADP. Purulent necrotic lesions often equally cover the right and left parts of retroperitoneal tissue with type V of ADP.

Point and planar defects in the iron sulfide compounds Fe1-xS

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Thao A. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Iron Sulfide ◽  
Planar Defects ◽  
Selective Area ◽  
Vacancy Ordering ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Lattice Images ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Beam Lattice

It is well known that the large deviations from stoichiometry in iron sulfide compounds, Fe1-xS (0≤x≤0.125), are accommodated by iron vacancies which order and form superstructures at low temperatures. Although the ordering of the iron vacancies has been well established, the modes of vacancy ordering, hence superstructures, as a function of composition and temperature are still the subject of much controversy. This investigation gives direct evidence from many-beam lattice images of Fe1-xS that the 4C superstructure transforms into the 3C superstructure (Fig. 1) rather than the MC phase as previously suggested. Also observed are an intrinsic stacking fault in the sulfur sublattice and two different types of vacancy-ordering antiphase boundaries. Evidence from selective area optical diffractograms suggests that these planar defects complicate the diffraction pattern greatly.

Lending to the Borrower from Hell

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Drelichman ◽  
Hans-Joachim Voth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Loan Contracts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intelligent Model ◽  
New Evidence

Why do lenders time and again loan money to sovereign borrowers who promptly go bankrupt? When can this type of lending work? As the United States and many European nations struggle with mountains of debt, historical precedents can offer valuable insights. This book looks at one famous case—the debts and defaults of Philip II of Spain. Ruling over one of the largest and most powerful empires in history, King Philip defaulted four times. Yet he never lost access to capital markets and could borrow again within a year or two of each default. Exploring the shrewd reasoning of the lenders who continued to offer money, the book analyzes the lessons from this historical example. Using detailed new evidence collected from sixteenth-century archives, the book examines the incentives and returns of lenders. It provides powerful evidence that in the right situations, lenders not only survive despite defaults—they thrive. It also demonstrates that debt markets cope well, despite massive fluctuations in expenditure and revenue, when lending functions like insurance. The book unearths unique sixteenth-century loan contracts that offered highly effective risk sharing between the king and his lenders, with payment obligations reduced in bad times. A fascinating story of finance and empire, this book offers an intelligent model for keeping economies safe in times of sovereign debt crises and defaults.

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