scholarly journals Let's talk (efficiently) about us: Person systems achieve near-optimal compression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noga Zaslavsky ◽  
Mora Maldonado ◽  
Jennifer Culbertson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Recent Information ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Egocentric Bias ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Recent Experimental Work ◽  
Fitting Model

Systems of personal pronouns (e.g., 'you' and 'I') vary widely across languages, but at the same time not all possible systems are attested. Linguistic theories have generally accounted for this in terms of strong grammatical constraints, but recent experimental work challenges this view. Here, we take a novel approach to understanding personal pronoun systems by invoking a recent information-theoretic framework for semantic systems that predicts that languages efficiently compress meanings into forms. We find that a test set of cross-linguistically attested personal pronoun systems achieves near-optimal compression, supporting the hypothesis that efficient compression shapes semantic systems. Further, our best-fitting model includes an egocentric bias that favors a salient speaker representation, accounting for a well-known typological generalization of person systems ('Zwicky's Generalization') without the need for a hard grammatical constraint.

165 Effects of Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance and Economics of Grow-finish Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Larissa L Becker ◽  
Emily E Scholtz ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Fitting Model

Abstract A total of 2,124 barrows and gilts (PIC 1050′DNA 600, initially 48.9 kg) were used in a 32-d study to determine the optimal dietary standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Lys level in a commercial setting. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 24 to 27 pigs/pen and 16 replications/treatment. Similar number of barrows and gilts were placed in each pen. Diets were fed over 3 phases (48.9 to 58.6, 58.6 to 70.9, and 70.9 to 80.8 kg respectively). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 10 (phase 1 and 2) or 5% (phase 3) distillers dried grains with solubles. Diets were formulated to 85, 95, 103, 110, or 120% of the current Pig Improvement Company (PIC, Hendersonville, TN) SID Lys gilt recommendations with phase 1 SID Lys levels of 0.90, 1.01, 1.09, 1.17 and 1.27%, phase 2 levels of 0.79, 0.87, 0.94, 1.03, and 1.10%, and phase 3 levels of 0.71, 0.78, 0.85, 0.92, and 0.99%, respectively. Dose response curves were evaluated using linear (LM), quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ) models. For each response variable, the best-fitting model was selected using the Bayesian information criterion. Overall (d 0 to 32), increasing SID Lys increased (linear, P< 0.001) BW, ADG, G:F, Lys intake/d, and Lys intake/kg of gain. Modeling margin over feed cost (MOFC), BLL and QP estimated the requirement at 105.8% and 113.7% respectively. In summary, while growth increased linearly up to 120% of the PIC current feeding level, the optimal MOFC was 106% to 114% depending on the model used.

Genetic and Environmental Influences of Dietary Indices in a UK Female Twin Cohort

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 330-337
Author(s):  
Olatz Mompeo ◽  
Rachel Gibson ◽  
Paraskevi Christofidou ◽  
Tim D. Spector ◽  
Cristina Menni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Healthy Eating Index ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Nutritional Epidemiology ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
Fitting Model ◽  
Dietary Indices ◽  
Health Parameters

AbstractA healthy diet is associated with the improvement or maintenance of health parameters, and several indices have been proposed to assess diet quality comprehensively. Twin studies have found that some specific foods, nutrients and food patterns have a heritable component; however, the heritability of overall dietary intake has not yet been estimated. Here, we compute heritability estimates of the nine most common dietary indices utilized in nutritional epidemiology. We analyzed 2590 female twins from TwinsUK (653 monozygotic [MZ] and 642 dizygotic [DZ] pairs) who completed a 131-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Heritability estimates were computed using structural equation models (SEM) adjusting for body mass index (BMI), smoking status, Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), physical activity, menopausal status, energy and alcohol intake. The AE model was the best-fitting model for most of the analyzed dietary scores (seven out of nine), with heritability estimates ranging from 10.1% (95% CI [.02, .18]) for the Dietary Reference Values (DRV) to 42.7% (95% CI [.36, .49]) for the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (A-HEI). The ACE model was the best-fitting model for the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) and Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) with heritability estimates of 5.4% (95% CI [−.17, .28]) and 25.4% (95% CI [.05, .46]), respectively. Here, we find that all analyzed dietary indices have a heritable component, suggesting that there is a genetic predisposition regulating what you eat. Future studies should explore genes underlying dietary indices to further understand the genetic disposition toward diet-related health parameters.

Comparing productive vocabulary measures from the CDI and a systematic diary study

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
BYRON F. ROBINSON ◽  
CAROLYN B. MERVIS
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curves ◽  
Diary Study ◽  
Expressive Vocabulary ◽  
Early Language ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Early Language Development ◽  
Closed Class ◽  
Communicative Development ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Fitting Model

Expressive vocabulary data gathered during a systematic diary study of one male child's early language development are compared to data that would have resulted from longitudinal administration of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories spoken vocabulary checklist (CDI). Comparisons are made for (1) the number of words at monthly intervals (9;10.15 to 2;0.15), (2) proportion of words by lexical class (i.e. noun, predicate, closed class, ‘other’), (3) growth curves. The CDI underestimates the number of words in the diary study, with the underestimation increasing as vocabulary size increases. The proportion of diary study words appearing on the CDI differed as a function of lexical class. Finally, despite the differences in vocabulary size, logistic curves proved to be the best fitting model to characterize vocabulary development as measured by both the diary study and the CDI. Implications for the longitudinal use of the CDI are discussed.

scholarly journals Analysis of dengue model with fractal-fractional Caputo–Fabrizio operator

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatmawati ◽  
Muhammad Altaf Khan ◽  
Cicik Alfiniyah ◽  
Ebraheem Alzahrani
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Dengue Infection ◽  
Fractional Operator ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Reduction Number ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Graphical Illustration ◽  
Stability Results

AbstractIn this work, we study the dengue dynamics with fractal-factional Caputo–Fabrizio operator. We employ real statistical data of dengue infection cases of East Java, Indonesia, from 2018 and parameterize the dengue model. The estimated basic reduction number for this dataset is $\mathcal{R}_{0}\approx2.2020$ R 0 ≈ 2.2020 . We briefly show the stability results of the model for the case when the basic reproduction number is $\mathcal{R}_{0} <1$ R 0 < 1 . We apply the fractal-fractional operator in the framework of Caputo–Fabrizio to the model and present its numerical solution by using a novel approach. The parameter values estimated for the model are used to compare with fractal-fractional operator, and we suggest that the fractal-fractional operator provides the best fitting for real cases of dengue infection when varying the values of both operators’ orders. We suggest some more graphical illustration for the model variables with various orders of fractal and fractional.

scholarly journals Identification-Robust Estimates of the Canadian Natural Rate of Interest

2016 ◽  
Vol 91 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 161-176
Author(s):  
Maral Kichian
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Robust Methods ◽  
Errors In Variables ◽  
Natural Rate ◽  
Real Rate ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Natural Rate Of Interest ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Estimate Precision ◽  
Fitting Model

The natural rate of interest is an unobservable entity and its measurement presents some important empirical challenges. In this paper, we use identification-robust methods and central bank real-time staff projections to obtain estimates for the equilibrium real rate from contemporaneous and forward-looking Taylor-type interest rate rules. The methods notably account for the potential presence of endogeneity, under-identification, and errors-in-variables concerns. Our applications are conducted on Canadian data. The results reveal some important identification difficulties associated with some of our models, reinforcing the need to use identification-robust methods to estimate such policy functions. Despite these challenges, we are able to obtain fairly comparable point estimates for the real equilibrium interest rate across our different models, and in the case of the best fitting model, also remarkable estimate precision.

Taxonomic studies on Archigetes Leuckart, 1878 (Cestoda: Caryophyllaeidae)

Parasitology ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Keneedy
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Nature Conservancy ◽  
The Family ◽  
Single Genus ◽  
Biological Characters ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Recent Experimental Work ◽  
The Relationship

Recent experimental work has indicated that species of Archigetes are capable of infecting and maturing in fishes in addition to tubificids.The genus Archigetes is re-defined on the basis of morphological and biological characters, with particular emphasis on recent life history studies. All species capable of neotenic development have been re-united in a single genus.A description of all species of Archigetes together with a key for their identification are included. New synonomies are discussed.The relationship of Archigetes to other genera of the family is briefly considered, and it is concluded that it forms the terminal stage in a series showing the attainment of neotenic development.I wish to thank Professor R. J. Pumphrey in whose Department the work was carried out, and Dr J. C. Chubb for advice and help in the preparation of this manuscript. I am also grateful to Professor K. Berg and Dr R. L. Calentine for the loan of specimens. The work was carried out during the tenure of a Nature Conservancy Research Studentship.

Probabilistic Feature Attention as an Alternative to Variables in Phonotactic Learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-56
Author(s):  
Brandon Prickett
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Phonological Acquisition ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Free Model ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Feature Attention ◽  
Phonotactic Learning ◽  
Past Experimental Work ◽  
Algebraic Representations

Abstract Since Halle (1962), explicit algebraic variables (often called alpha notation) have been commonplace in phonological theory. However, Hayes and Wilson (2008) proposed a variable-free model of phonotactic learning, sparking a debate about whether such algebraic representations are necessary to capture human phonological acquisition. While past experimental work has found evidence that suggested a need for variables in models of phonology (Berent et al. 2012, Moreton 2012, Gallagher 2013), this paper presents a novel mechanism, Probabilistic Feature Attention (PFA), that allows a variable-free model of phonotactics to predict a number of these phenomena. Additionally, experimental results involving phonological generalization that cannot be explained by variables are captured by this novel approach. These results cast doubt on whether variables are necessary to capture human-like phonotactic learning and provide a useful alternative to such representations.

Forward  Modelling of Bouguer Anomalies along a transect of the Southern Apennines and the Tyrrhenian back-arc basin.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Assel Akimbekova ◽  
Paolo Mancinelli ◽  
Massimiliano Rinaldo Barchi ◽  
Cristina Pauselli ◽  
Giorgio Minelli
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Anomalies ◽  
Moho Depth ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Tyrrhenian Sea ◽  
Southern Apennines ◽  
Bouguer Anomalies ◽  
Crustal Model ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Fitting Model

&lt;p&gt;Abstract&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the present study, starting from original measurement stations, we created the Bouguer anomaly map of Southern Italy with a reduction density of 2670 kg m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;. We perform a regional gravity modelling at crustal scale along the trace of the CROP-04 (on-shore) and MB6 (off-shore) deep seismic reflection profiles crossing the Southern Apennines and the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Along the 320 km-long modelled profile, we investigate crustal-scale sources for the observed gravity anomalies.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;After a compelling review of the published Moho geometries in the area, that were retrieved from either active or passive seismic methods, we test them in the observed gravity field through forward modeling of the Bouguer gravity anomalies. The comparison between the different Moho interpretations shows that the steepness of the subducting slab, the position of the step between the western (Tyrrhenian) and the eastern (Adriatic) Moho and Moho depth represent the main features influencing the observed Bouguer anomalies at crustal scale.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Finally, we provide a best-fitting model across both onshore and offshore areas. In the proposed best-fitting model, the wide wavelength and strong regional Bouguer anomalies correlate with the geometry of the Moho discontinuity and deep tectonic structures. On the other hand, the small-amplitude oscillations of the gravity anomalies were attributed to the low-density values of the Pliocene-Quaternary deposits both on- (e.g. the Bradanic trough) and off-shore (e.g. recent deposits in the Tyrrhenian sea bottom). Gravity minima correspond to the crustal doubling underneath the Southern Apennines where the Tyrrhenian Moho (~27 km depth) overlies the deeper Adriatic Moho (~50 km depth). The positive trend of the observed anomaly toward NE is related to the shallowing of the Adriatic Moho to depths of ~28 km in the Adriatic. Similarly, towards SW, the observed anomaly follows a positive trend towards the maxima located in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea. We model this trend as representative of crustal thinning and shallowing to values of ~12 km depth of the Tyrrhenian Moho. We also model a crustal transition from geometries and density values typical of a continental crust in the Adriatic domain towards a more oceanic structure and composition in the Tyrrhenian domain. This crustal model locates the westward flexure of the Adriatic Moho, mimicking the subduction of the Adriatic lithosphere beneath the Peri-Tyrrhenian block and locates step between the western (Tyrrhenian) and the eastern (Adriatic) Moho beneath the Apennines range.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The resulted gravity forward model provide contributions to the tectonic settings understanding of the area by providing a robust crustal model ranging from the Tyrrhenian Sea to the Apulian foreland.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;Finally, we believe that the proposed model can serve as a starting point for future studies investigating the upper crustal geometries in the area and addressing open questions about its relations with seismicity distribution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Acceptability ratings cannot be taken at face value

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-214
Author(s):  
Carson T. Schütze
Keyword(s):  
Rate Of Convergence ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Rates Of Convergence ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
True Rate ◽  
Acceptability Judgments ◽  
Critical Words ◽  
Recent Experimental Work

This chapter addresses how linguists’ empirical (syntactic) claims should be tested with non-linguists. Recent experimental work attempts to measure rates of convergence between data presented in journal articles and the results of large surveys. Three follow-up experiments to one such study are presented. It is argued that the original method may underestimate the true rate of convergence because it leaves considerable room for naïve subjects to give ratings that do not reflect their true acceptability judgments of the relevant structures. To understand what can go wrong, the experiments were conducted in two parts. The first part had visually presented sentences rated on a computer, replicating previous work. The second part was an interview where the experimenter asked the participants about the ratings they gave to particular items, in order to determine what interpretation or parse they had assigned, whether they had missed any critical words, and so on.

scholarly journals Braille Recognition for Reducing Asymmetric Communication between the Blind and Non-Blind

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1069
Author(s):  
Bi-Min Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
User Interfaces ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Character Segmentation ◽  
English Text ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Blind Individuals

Assistive braille technology has existed for many years with the purpose of aiding the blind in performing common tasks such as reading, writing, and communicating with others. Such technologies are aimed towards helping those who are visually impaired to better adapt to the visual world. However, an obvious gap exists in current technology when it comes to symmetric two-way communication between the blind and non-blind, as little technology allows non-blind individuals to understand the braille system. This research presents a novel approach to convert images of braille into English text by employing a convolutional neural network (CNN) model and a ratio character segmentation algorithm (RCSA). Further, a new dataset was constructed, containing a total of 26,724 labeled braille images, which consists of 37 braille symbols that correspond to 71 different English characters, including the alphabet, punctuation, and numbers. The performance of the CNN model yielded a prediction accuracy of 98.73% on the test set. The functionality performance of this artificial intelligence (AI) based recognition system could be tested through accessible user interfaces in the future.

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