scholarly journals Oxytocin facilitates communicative adjustment by upregulating broadband aperiodic neural activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Liu ◽  
Arjen Stolk ◽  
Miriam de Boer ◽  
Robert Oostenveld ◽  
Ivan Toni

Oxytocin modulates various social behaviors. In humans, oxytocin has been shown to modulate recipient design, i.e. how communicators adjust to their presumed mutual knowledge. Here, we investigate electrophysiological correlates of the oxytocinergic modulation of recipient design. Fifty-one males were randomly assigned to receive double-blind intranasal administration of oxytocin or placebo. While acquiring magnetoencephalography, the participants engaged in a live communicative task with two different addressees, a child and an adult. Unbeknownst to the participants, a confederate played the role of both addressees, with matched communicative behaviors. All participants started the task by putting more emphasis on their communicative behaviors when they thought to be interacting with the child addressee. As the communication progressed, the oxytocin group reduced variability in their communicative adjustments, adapting more effectively than the placebo group to the matched communicative behavior of the addressees. The magnitude of this oxytocin-related dynamic communicative adjustment was proportional to increased broadband aperiodic power, an index of local synaptic activity, in the right prefrontal-temporal circuit. These findings indicate that oxytocin facilitates dynamic adjustments in recipient design by enhancing cortical signal-to-noise in a portion of the same cortical circuit known to support the production of novel communicative behaviors.

1994 ◽  
Vol 165 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Ghodse ◽  
Judith Myles ◽  
Stephen E. Smith

BackgroundThe role of clonidine in the management of opioid-dependent individuals undergoing gradual detoxification.MethodA double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted on 86 voluntary in-patients (59 male, 27 female) aged 18–47 years, at a specialist drug-dependence treatment unit. Patients entered the trial when on 40 mg of methadone daily or less, and were randomised to receive incremental doses of clonidine (increasing from 0.2 mg daily to 1.2 mg daily) during a 14-day period of gradual methadone detoxification and for four weeks thereafter. Blood pressure was monitored and severity of opioid abstinence was assessed by questionnaire and by clinical examination.ResultHalf the subjects were withdrawn or defaulted from the trial by the end of two weeks, those receiving clonidine earlier than those receiving dummy medication (9 of the former and only one of the latter because of systemic hypotension). Similar proportions of subjects completed detoxification in the two groups. In those who completed detoxification, clonidine did not significantly reduce either the symptoms or objective signs of opioid withdrawal.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that clonidine has no place as an adjunct to a programme of gradual opioid detoxification.


2009 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 70-82
Author(s):  
Jolita Linkevičiūtė-Rimavičienė

Straipsnio tikslas – nagrinėti specifinį spaudos vaidmenį viename iš visuomenės raidos etapų: kuriantis naujai socialinei struktūrai, pilietinei bendruomenei ir jai aktyviai dalyvaujant pirmoje viešosios srities raidos pakopoje. Lietuvoje, kaip ir kitose posovietinėse šalyse, kuriose totalitarinės ideologijos dominavimas deformavo tiesos ir identiteto sampratas, keičiantis visuomeninei struktūrai, psichologinio saugumo poreikis ir lūkesčiai, kuriant geresnę ateitį, buvo susiję su spauda, tuo laikotarpiu atlikusia kompensuojamąją funkciją. Įvykiai Rytų Europoje, buvusioje Sovietų sąjungoje iki 1990-ųjų skatino ginkluotus konfliktus. „Dainuojanti revoliucija“ Baltijos valstybėse tyrėjų vertinama politinės raidos modelio aspektu. „Nacionalizmas be žiaurumo“ suvokiamas kaip fenomenas, sąlygotas baltų istorinio ir kultūrinio paveldo, palyginti su agresyviu serbų, kroatų, kaukaziečių nacionalizmu, pasireiškusiu išsivaduojant iš sovietinio „tautų kapinyno“.Neginkluotą nacionalinį pasipriešinimo judėjimą ir skirtingų visuomenės grupių Lietuvoje, Latvijoje ir Estijoje dialogą organizavo ir rėmė laisvėjanti spauda. Visuomenės informavimo priemonių, kaip įtakingos socialinės jėgos, analizė; spaudos, mobilizuojančios, koordinuojančios ir drąsinančios žmones atvirai reikšti savo nuomonę, vaidmens identifikavimas bus naudingas tolesnei tyrimų, nagrinėjančių Lietuvos atgimimo spaudą ir jos raidos etapus 1988–1991 metais, eigai. Visuomenės teisė gauti informaciją yra politinė, spaudos sąsajų su pilietine visuomene kontekstualizavimas svarbus kaip teorinis pagrindas, tiriant medijų funkcijas bei uždavinius demokratėjant visuomenei ir palankios piliečių sąmoningumui vystytis kuriant aplinką. Ši tema nėra tirta, XX a. devintojo dešimtmečio Lietuvos žiniasklaida apžvelgiama tik istoriografinės analizės aspektu, nepakanka dėmesio laisvėjančiam žiniasklaidos diskursui ir jo įtakai vertybių kaitos požiūriu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: visuomeniniai pokyčiai, spaudos vaidmuo, spaudos laisvė, žurnalistinė atsakomybė, viešoji erdvė, piliečiai.Media, change and civil societyJolita Linkevičiūtė-Rimavičienė SummaryThe purpose of the article is to attract attention to the role of press and its meaning in the context of civil society in one of the developmental stages of democracy. After the social structure had changed in Lithuania, as in other post soviet countries where the totalitarian ideology deformed the concepts of truth and identity, the need and expectations of psychological security to create a better future were directly related to the press.On the grounds of political philosophy, the imperative of public space as an imperative of a basic democracy institution which appears when the members of community create and support it, is analyzed. Analyzing the way in which the press as one of the governmental blocks participates in the maintenance of public space because of itself and represents the citizens, shows the level of public discussion quality and community information. The right of society to receive information is political since the awareness guarantees the realization of universal freedom; the purification of press links with civil society is important as a theoretical basis when examining the role of media in the periods of societal changes.


2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle M Gerlag ◽  
Mary Safy ◽  
Karen I Maijer ◽  
Man Wai Tang ◽  
Sander W Tas ◽  
...  

ObjectivesWe explored the effects of B-cell directed therapy in subjects at risk of developing autoantibodypositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), who never experienced inflammatory arthritis before, and explored biomarkers predictive of arthritis development.MethodsIndividuals positive for both anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies and rheumatoid factor but without arthritis were included in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to receive a single infusion of 1000 mg rituximab or placebo.ResultsEighty-one individuals received treatment and were followed up for a mean of 29.0 (0–54) months, during which 30/81 (37%) individuals developed arthritis. The observed risk of developing arthritis in the placebo-treated group was 40%, which was decreased by 55% (HR 0.45, 95% CI 0.154 to 1.322) in the rituximab-treated group at 12 months. Rituximab treatment caused a delay in arthritis development of 12 months compared with placebo treatment at the point when 25% of the subjects had developed arthritis (p<0.0001). Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and the presence of anti-citrullinated α-enolase peptide 1 at baseline were significant predictors of arthritis development.ConclusionsA single infusion of 1000 mg rituximab significantly delays the development of arthritis in subjects at risk of developing RA, providing evidence for the pathogenetic role of B cells in the earliest, prearthritis stage of autoantibody positive RA.


2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Schaub

The support for integrating meditation into health care and mental health has reached scientific and public acceptance. For the public to receive the benefits of the mind—body medicine of meditation, it is time for health professionals to step into the role of clinical meditation teachers. Clinical meditation refers to the ability to discern the right kinds of meditation for the right person at the right time. With the increased emphasis on preventative medicine and self-care skills to reduce health care costs, the timing is absolutely appropriate for health professionals to gain skills in this new role.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Abdul Majid Khon

The hadiths about education in the book Bulûgh Al-Marâm are entirely found and can fulfill the themes of education today, even though this book is characterized by the law of Fiqh (Fiqhul Hadith). There are 17 hadiths or 1.06% of the total 1596 hadiths with the essential word education (ta'lîm). Educational themes that can be fulfilled are; science components, educators, students, educational materials, learning strategies, and teacher salaries. The hadiths found to discuss the importance of useful knowledge. The prophet in Hadith as in the Quran QS. Thaha / 20: 114 only ordered to pray for more knowledge, not ordered to ask for another. The role of educators as servants of students, namely mediators and facilitators. Educators must always learn and have a democratic attitude. Successful students are those who need knowledge and can develop their talents. Teaching material prioritizes ethics or manners and prayer as the practice of knowledge. Teachers may receive honoraria and even have the right to receive an honorarium if the student's condition is worthy of being charged.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena A. Kupryashina ◽  
Dmitry V. Boev ◽  
Anna A. Gileva ◽  
Anzhelika I. Lyakhova ◽  
Sergey F. Shumilin

The paper analyses the legislation of the Russian Federation and some foreign countries on the right of citizens to provide them with legal assistance in criminal cases, as well as the problems arising in its implementation. The paper also summarizes the experience of the studied countries in order to improve their legislation in this area of criminal justice. Methodologically, the work uses scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as historical and comparative methods; all are given in an integrated approach. Among the conclusions, we underline the fact that some countries are introducing norms and tendencies from international law into their legal systems; the basic international principles of lawyer's activities, including principles for defenders, are fixed in the basic principles on the role of lawyers, which describe the right to receive free legal aid for those who are the poor; also that citizens have the right to choose a representative of their interests in the judiciary and have the opportunity to contact with their defenders at any time.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
YaYuan Geng ◽  
Weihua Zhao ◽  
Feng Zhou ◽  
Xiaole Ma ◽  
Shuxia Yao ◽  
...  

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that the neuropeptide oxytocin can enhance empathy although it is unclear which specific behavioral and neural aspects are influenced, and whether the effects are modulated by culture, sex and trait autism. Based on previous findings in Caucasian men, we hypothesized that a single intranasal dose of oxytocin would specifically enhance emotional empathy via modulatory effects on the amygdala in an Asian (Chinese) population and explored the modulatory role of sex and trait autism on the effects. We first conducted a double-blind, randomized between-subject design experiment using a modified version of the multifaceted empathy task (MET) to determine whether oxytocin’s facilitation of emotional empathy can be replicated in Chinese men (n = 60). To further explore neural mechanisms behind and potential sex differences, functional MRI and skin conductance measures were acquired in an independent experiment incorporating men and women (n = 72). Oxytocin enhanced emotional empathy across experiments and sex, an effect that was accompanied by reduced amygdala activity and increased skin conductance responses. On the network level oxytocin enhanced functional coupling of the right amygdala with the insula and posterior cingulate cortex for positive valence stimuli but attenuated coupling for negative valence stimuli. The effect of oxytocin on amygdala functional connectivity with the insula was modulated by trait autism. Overall, our findings provide further support for the role of oxytocin in facilitating emotional empathy and demonstrate that effects are independent of culture and sex and involve modulatory effects on the amygdala and its interactions with other key empathy regions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (09) ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
Nigar Hafiz qızı Məmmədova ◽  

Human rights are the opportunities that people have from birth to death. Regardless of race, nationality, gender, every person has certain rights. These rights must be applied regardless of where and in what position people live. No one has the right to receive these rights from people. But there are also some restrictive cases in this area. If a person violates the law or acts contrary to the national security interests of the state, then it is inevitable to make decisions within the framework required by the law. Human rights are norms that seek to protect people from serious political, legal and social exploitation. The most important of these rights are freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial on criminal charges, the right not to be tortured and the right to education. The philosophy of human rights is understood to answer questions about the existence, essence, validity, justification and legal status of human rights. Human rights are relations that determine the place and role of a person and a citizen in society and the state, the essence of the realization of a person's own capabilities and limits established by the state, as well as ways of ensuring and protecting. At the same time, the legal status of a person includes socio-economic, civil, political and personal rights and freedoms. Key words:human rights,ombudsman,social exploitation,occupied lands,refugees


This chapter covers the creditors’ role in insolvency proceedings. First, we look at the creditors’ right to receive payments on their claims. In the second part, we look at the right of creditors to make procedural decisions in insolvency or restructuring proceedings.


1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (01) ◽  
pp. 071-074 ◽  
Author(s):  
S L Blarney ◽  
B M McArdle ◽  
P Burns ◽  
D C Carter ◽  
G D O Lowe ◽  
...  

SummaryFibrinolytic shutdown may be important in the development of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT). We have previously shown that stanozolol 50 mg, given intramuscularly 24 hr before surgery, prevents the decrease in plasminogen activator activity (PA) seen on the first postoperative day in patients at high risk of DVT. To investigate the role of fibrinolytic shutdown in causation of DVT, sixty patients were randomised in a double-blind controlled trial to receive stanozolol or placebo intramuscularly, and DVT was detected by leg scanning and confirmed by venography. Scan positive DVT occurred in IT of 31 placebo patients (35%) and 12 of 29 who received stanozolol (41%). A significant decrease in PA was confirmed in the placebo group, while stanozolol caused a significant increase in PA on the first postoperative day. Patients in either group who did not develop DVT showed minimal changes in PA. We conclude that prevention of fibrinolytic shutdown by this regimen of stanozolol does not prevent postoperative DVT, and that further studies are required to clarify the relationships of postoperative fibrinolysis and DVT.


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