How is the COVID-19 pandemic affecting cooperation?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Daphne Ayers ◽  
Diego Guevara Beltran ◽  
Joe Alcock ◽  
Cristina Baciu ◽  
Scott Claessens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Condition ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Cooperation Agreement ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Multiple Measures ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Willingness To Help ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time

Do crises bring people together or pull them apart? Here we examine how people’s willingness to help others and their perceived interdependence with others changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, and assess what factors are associated with any change. We collected data at 4 time points from the same cohort of 497 paid participants, starting on March 6th, before the pandemic was declared, through April 2. We found that perceived interdependence with neighbors and with humanity increased over time on multiple measures. However, regarding cooperation, agreement with the statement that helping someone in need “is the right thing to do” decreased over time (towards both a neighbor and a citizen of another country). Although the changes per time period were small for some of these effects, cumulatively they were non-trivial (ranging from a .33 to a .75 change on a 7 point likert scale). There was no change over time in participants' reported willingness to help somebody in their neighborhood (cooperation) or their feelings that when “All of humanity succeeds” they feel good (interdependence). We found reliable associations of change in cooperation and interdependence with sex, age, and pre-existing medical condition. We are collecting data on an ongoing basis which will allow us to investigate how these variables continue to change or not as the pandemic unfolds.

scholarly journals Neglecting Decline: Remembered and Predicted Personal Development Diverge from Actual Longitudinal Change.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Molouki ◽  
Daniel Bartels ◽  
Oleg Urminsky
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Absolute Magnitude ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
Personal Change ◽  
Future Change ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
One Year ◽  
Over Time

A one-year longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the accuracy of people’s assessmentsof their own personal change over time. We compared people’s predicted, actual, and recalledchange in their personality, values, and preferences over this time period. On average,participants underestimated the absolute magnitude of their personal change, yet simultaneouslyoverestimated their net improvement, in both prediction and recall. This effect was due to anasymmetry whereby people selectively neglected negative changes, especially prospectively.Although participants in our sample both improved and declined over the year, they were morelikely to remember past improvements than declines, and made nearly uniformly positivepredictions of future change. We discuss how the current findings reconcile researchdemonstrating expectations of personal improvement (e.g., Wilson & Ross, 2001; Kanten &Teigen, 2008) with other research that suggests people overpredict their personal stability(Quoidbach, Gilbert, & Wilson, 2013).

Comparing rates between and within populations

2018 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Alan J. Silman ◽  
Gary J. Macfarlane ◽  
Tatiana Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Population Change ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Disease Rates ◽  
Over Time

In comparing rates between populations, it is important that one is comparing ‘like with like’. One population may be considerably older than a population to which it is compared and therefore it would not be surprising that mortality rates were higher. Instead it is more useful to make comparisons taking account of differences in characteristics such as age or gender. The same considerations apply to examining disease rates over time in a given population. If the characteristics of the population change over time (e.g. the population gets older), this needs to be considered. To formulate hypotheses, the rate of a disease under study in a population may be compared with the rate in other populations, or in the same population at difierent time points. If the rates vary significantly between populations or are changing within a population, then this provides impetus for investigating the reasons underlying these differences or changes.

Legitimacy and Power in the Soviet Union Through Socialist Ritual

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Lane
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time

Every political system must secure compliance with its commands on the part of the ruled; the methods applied to achieve this vary from society to society and within societies over time. One way of gaining compliance is for political elites to establish the legitimacy of the political system, of their position within it, and of the commands that are issued. Political power can be said to be legitimate when, in the words of Sternberger, it is exercised both with a consciousness on the part of the elite that it has a right to govern and with some recognition by the ruled of that right. Both this consciousness of the right to govern and its acknowledgement by the ruled is derived from some source of authorization which may change over time. This paper will focus on the conscious attempts of Soviet political elites from the early sixties onwards to change their strategy of gaining compliance by reducing reliance on coercion and strengthening political legitimacy. It will draw attention to their efforts to develop a new source of authorization and to employ a new legitimation procedure. In developing the theoretical argument the Weberian typology of legitimate rule will be employed, and this approach to the topic will be contrasted with that adopted by T. H. Rigby in two recent publications.

scholarly journals Ignoring individual differences in times of assessment in growth curve modeling

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Coulombe ◽  
James P. Selig ◽  
Harold D. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Type I Error ◽  
Growth Curve Modeling ◽  
Type I ◽  
Residual Variance ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Curve Modeling ◽  
Over Time

Researchers often collect longitudinal data to model change over time in a phenomenon of interest. Inevitably, there will be some variation across individuals in specific time intervals between assessments. In this simulation study of growth curve modeling, we investigate how ignoring individual differences in time points when modeling change over time relates to convergence and admissibility of solutions, bias in estimates of parameters, efficiency, power to detect change over time, and Type I error rate. We manipulated magnitude of the individual differences in assessment times, distribution of assessment times, magnitude of change over time, number of time points, and sample size. In contrast to the correct analysis, ignoring individual differences in time points frequently led to inadmissible solutions, especially with few time points and small samples, regardless of the specific magnitude of individual differences that were ignored. Mean intercept and slope were generally estimated without bias. Ignoring individual differences in time points sometimes yielded overestimated intercept and slope variances and underestimated intercept–slope covariance and residual variance. Parameter efficiency as well as power and Type I error rates for the linear slope were unaffected by the type of analysis.

scholarly journals Introduction

Focaal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (79) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ida Susser
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Grassroots Movements ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right ◽  
Urban Commons ◽  
Over Time

It seems crucial to research the transformative aspects of progressive grassroots movements in the face of the troubling turn to the right in elections in the United States and parts of Europe. This theme section considers “commoning” as one way to understand the emergence of social movements in Europe and the United States. The articles analyze different protests from housing movements, to anti-antiblack insurgency, redefinitions of the tax code, and the squares movement. The articles consider how movements around the urban commons change over time, differ from more traditional social movements, and address or emerge from the specifics of contemporary regimes. The aim is to develop a theoretical perspective on commoning, which will provide a framework for comparison across societies at this juncture.

Inward diastolic motion: a normal component of isovolumic relaxation and rapid refill

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (6) ◽  
pp. H2380-H2387
Author(s):  
J. J. McInerney ◽  
R. D. Aronoff ◽  
S. H. Blasko ◽  
G. L. Copenhaver ◽  
M. D. Herr
Keyword(s):  
Normal Component ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Maximal Rate ◽  
Surface Displacements ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Filling Phase ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Isovolumic Relaxation

Many reports note expansive events occurring in the left ventricle during isovolumic relaxation. Expansions during isovolumic relaxation require compensatory inward displacements elsewhere in the ventricle. The location and character of such compensatory displacements have been a continuing source of speculation. Using a high-precision Compton backscatter imaging (CBI) technique, we have detected an early diastolic inward motion that initiates during isovolumic relaxation on the right and left epicardial free walls of the heart in 100% of the 14 normal canines we have studied. This inward motion is first detected 20–30 ms after left ventricular maximal rate of pressure decrease over time (-dP/dtmax), lasts into the early rapid filling phase with a mean duration of 92 +/- 5 (SE) ms, and ends approximately 30 ms after opening of the mitral valve. Maximum wall velocities during this time period (approximately 20 mm/s) exceed those occurring in the same regions during systole. Inward surface displacements in the areas undergoing inward motion average 1.1 +/- 0.2 and 0.9 +/- 0.2 mm on the left and right side of the heart, respectively.

scholarly journals Independent Prognostic Value of MRproANP (Midregional Proatrial Natriuretic Peptide) Levels in Patients With Stroke Is Unaltered Over Time

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1873-1875
Author(s):  
Markus Arnold ◽  
Christos Nakas ◽  
Andreas Luft ◽  
Mirjam Christ-Crain ◽  
Alexander Leichtle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Prognostic Value ◽  
Cardioembolic Stroke ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Over Time

Background and Purpose— MRproANP (midregional proatrial natriuretic peptide) is known to be independently associated with cardioembolic stroke cause and to improve risk stratification for 90-day mortality when measured within 24 to 72 hours after symptom onset in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, the optimal time point for assessment remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate prognostic utility of MRproANP at different time points during the first 5 days of hospitalization in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Methods— Samples of MRproANP were collected on admission (<72 hours after onset) and at multiple time points during the first 5 days of hospitalization in 348 consecutively enrolled patients with acute ischemic stroke. The prognostic value for 90-day mortality, 90-day functional outcome, and the association with cardioembolic stroke cause was assessed regarding the time of measurement, and change over time was modeled using generalized estimating equations. Results— MRproANP levels modestly decease over the initial 5 days but remain highly predictive for cardioembolic stroke cause (odds ratio, 9.75 [95% CI, 3.2–29]; 10.62 [95% CI, 3.4–33.3]; 10.8 [95% CI, 3.1–37.1]; 19.4 [95% CI, 5.49–68.7] on admission, day 1, 3 and 5) and 90-day mortality (odds ratio, 59.4 [95% CI, 7.4–480.7]; 78.3 [95% CI, 7.9–772.6]; 14.5 [95% CI, 1.4–145]; 19.81 [95% CI, 2.7–143.4] on admission, day 1, 3, and 5). Change over time does not significantly modify the prognostic value of MRproANP ( P =0.65 and P =0.56 for the interaction term in the multivariate model). Conclusions— Independent prognostic value of MRproANP remains unaltered in the acute phase of stroke at least up to 5 days; repeated measurements do not improve the prognostic value.

Lead Time Reduction through Execution of Lean Tool for Productivity Enhancement in Small Scale Industries

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 116-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Saravanan ◽  
S. Nallusamy ◽  
K. Balaji
Keyword(s):  
Setup Time ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Total Change ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Lead Time Reduction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Small Scale Industries ◽  
Over Time

In the current dynamic global market place, especially among small and medium scale manufacturing industries the competition is show rigorous for a profitable survival. To be competent the industries have to necessarily work in an efficient way by updating and implementing new techniques. These day’s manufacturers may have to introduce and prove the success of the products not only faster but also to deliver it to the end users at the right time. The aim of this study has been to present a lean approach in the manufacturing system of injection moulding facility by reducing the change over time. In this research a lean tool of Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) has proved to be an effective tool for eliminating waste of time. In SMED the time taken for mould or die exchange should be less than 10 minutes. This improves the productivity by reducing the down time of a machine. The main objective has been to reduce the change over time from the current setup time of 39.94 minutes to less than 10 minutes. After implementing the SMED, the total change over time was reduced by about 67.72% which indirectly reduced production losses and increased the productivity.

The problem of Donald Trump and the Static Spectrum Fallacy

2019 ◽  
pp. 135406881987167
Author(s):  
Verlan Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
Spatial Spectrum ◽  
The Political ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Party Ideology ◽  
The Right ◽  
Over Time

Donald Trump’s transformation of Republican Party ideology has helped reveal major problems in the political science discipline’s conceptualization and measurement of ideology. Most scholarship is dominated by the mistaken view that party ideology changes can best be described by parties moving “left” or “right” on a static, ideological, spatial spectrum. In reality, the meaning and content of “left” and “right” (“liberal” and “conservative”) constantly evolve along with the issue positions of the two major parties. Thus, it makes no sense to describe parties as moving to the “left” or “right” over time when the very meanings of “liberalism” and “conservatism” change during the same time period. By understanding the dynamic character of ideology, we can reconcile the paradox of how Trump’s Republican Party can change its ideology even while continuing to be identified with “conservatism” and the “Right.”

scholarly journals Persistent beliefs: Political extremism predicts ideological stability over time

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1137-1149
Author(s):  
Maria V. Zwicker ◽  
Jan-Willem van Prooijen ◽  
André P. M. Krouwel
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Political Extremism ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Lower Standard ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Previous research suggests that political extremists have stronger convictions in their beliefs than moderates. The present research examines the relationship between political extremism and belief stability, defined as the extent to which people change their ideological beliefs over time. Studies 1 ( N = 397) and 2 ( N = 291) revealed that participants at the left and right extremes report more stable beliefs than political moderates. We then reanalyzed a longitudinal study that tracked actual ideological changes over time during a referendum (Study 3, N = 5812). Results indicated that for ideological orientation measured at three time points, politically extreme respondents had lower standard deviations—and hence, more stable ideologies over time—than moderates. Furthermore, the effect appeared more pronounced among people at the left than people at the right. We discuss implications of these insights for political extremism in society and the malleability of political ideology.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document