scholarly journals Asymmetries in mutual understanding: People with low status, power, and self-esteem understand better than they are understood

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanaz Talaifar ◽  
Michael Buhrmester ◽  
Ozlem Ayduk ◽  
william swann
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Better Than

NOW PUBLISHED: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620958003. All too often, people who develop exceptionally astute insights into others remain mysterious to these others. Evidence for such asymmetric understanding comes from several independent domains. Striking asymmetries occur among those who differ in status and power, such that low status, low power individuals understand more than they are understood. We show that this effect extends to people who merely perceive that they have low status: individuals with low self-esteem. Whereas people with low self-esteem display insight into people with high self-esteem, their high self-esteem counterparts fail to reciprocate. Conceptual analysis suggests that asymmetries in mutual understanding may be reduced by addressing deficits in information and motivation among perceivers. Nevertheless, evidence from several interventions were unsuccessful, indicating that the path to symmetric understanding is a steep and thorny one. Further research is needed to develop strategies for fostering understanding of those who are most misunderstood: people with low self-esteem, low status, and low power.

scholarly journals Asymmetries in Mutual Understanding: People With Low Status, Power, and Self-Esteem Understand Better Than They Are Understood

2020 ◽  
pp. 174569162095800
Author(s):  
Sanaz Talaifar ◽  
Michael D. Buhrmester ◽  
Özlem Ayduk ◽  
William B. Swann
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Better Than

All too often, people who develop exceptionally astute insights into others remain mysterious to these others. Evidence for such asymmetric understanding comes from several independent domains. Striking asymmetries occur among those who differ in status and power, such that individuals with low status and power understand more than they are understood. We show that this effect extends to people who merely perceive that they have low status: individuals with low self-esteem. Whereas people with low self-esteem display insight into people with high self-esteem, people with high self-esteem fail to reciprocate. Conceptual analysis suggests that asymmetries in mutual understanding may be reduced by addressing deficits in information and motivation among perceivers. Nevertheless, several interventions have been unsuccessful, indicating that the path to symmetric understanding is a steep and thorny one. Further research is needed to develop strategies for fostering understanding of those who are most misunderstood: people with low self-esteem, low status, and low power.

How success enhances self-serving bias: A multinomial process model of the Implicit Association Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyang Wang ◽  
Yi Li ◽  
Zheng Jin ◽  
Timothy Tamunang Tamutana
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Desirable Outcome ◽  
Subsequent Application ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Better Than

Self-serving bias is individuals' belief that leads them to blame external forces when bad things happen and to give themselves credit when good things happen. To evaluate how underlying evaluative associations toward the self or others differ between individuals, and/or how the regulation mechanism of the influence of such associations differs, we used a multinomial process model to measure the underlying implicit self-esteem in these processes with 56 Chinese undergraduate students. The results indicated that participants assessed themselves as being better than others when their performance was followed by a desirable outcome. Subsequent application of the quadruple processes showed that both activation of positive associations toward self and regulation of the associations played important roles in attitudinal responses. Our findings may provide a supplementary explanation to that of previous results, promoting understanding of the mechanism underlying self-serving bias.

scholarly journals “Do you understand (me)?” negotiating mutual understanding by using gaze and environmentally coupled gestures between two deaf signing participants

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Sivunen ◽  
Elina Tapio
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seeker ◽  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
The State ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Multimodal Analysis ◽  
Semiotic Resources ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Language Competencies ◽  
Unrealistic Expectations ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractIn this paper we explore the use of multimodal and multilingual semiotic resources in interactions between two deaf signing participants, a researcher and an asylum seeker. The focus is on the use of gaze and environmentally coupled gestures. Drawing on multimodal analysis and linguistic ethnography, we demonstrate how gaze and environmentally coupled gestures are effective semiotic resources for reaching mutual understanding. The study provides insight into the challenges and opportunities (deaf) asylum seekers, researchers, and employees of reception centres or the state may encounter because of the asymmetrical language competencies. Our concern is that such asymmetrical situations may be created and maintained by ignoring visual and embodied resources in interaction and, in the case of deaf asylum seekers, by unrealistic expectations towards conventionalized forms of international sign.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Multi-Label Classification and Multi-Output Regression in Social Trait Recognition

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4127
Author(s):  
Will Farlessyost ◽  
Kelsey-Ryan Grant ◽  
Sara R. Davis ◽  
David Feil-Seifer ◽  
Emily M. Hand
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Social Traits ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
Facial Attributes ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Automated Methods ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Social Trait ◽  
Better Than

First impressions make up an integral part of our interactions with other humans by providing an instantaneous judgment of the trustworthiness, dominance and attractiveness of an individual prior to engaging in any other form of interaction. Unfortunately, this can lead to unintentional bias in situations that have serious consequences, whether it be in judicial proceedings, career advancement, or politics. The ability to automatically recognize social traits presents a number of highly useful applications: from minimizing bias in social interactions to providing insight into how our own facial attributes are interpreted by others. However, while first impressions are well-studied in the field of psychology, automated methods for predicting social traits are largely non-existent. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of two automated approaches—multi-label classification (MLC) and multi-output regression (MOR)—for first impression recognition from faces. We demonstrate that both approaches are able to predict social traits with better than chance accuracy, but there is still significant room for improvement. We evaluate ethical concerns and detail application areas for future work in this direction.

scholarly journals Acoustic-Prosodic and Lexical Cues to Deception and Trust: Deciphering How People Detect Lies

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 199-214
Author(s):  
Xi (Leslie) Chen ◽  
Sarah Ita Levitan ◽  
Michelle Levine ◽  
Marko Mandic ◽  
Julia Hirschberg
Keyword(s):  
Deception Detection ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Cues To Deception ◽  
Lexical Cues ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Large Corpus ◽  
Better Than

Humans rarely perform better than chance at lie detection. To better understand human perception of deception, we created a game framework, LieCatcher, to collect ratings of perceived deception using a large corpus of deceptive and truthful interviews. We analyzed the acoustic-prosodic and linguistic characteristics of language trusted and mistrusted by raters and compared these to characteristics of actual truthful and deceptive language to understand how perception aligns with reality. With this data we built classifiers to automatically distinguish trusted from mistrusted speech, achieving an F1 of 66.1%. We next evaluated whether the strategies raters said they used to discriminate between truthful and deceptive responses were in fact useful. Our results show that, although several prosodic and lexical features were consistently perceived as trustworthy, they were not reliable cues. Also, the strategies that judges reported using in deception detection were not helpful for the task. Our work sheds light on the nature of trusted language and provides insight into the challenging problem of human deception detection.

The Military Physician in Captivity

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (99) ◽  
pp. 295-303
Author(s):  
E. Reginato
Keyword(s):  
Medical Officer ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Prisoner Of War ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
Peace And Justice ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Military Physician ◽  
The Military ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Better Than

In his introductory address at the third International Refresher Course for Junior Medical Officers, Dr. H. Meuli, member of the ICRC, said “No one knows war better than the military medical officer, nor measures its horror, nor hates it more. No one has greater insight into war to enable him to take a stand for peace and against war”. From its very beginnings the Red Cross has been linked to medicine; it was the ICRC which obtained for doctors the means of exercising their profession in war, which are laid down in the Geneva Conventions.It therefore seems appropriate to quote extensively from a communication submitted at the Course by an Italian doctor, bearing moving testimony to the difficulties facing the medical officer, the noble character of his mission and the principles underlying his activity in the prisoner of war camp. These principles were summed up in his conclusion : “Like peace and justice, medicine loses its significance if not accompanied by charity. If it is to stay universal, it must not lose its humanity”. (Ed.).

MULTI-DIMENSIONAL STUDY OF THE INTELLECTUALLY GIFTED ADOLESCENTS

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Meenakshi Bharaj
Keyword(s):  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Interpersonal Relations ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Intellectually Gifted ◽  
Senior Secondary Schools ◽  
Senior Secondary ◽  
Gifted Adolescents ◽  
Insight Into

The present study is aimed at studying some intellectual and non-intellectual endowments and characteristics of the intellectually gifted children and also to see how their self-development could be influenced by a planned orientation through lectures and exercises. 740 boys and 520 girls from five randomly selected senior secondary schools having IQ of 145 or above comprised the sample for study. Intelligence, interests, self-esteem, creativity, neuroticism and extraversion, anxiety and sociometric status were studied of such students. These students were given eight sessions of orientation consisting of lecture-cum-demonstration of communication skills, creative thinking and problem solving, leadership and initiative, self-motivation techniques, interpersonal relations and self-development. The results of the study show that gifted children need three things from their parents and teachers. These are (i) acceptance (ii) understanding and (iii) superior insight into problems given their ability for generalising, reasoning and dealing with abstraction. They learn readily and easily, have good memory to listen to. Parents must give active help to their child in assisting him/her to discover his/her assets and limitations - physical, mental and social and to match these with the requirements of different vocations.

scholarly journals Design and Demonstration of Large Scale Cu2O Photocathodes with Metal Grid Structure for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7422
Author(s):  
Min-Kyu Son
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Grid Structure ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Intrinsic Conductivity ◽  
Metal Grid ◽  
Splitting System ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Better Than

Upscaling of photoelectrode for a practical photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting system is still challenging because the PEC performance of large-scale photoelectrode is significantly low, compared to the lab scale photoelectrode. In an effort to overcome this challenge, sputtered gold (Au) and copper (Cu) grid lines were introduced to improve the PEC performance of large-scale cuprous oxide (Cu2O) photocathode in this work. It was demonstrated that Cu grid lines are more effective than Au grid lines to improve the PEC performance of large-scale Cu2O photocathode because its intrinsic conductivity and quality of grid lines are better than ones containing Au grid lines. As a result, the PEC performance of a 25-cm2 scaled Cu2O photocathode with Cu grid lines was almost double than one without grid lines, resulting in an improved charge transport in the large area substrate by Cu grid lines. Finally, a 50-cm2 scaled Cu2O photocathode with Cu grid lines was tested in an outdoor condition under natural sun. This is the first outdoor PEC demonstration of large-scale Cu2O photocathode with Cu grid lines, which gives insight into the development of efficient upscaled PEC photoelectrode.

scholarly journals Informative Frailty Indices from Binarized Biomarkers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett Stubbings ◽  
Spencer Farrell ◽  
Arnold Mitnitski ◽  
Kenneth Rockwood ◽  
Andrew Rutenberg
Keyword(s):  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Canadian Study ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Health Measure ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Biomarker Data

AbstractFrailty indices (FI) based on continuous valued health data, such as obtained from blood and urine tests, have been shown to be predictive of adverse health outcomes. However, creating FI from such biomarker data requires a binarization treatment that is difficult to standardize across studies. In this work, we explore a “quantile” methodology for the generic treatment of biomarker data that allows us to construct an FI without preexisting medical knowledge (i.e. risk thresholds) of the included biomarkers. We show that our quantile approach performs as well as, or even slightly better than, established methods for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA) data sets. Furthermore, we show that our approach is robust to cohort effects within studies as compared to other data-based methods. The success of our binarization approaches provides insight into the robustness of the FI as a health measure, the upper limits of the FI observed in various data sets, and highlights general difficulties in obtaining absolute scales for comparing FI between studies.

Obesity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Q. Purnell
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Chronic Condition ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Keywords Obesity ◽  
The World ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Insight Into

Obesity and its associated disorders are leading causes of morbidity and premature mortality around the world. Obese persons are also vulnerable to low self-esteem and depression because of the psychological and social stigmata that often accompany being overweight. Despite conventional wisdom that obesity results from deficient self-control, research has provided insight into the physiology behind unwanted weight gain. Obesity is recognized as a chronic condition resulting from an interaction between environmental influences and an individual’s genetic predisposition. This review contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 126 references. Keywords: Obesity, Body mass index, Hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, pulmonary disease, gastroesophageal reflux, sleep apnea

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