scholarly journals The interaction between numerical and continuous non-numerical magnitudes in a Double Change Detection paradigm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Guillaume ◽  
Charlotte Hendryckx ◽  
ANTHONY BEUEL ◽  
Amandine Van Rinsveld ◽  
Alain Content
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Numerical Abilities ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
Visual Dimension ◽  
Numerical Magnitudes ◽  
Field Area ◽  
Visual Changes

In the field of numerical cognition, researchers conventionally assess non-symbolic numerical abilities with the help of number comparison tasks, in which participants need to compare two arrays. Many studies emphasized that visual (non-numerical) dimensions can serve as strategic cues and influence the decision on numerosity in these tasks. In this study, we suggest the use of a novel paradigm based on the Change Detection paradigm. Here, participants had to simultaneously pay attention to numerical changes and visual changes on a target non-numerical dimension (Individual Area, Total Area, Field Area, or Density). Participants had to detect changes relative to the two dimensions and press response keys indicating either number change or visual change or press both keys. In such a double change detection paradigm, and unlike number comparison tasks, target and covarying dimensions cannot serve as cues to influence the numerical decision. We found that numerical change detection was excellent and stable across the conditions. Further, participants were more likely to falsely consider visual changes as numerical changes than the other way around. Lastly, when both dimensions varied, participants more frequently missed visual changes than numerical changes. Overall, our findings show that numerosity was the most salient visual dimension. From a methodological perspective, such a double change detection paradigm could be of critical interest to assess numerical abilities for future studies.

Pip and Pop

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 284-288
Author(s):  
Cindy Chamberland ◽  
Helen M. Hodgetts ◽  
Benoît R. Vallières ◽  
François Vachon ◽  
Sébastien Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Information Overload ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Visual Change ◽  
Mental Demand ◽  
High Workload ◽  
Visual Change Detection ◽  
Multiple Resource ◽  
Visual Changes

Dynamic and complex command and control situations often require the timely recognition of changes in the environment in order to detect potentially malicious actions. Change detection can be challenging within a continually evolving scene, and particularly under multitasking conditions whereby attention is necessarily divided between several subtasks. On-screen tools can assist with detection (e.g., providing a visual record of changes, ensuring that none are overlooked), however, in a high workload environment, this may result in information overload to the detriment of the primary task. One alternative is to exploit the auditory modality as a means to support visual change detection. In the current study, we use a naval air-warfare simulation, and introduce an auditory alarm to coincide with critical visual changes (in aircraft speed/direction) on the radar. We found that participants detected a greater percentage of visual changes and were significantly quicker to detect these changes when they were accompanied by an auditory alarm than when they were not. Furthermore, participants reported that mental demand was lower in the auditory alarm condition, and this was reflected in reduced classification omissions on the primary task. Results are discussed in relation to Wickens’ multiple resource theory of attention and indicate the potential for using the auditory modality to facilitate visual change detection.

scholarly journals Reversing the Manual Digit Bias in Two-Digit Number Comparison

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Faulkenberry ◽  
Alexander Cruise ◽  
Samuel Shaki
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Number Representation ◽  
Digit Number ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
Number Representations ◽  
Mouse Movements ◽  
Embodied Representation ◽  
Fixed Standard

Abstract. Though recent work in numerical cognition has supported a strong tie between numerical and spatial representations (e.g., a mental number line), less is known about such ties in multi-digit number representations. Along this line, Bloechle, Huber, and Moeller (2015) found that pointing positions in two-digit number comparison were biased leftward toward the decade digit. Moreover, this bias was reduced in unit-decade incompatible pairs. In the present study, we tracked computer mouse movements as participants compared two-digit numbers to a fixed standard (55). Similar to Bloechle et al. (2015) , we found that trajectories exhibited a leftward bias that was reduced for unit-decade incompatible comparisons. However, when positions of response labels were reversed, the biases reversed. That is, we found a rightward bias for compatible pairs that was reduced for incompatible pairs. This result calls into question a purely embodied representation of place value structure and instead supports a competition model of two-digit number representation.

scholarly journals Auditor’s Ethical Judgments: The Influence of Moral Intensity, Ethical Orientation and Client Importance

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Razana Juhaida Johari ◽  
Zuraidah Mohd Sanusi ◽  
Arumega Zarefar
Keyword(s):  
Moral Intensity ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Intensity Level ◽  
Ethical Orientation ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Ethical Judgments ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Research Instrument ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Individual

This study examined auditors’ ethical judgments using two theoretical perspectives; (1) Moral intensity constructs of Jones’ (1991) Model and (2) Forsyth’s (1980) framework of individual ethical orientation. The importance of the moral issues and how they affected the auditors’ ethical judgments together with the influence of individual’s ethical orientation and the client importance is discussed. A research instrument consisted of two scenarios with different level of moral intensity issues and utilized a 12-item of moral intensity measurement and a Forsyth’s (1980) scale to measure ethical orientation along two dimensions, idealism and relativism. The client importance is manipulated in this between-subjects study. The results of 152 auditors’ found that the effects of the moral intensity construct and the client importance on auditors’ ethical judgments is different based on the issues intensity level of the scenarios. Whereas, both dimensions of the individual ethical orientation (idealism and relativism) are found significant in both of the scenarios tested. The limitations of the study and recommendation for future studies are also discussed.

scholarly journals Towards numerical cognition's origin: insights from day-old domestic chicks

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1740) ◽  
pp. 20160509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Rugani
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Domestic Chick ◽  
Ontogenetic Development ◽  
Target Element ◽  
Ordinal Information ◽  
Numerical Abilities ◽  
Domestic Chicks ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
Area And Perimeter

Instead of the scepticism on animal numerical understanding that characterized the first half of the twentieth century, in recent decades, a large and increasing body of the literature has shown that adult animals can master a variety of non-symbolic (in the absence of symbols such as mathematical words) numerical tasks. Nonetheless, evidence proving early numerical abilities in non-human animals was sparse. In this paper, I report the ongoing work to investigate numerical cognition in the day-old domestic chick ( Gallus gallus ). Unlike previous studies on adult animals, chicks can be tested very early in life, which gives us the opportunity to discover the origins of numerical comprehension. Here, I discuss studies revealing that day-old domestic chicks can: (i) discriminate between different numbers of objects; (ii) solve rudimentary arithmetic operations; and (iii) use ordinal information, identifying a target element (e.g. the fourth) in a series of identical elements, on the basis of its serial-numerical position. Some of these abilities are number-specific, while others underlie the interplay between number and continuous extents (continuous-quantity cues that covary with number, such as area and perimeter). These data are discussed in terms of ontogenetic development of mathematical comprehension. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The origins of numerical abilities’.

scholarly journals Continuous and discrete quantity discrimination in tortoises

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gazzola ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara ◽  
Daniele Pellitteri-Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Food Item ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
Quantity Discrimination ◽  
Weber's Law ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Numerical Abilities ◽  
Numerical Magnitudes ◽  
Testudo Hermanni ◽  
Numerousness Discrimination ◽  
Discrete Quantity

AbstractThe ability to estimate quantity, which is crucially important in several aspects of animal behaviour (e.g., foraging), has been extensively investigated in most taxa, with the exception of reptiles. The few studies available, in lizards, report lack of spontaneous discrimination of quantity, which may suggest that reptiles could represent an exception in numerical abilities among vertebrates. We investigated the spontaneous ability of Hermann’s tortoises (Testudo hermanni) to select the larger quantity of food items. Tortoises showed able to choose the larger food item when exposed with two options differing in size (0.25, 0.50, 0.67 and 0.75 ratio) and when presented with two groups differing in numerousness (1 versus 4, 2 versus 4, 2 versus 3 and 3 versus 4 items). The tortoises succeeded in both size and numerousness discrimination, and their performance appeared to depend on the ratio of items to be discriminated (thus following Weber’s Law). These findings in chelonians provide evidence of an ancient system for the extrapolation of numerical magnitudes from given sets of elements, shared among vertebrates.

Time Course of Brain Activity during Change Blindness and Change Awareness: Performance is Predicted by Neural Events before Change Onset

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 2108-2129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles Pourtois ◽  
Michael De Pretto ◽  
Claude-Alain Hauert ◽  
Patrik Vuilleumier
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Change Blindness ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Visual Changes

People often remain “blind” to visual changes occurring during a brief interruption of the display. The processing stages responsible for such failure remain unresolved. We used event-related potentials to determine the time course of brain activity during conscious change detection versus change blindness. Participants saw two successive visual displays, each with two faces, and reported whether one of the faces changed between the first and second displays. Relative to blindness, change detection was associated with a distinct pattern of neural activity at several successive processing stages, including an enhanced occipital P1 response and a sustained frontal activity (CNV-like potential) after the first display, before the change itself. The amplitude of the N170 and P3 responses after the second visual display were also modulated by awareness of the face change. Furthermore, a unique topography of event-related potential activity was observed during correct change and correct no-change reports, but not during blindness, with a recurrent time course in the stimulus sequence and simultaneous sources in the parietal and temporo-occipital cortex. These results indicate that awareness of visual changes may depend on the attentional state subserved by coordinated neural activity in a distributed network, before the onset of the change itself.

scholarly journals Reversing the manual digit bias in two-digit number comparison

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Faulkenberry
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Number Line ◽  
Number Representation ◽  
Digit Number ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
Number Representations ◽  
Mouse Movements ◽  
Embodied Representation ◽  
Fixed Standard

Though recent work in numerical cognition has supported the embodiment of number representations (e.g., a mental number line), little is known about the embodiment of multi-digit number representations. Along this line, Bloechle, Huber, and Moeller (2015) found that pointing positions in two-digit number comparison were biased leftward toward the decade digit. Moreover, this bias was reduced in unit-decade incompatible pairs. In the present study, we tracked computer mouse movements as participants compared two-digit numbers to a fixed standard (55). Similar to Bloechle et al. (2015), we found that trajectories exhibited a leftward bias that was reduced for unit-decade incompatible comparisons. However, when positions of response labels were reversed, the biases reversed. That is, we found a rightward bias for compatible pairs that was reduced for incompatible pairs. This result calls into question a purely embodied representation of place value structure and instead supports a competition model of two-digit number representation.

scholarly journals Measuring visual search and distraction in immersive virtual reality

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 172331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Olk ◽  
Alina Dinu ◽  
David J. Zielinski ◽  
Regis Kopper
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Target Reaction

An important issue of psychological research is how experiments conducted in the laboratory or theories based on such experiments relate to human performance in daily life. Immersive virtual reality (VR) allows control over stimuli and conditions at increased ecological validity. The goal of the present study was to accomplish a transfer of traditional paradigms that assess attention and distraction to immersive VR. To further increase ecological validity we explored attentional effects with daily objects as stimuli instead of simple letters. Participants searched for a target among distractors on the countertop of a virtual kitchen. Target–distractor discriminability was varied and the displays were accompanied by a peripheral flanker that was congruent or incongruent to the target. Reaction time was slower when target–distractor discriminability was low and when flankers were incongruent. The results were replicated in a second experiment in which stimuli were presented on a computer screen in two dimensions. The study demonstrates the successful translation of traditional paradigms and manipulations into immersive VR and lays a foundation for future research on attention and distraction in VR. Further, we provide an outline for future studies that should use features of VR that are not available in traditional laboratory research.

scholarly journals Sources of noise during accumulation of evidence in unrestrained and voluntarily head-restrained rats

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin B Scott ◽  
Christine M Constantinople ◽  
Jeffrey C Erlich ◽  
David W Tank ◽  
Carlos D Brody
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Diffusion Modeling ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Head Restraint ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Decision Making Behavior ◽  
Visual Hemifields

Decision-making behavior is often characterized by substantial variability, but its source remains unclear. We developed a visual accumulation of evidence task designed to quantify sources of noise and to be performed during voluntary head restraint, enabling cellular resolution imaging in future studies. Rats accumulated discrete numbers of flashes presented to the left and right visual hemifields and indicated the side that had the greater number of flashes. Using a signal-detection theory-based model, we found that the standard deviation in their internal estimate of flash number scaled linearly with the number of flashes. This indicates a major source of noise that, surprisingly, is not consistent with the widely used 'drift-diffusion modeling' (DDM) approach but is instead closely related to proposed models of numerical cognition and counting. We speculate that this form of noise could be important in accumulation of evidence tasks generally.

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