scholarly journals Proactive versus reactive emotion regulation: A dual-mechanisms perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruna Martins ◽  
Lyneé A. Alves ◽  
Kimberly Sarah Chiew
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Regulation Strategies

Emotion regulation relies on cognitive processing, but the foundational cognitive control mechanisms engaged remain unclear. The process model of emotion regulation posits that different strategies occur at different points in time, with antecedent strategies occurring early and response-focused strategies later in the affective timecourse, with cognitive processing supporting these strategies following a similar timecourse. In parallel, the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) theoretical framework (Braver, 2012; Braver, Gray, & Burgess, 2007; Chiew & Braver, 2017) proposes that cognitive control operates via two temporally-distinct modes: anticipatory preparation to perform cognitive tasks (proactive), and momentary engagement in cognitive tasks as they arise (reactive). However, empirical investigations of the role of proactive and reactive control in emotion regulation have been limited. In this paper, we summarize and integrate these two theoretical perspectives. We first posit that any emotion regulation strategy may take place either early or late in the affective timecourse, depending on whether it is proactively or reactively enacted. We next provide examples of different strategies from the process model and their engagement in both control modes. In addition, we discuss how strategic dependence on the downstream emotional stimulus and response could further affect the timecourse and cognitive load of emotion regulation strategies. We conclude by discussing how controlling for timing in future research designs may clarify how populations with reduced cognitive control may demonstrate intact emotion regulation (i.e., through greater reliance on reactive strategies), and how incorporation of the DMC perspective may inform applied emotion regulation interventions for clinical populations.

Cognitive Processes and Risk for Emotion Dysregulation

2018 ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
Hooria Jazaieri ◽  
Helen Uusberg ◽  
Andero Uusberg ◽  
James J. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Emotion Generation ◽  
Key Terms

This chapter examines cognitive processes that underlie the development of emotion dysregulation. It first introduces and defines key terms including emotion, emotion regulation, and emotion dysregulation. It then introduces the authors’ theoretical perspective, the extended process model of emotion regulation, which considers emotion generation and emotion regulation as valuation systems, and describes core regulation processes, including regulation strategies. Next, using the extended process model of emotion regulation as the guiding framework, the chapter discusses how emotion dysregulation may occur during the identification, selection, implementation, and monitoring stages. The chapter concludes by considering unresolved controversies and suggests several exciting avenues for future research across basic and applied domains.

Genetics of emotion regulation

2019 ◽  
pp. 144-169
Author(s):  
Andrei C Miu ◽  
Mirela I Bîlc
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Genetic Overlap ◽  
Candidate Gene Studies ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
And Behavior

Research in the last decades has extensively supported the widespread involvement of emotion regulation (i.e. the processes by which one attempts to modulate the experience and expression of affect) in emotion–cognition interactions, social functioning and behavior, and health. In particular, recent work has argued that emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic mechanism in psychopathology and could thus contribute to symptoms that characterize multiple mental disorders and explain some of the genetic overlap between these disorders. Therefore, an emerging literature has started to investigate the genetic underpinnings of emotion regulation and their commonality with psychopathology. After describing the process model, which has guided much of the recent research on emotion regulation, and its implications for psychopathology, the present chapter provides a systematic review of twin and candidate gene studies on the four emotion regulation strategies that have been examined to date: cognitive reappraisal, distraction, rumination, and expressive suppression. Several potential avenues for future research, suggested by recent advances in emotion regulation research and human genetics, are outlined in the final section of this chapter.

scholarly journals Do Individual Differences in Emotion Regulation Mediate the Relationship Between Mental Toughness and Symptoms of Depression?

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Mutz ◽  
Peter Clough ◽  
Kostas A. Papageorgiou
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Mental Toughness ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Mental Toughness (MT) provides crucial psychological capacities for achievement in sports, education, and work settings. Previous research examined the role of MT in the domain of mental health and showed that MT is negatively associated with and predictive of fewer depressive symptoms in nonclinical populations. The present study aimed at (1) investigating to what extent mentally tough individuals use two emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression; (2) exploring whether individual differences in emotion regulation strategy use mediate the relationship between MT and depressive symptoms. Three hundred sixty-four participants (M = 24.31 years, SD = 9.16) provided self-reports of their levels of MT, depressive symptoms, and their habitual use of cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between MT and two commonly used measures of depressive symptoms. A small statistically significant positive correlation between MT and the habitual use of cognitive reappraisal was also observed. The correlation between MT and the habitual use of expressive suppression was statistically significant, but the size of the effect was small. A statistical mediation model indicated that individual differences in the habitual use of expressive suppression mediate the relationship between MT and depressive symptoms. No such effect was found for the habitual use of cognitive reappraisal. Implications of these findings and possible avenues for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Proactive Control of Emotional Distraction: An ERP Investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Laura Kranz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Frequency Condition ◽  
Distractor Processing ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Distraction Task ◽  
Emotional Distraction

<p>According to the Dual Mechanisms of Control (DMC) framework (Braver, 2012) distraction can be controlled either proactively (i.e., before the onset of a distractor) or reactively (i.e., after the onset of a distractor). Research clearly indicates that, when distractors are emotionally neutral, proactive mechanisms are more effective at controlling distraction than reactive mechanisms. However, whether proactive control mechanisms can control irrelevant emotional distractions as effectively as neutral distraction is not known. In the current thesis I examined cognitive control over emotional distraction. In Experiment 1, I tested whether proactive mechanisms can control emotional distraction as effectively as neutral distraction. Participants completed a distraction task. On each trial, they determined whether a centrally presented target letter (embedded amongst a circle of ‘o’s) was an ‘X’ or an ‘N’, while ignoring peripheral distractors (negative, neutral, or positive images). Distractors were presented on either a low proportion (25%) or a high proportion (75%) of trials, to evoke reactive and proactive cognitive control strategies, respectively. Emotional images (both positive and negative) produced more distraction than neutral images in the low distractor frequency (i.e., reactive control) condition. Critically, emotional distraction was almost abolished in the high distractor frequency condition; emotional images were only slightly more distracting than neutral images, suggesting that proactive mechanisms can control emotional distraction almost as effectively as neutral distraction. In Experiment 2, I replicated and extended Experiment 1. ERPs were recorded while participants completed the distraction task. An early index (the early posterior negativity; EPN) and a late index (the late positive potential; LPP) of emotional processing were examined to investigate the mechanisms by which proactive control minimises emotional distraction. The behavioural results of Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, providing further support for the hypothesis that proactive mechanisms can control emotional distractions as effectively as neutral distractions. While proactive control was found to eliminate early emotional processing of positive distractors, it paradoxically did not attenuate late emotional processing of positive distractors. On the other hand, proactive control eliminated late emotional processing of negative distractors. However, the early index of emotional processing was not a reliable index of negative distractor processing under either reactive or proactive conditions. Taken together, my findings show that proactive mechanisms can effectively control emotional distraction, but do not clearly establish the mechanisms by which this occurs.</p>

scholarly journals POST-PRINT MANUSCRIPT - I know you so I will regulate you: Closeness but not target’s emotion type affects all stages of extrinsic emotion regulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Tanna ◽  
Carolyn MacCann
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Subject Design ◽  
Regulation Process ◽  
Distant Target ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Social Sharing ◽  
Emotion Type

The Extended Process Model of Emotion Regulation outlines the processes people use to influence the timing and type of emotions they have. The current study applies this model to extrinsic regulation (regulating others’ emotions). In a 2x2 between-subject design, we examine how the target person’s emotion (anger/anxiety), and target/regulator closeness (close/distant) interact to predict the regulator’s intention to regulate, regulation process choice, evaluation of regulation success (regulation self-efficacy), and empathy toward the target. Participants (N = 266) were randomly allocated to one of four conditions to read three vignettes where a close/distant target expressed anger/anxiety. Compared to distant targets, close targets elicited significantly greater intention to regulate, social sharing (but not humor, reappraisal, or distancing), self-efficacy of implementation and empathy. There was no support for emotion type or emotion-by-closeness hypotheses. We conclude that closeness but not emotion type affects emotion regulation at all three stages of the Extended Process Model of Emotion Regulation. Future research could include the effect of closeness on additional processes (such as direct situation modification, or giving space).

scholarly journals Emotions and emotion up-regulation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262283
Author(s):  
Iris Schelhorn ◽  
Swantje Schlüter ◽  
Kerstin Paintner ◽  
Youssef Shiban ◽  
Ricardo Lugo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Information Management ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Cognitive Appraisals ◽  
Future Research ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
The Moment

In stressful situations such as the COVID-19-pandemic, unpleasant emotions are expected to increase while pleasant emotions will likely decrease. Little is known about the role cognitive appraisals, information management, and upregulating pleasant emotions can play to support emotion regulation in a pandemic. In an online survey (N = 1682), we investigated predictors of changes in pleasant and unpleasant emotions in a German sample (aged 18–88 years) shortly after the first restrictions were imposed. Crisis self-efficacy and felt restriction were predictors of changes in unpleasant emotions and joy alike. The application of emotion up-regulation strategies was weakly associated with changes in joy. Among the different upregulation strategies, only “savouring the moment” predicted changes in joy. Our study informs future research perspectives assessing the role of upregulating pleasant emotions under challenging circumstances.

The costs and benefits of dampening of positive affect in youth

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Estee M. Hausman
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Mental Health Clinics ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Regulation Strategies

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] The main goals of the current study were to a) extend the literature on dampening, or positive emotion regulation strategies, affective, cognitive, and behavioral, used to decrease the frequency, intensity, or duration of PA, in youth by examining correlates of dampening and b) investigate the conditions under which youths' dampening may be adaptive and maladaptive personally and socially for youth. In order to accomplish this goal, it was first necessary to develop a measure of dampening situationally; thus, development and validation of a new self-report measure of dampening (i.e., the Children's Responses to Everyday Positive Events; CREPE) was a preliminary goal of this study as well. The CREPE was investigated in a sample of typically developing youth, ages 12-15 (N=137). Participants were recruited through paper flyers posted at public libraries, cafes, and mental health clinics in the Central Missouri community and electronic flyers posted on Craigslist and sent through school and university newsletters. Youth completed measures of positive emotion regulation strategies, affect, anxiety, depression, externalizing symptoms, social competence, and life satisfaction in an online survey. Results indicated that youth dampen both cognitively and behaviorally consistently across situations, both of which are maladaptive, not adaptive. However, cognitive, not behavioral, dampening added to the prediction of higher depression. Sex differences in dampening and in its relationships to depression were also explored. Implications for future research and for intervention targeting dampening are discussed.

scholarly journals Proactive and reactive control mechanisms in navigational search

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182095892
Author(s):  
Josie Briscoe ◽  
Iain D Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Target Location ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Search Behaviour ◽  
Flashing Light

Reactive and proactive cognitive control are fundamental for guiding complex human behaviour. In two experiments, we evaluated the role of both types of cognitive control in navigational search. Participants searched for a single hidden target in a floor array where the salience at the search locations varied (flashing or static lights). An a-priori rule of the probable location of the target (either under a static or a flashing light) was provided at the start of each experiment. Both experiments demonstrated a bias towards rule-adherent locations. Search errors, measured as revisits, were more likely to occur under the flashing rule for searching flashing locations, regardless of the salience of target location in Experiment 1 and at rule-congruent (flashing) locations in Experiment 2. Consistent with dual mechanisms of control, rule-adherent search was explained by engaging proactive control to guide goal-maintained search behaviour and by engaging reactive control to avoid revisits to salient (flashing) locations. Experiment 2 provided direct evidence for dual mechanisms of control using a Dot Pattern Expectancy task to distinguish the dominant control mode for a participant. Participants with a reactive control mode generated more revisits to salient (flashing) locations. These data point to complementary roles for proactive and reactive control in guiding navigational search and propose a novel framework for interpreting navigational search.

Emotion-regulation strategies in older people: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Ramirez-Ruiz ◽  
Kathryn Quinn ◽  
Nuno Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Older People ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Avoidance Problem

Purpose Emotion regulation (ER) has been identified as an important factor influencing psychological and health problems of adult populations. The purpose of this paper is to address a gap in the literature by examining available evidence relating to the use of ER strategies (avoidance, problem solving, reappraisal, rumination and suppression) on the well-being of older people (OP). Design/methodology/approach A systematic search for peer-reviewed articles published from 1985 to 2015 was conducted in PsycINFO, CINAHL, Medline, Psychological and Behavioural Sciences Collections and ASSIA and resulted in 1746 titles. In total, 20 studies met full inclusion criteria (the cross-sectional association between well-being and ER was reported, participants were 60 years or older, without cognitive impairment and the article was written in English, Portuguese or Spanish). Findings Rumination was found to be the ER strategy most strongly associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in OP populations, while mixed result were found for avoidance, problem solving, suppression and reappraisal. Research limitations/implications Given the scarcity of research examining the association between ER and positive psychological concepts only a conclusion about ER and negative mood measures could be made. Questions for future research on ER and well-being in OP are proposed. Originality/value This paper addresses a significant gap in the literature regarding the use of ER strategies in older adults.

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