scholarly journals Little between-region and between-country variance when forming impressions of others

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Hester ◽  
Sally Y Xie ◽  
Eric Hehman
Keyword(s):  
Local Environment ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Target Characteristics

To what extent are perceivers’ first impressions of others dictated by cultural background versus personal idiosyncrasies? To address this question, we analyzed a globally diverse dataset containing 11,481 adult participants’ ratings of 120 targets across 45 countries (2,597,624 total ratings). Across ratings of 13 traits, we find that perceivers’ idiosyncratic differences accounted for ~29% of variance and impressions on their own and ~16% in conjunction with target characteristics. However, country- and region-level differences, here a proxy for culture, accounted for on average 3.2% (i.e., both alone and in conjunction with target characteristics). We replicated this pattern of effects in a pre-registered analysis on an entirely novel dataset containing 7,007 participants’ ratings of 100 targets across 41 countries (24,886 total ratings). Together, this work suggests that perceivers’ impressions of others are largely dictated by their individual characteristics and local environment, rather than their cultural background.

scholarly journals Little Between-Region and Between-Country Variance When People Form Impressions of Others

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762110199
Author(s):  
Neil Hester ◽  
Sally Y. Xie ◽  
Eric Hehman
Keyword(s):  
Local Environment ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Target Characteristics ◽  
Diverse Data

To what extent are perceivers’ first impressions of other individuals dictated by cultural background rather than personal idiosyncrasies? To address this question, we analyzed a globally diverse data set containing 11,481 adult participants’ ratings of 120 targets across 45 countries (2,597,624 total ratings). Across ratings of 13 traits, we found that perceivers’ idiosyncratic differences accounted for approximately 29% of variance and impressions on their own and approximately 16% in conjunction with target characteristics. However, country- and region-level differences, here a proxy for culture, accounted for 3.2% on average (i.e., both alone and in conjunction with target characteristics). We replicated this pattern of effects in a preregistered analysis on an entirely novel data set containing 7,007 participants’ ratings of 100 targets across 41 countries (24,886 total ratings). Together, these results suggest that perceivers’ impressions of other people are largely dictated by their individual characteristics and local environment rather than their cultural background.

Individual- and area-level influence on suicide risk: a multilevel longitudinal study of Swedish schoolchildren

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zammit ◽  
D. Gunnell ◽  
G. Lewis ◽  
G. Leckie ◽  
C. Dalman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
School Context ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
School Level ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Qualitative Interaction

BackgroundCharacteristics related to the areas where people live have been associated with suicide risk, although these might reflect aggregation into these communities of individuals with mental health or social problems. No studies have examined whether area characteristics during childhood are associated with subsequent suicide, or whether risk associated with individual characteristics varies according to childhood neighbourhood context.MethodWe conducted a longitudinal study of 204 323 individuals born in Sweden in 1972 and 1977 with childhood data linked to suicide (n = 314; 0.15%) up to age 26–31 years. Multilevel modelling was used to examine: (i) whether school-, municipality- or county-level characteristics during childhood are associated with later suicide, independently of individual effects, and (ii) whether associations between individual characteristics and suicide vary according to school context (reflecting both peer group and neighbourhood effects).ResultsAssociations between suicide and most contextual measures, except for school-level gender composition, were explained by individual characteristics. There was some evidence of cross-level effects of individual- and school-level markers of ethnicity and deprivation on suicide risk, with qualitative interaction patterns. For example, having foreign-born parents increased the risk for individuals raised in areas where they were in a relative minority, but protected against suicide in areas where larger proportions of the population had foreign-born parents.ConclusionsCharacteristics that define individuals as being different from most people in their local environment as they grow up may increase suicide risk. If robustly replicated, these findings have potentially important implications for understanding the aetiology of suicide and informing social policy.

scholarly journals The perceived obesogenic environment survey in the Flemish municipal context – the CIVISANO project

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Inac ◽  
S D'Hooghe ◽  
S Dury ◽  
E De Clerq ◽  
S Vandevijvere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economically Disadvantaged ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Community Based Participatory Research ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Subjective Health ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Obesogenic Environment ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Contextual Determinants ◽  
Context Specific

Abstract Background The prevalence of obesity worldwide has been steadily increasing. This has generated an uptake in research determining the cause of obesity. One of the primary drivers that have been identified is the “obesogenic environment', which is an environment that contains features that increase excess weight in individuals or populations. Obesogenic environments are unevenly distributed with socio-economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods being more affected. Methods This survey is part of the CIVISANO (‘Community-based participatory research to tackle the disparities in health-enhancing lifestyle within the municipality environment') project, which will be conducted in two municipalities. Respondents will be socio-economically disadvantaged adults between 25- and 65-years old. To gain information on individual characteristics and perceptions of the obesogenic environment, residents will be invited to complete a survey. Since it is known that socio-economically disadvantaged respondents are difficult to reach a non-random active recruitment approach will be applied. The following variables are included in the survey: sociodemographic information, subjective health and anthropometrics, dietary habits, food security and physical activity. Items from the SPOTLIGHT project survey and NEMS-P survey were added to assess respondent's perceptions of features of the obesogenic environment. Additional variables on individual characteristics were based on items from the Belgian National Health Interview Survey of 2019. Results Through the survey, we expect to gain insight into the perceptions of socio-economically disadvantaged adults on obesogenic features of their local environment. Initial results from the survey will be available in the upcoming months. Conclusions The construction of instruments to assess the context-specific features, which can be compared with objective measurements, can increase our knowledge of contextual determinants of the obesogenic environment. Key messages The first Flemish survey that focuses on perceptions of socio-economically disadvantaged adults on obesogenic features of their local environment in the municipal context. Gaining a better understanding of the local obesogenic environment creates an opportunity to promote and strengthen the development of effective local interventions to build healthier environments.

scholarly journals Exploring Personal Development Workshops’ Effect on Well-being and Interconnectedness 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helané Wahbeh ◽  
Garret Yount ◽  
Cassandra Vieten ◽  
Dean Radin ◽  
Arnaud Delorme
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Change Scores ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Introduction: Personal development workshops are increasingly popular. This study evaluated the relationships between measures of well-being, interconnectedness, and extended perception in a variety of these workshops, and it explored which kinds of workshops and individual characteristics predicted changes in these outcomes. Materials and Methods: In a prospective, uncontrolled, within-participant design study, adult participants completed questionnaires and online tasks before and after personal development workshops. Two sets of analyses were completed, 1) examining the relationships between measures using only pre-workshop measures using Spearman correlations and 2) exploring change scores pre- to post-workshop and workshop and individual characteristics as predictors of those change scores using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and multivariate nonparametric methods. Results: The subjective sense of interconnectedness and well-being were intercorrelated, but extended perception task performance was not correlated with those factors. General personal development workshops improved subjective interconnectedness, well-being, positive emotion, compassion, and reduced sleep disturbances, negative emotion, and pain. The workshop formats of lecture, small groups, pairs, and discussion were significant predictors of well-being outcomes. The workshop content categories of meditation and technology tools were also predictive of well-being outcomes, with meditation being the most consistent predictor of positive well-being changes. Conscientiousness was the only significant individual characteristic predictor, although it was associated with increases in some well-being measures and decreases in others. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for the positive relationship between the subjective sense of interconnectedness and multiple well-being measures and the beneficial effects of personal development workshops.

scholarly journals Potential Within Student Support Framework in Educational Space of Polish and Ukrainian Higher Education Institutions

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Mariola Mirowska
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Organizational Capabilities ◽  
Educational Goals ◽  
Student Life ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

AbstractOne of the aspects of the university institutional renewal should be to improve the organization of conditions for the support of the student life opportunities. Determination of the student’s needs and expectations in diagnosing his resources, opportunities and environment (university / family / local environment) will facilitate the organization of services for the student. The existing services system is fragmented causing organizational chaos and disorientation of the recipient and does not take into account the individual characteristics of the student. The method of an individual case may be an alternative to operating system in its extended formula. Its conception is divided into two stages: the diagnosis of student’s needs and expectations and the individual assistance plan in achieving educational goals through the personal resources development and a more or less inner circle at the university. It has been concluded that organization improvement of the higher education institution activity should take place particularly through creating conditions conducive to the development of student potential. The student (life) opportunities building should take into account the individual needs, expectations and resources of the student as well as the organizational capabilities of the university, the family and the local environment. The responsibility of the existing units of the university is to provide support and assistance to the student although they operate in accordance with their own rules, clearly defined tasks and competencies without creating an entire (holistic) system for supporting the student potential in the age of globalization. The proposed method of organizing the conditions at the university permitting us to identify and develop the student potential to meet their needs in the perspective of multidimensional existence may be an individualized approach to the student.

Residual Gas Reaction in the Electron Microscope: II The Design of a Gas-Control Chamber for Quantitative Observations

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 82-83
Author(s):  
Chester J. Calbick ◽  
Richard E. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ion Pump ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Differential Pumping ◽  
And Control

Quantitative studies of the phenomenon associated with reactions induced by the electron beam between specimens and gases present in the electron microscope require precise knowledge and control of the local environment experienced by the portion of the specimen in the electron beam. Because of outgassing phenomena, the environment at the irradiated portion of the specimen is very different from that in any place where gas pressures and compositions can be measured. We have found that differential pumping of the specimen chamber by a 4" Orb-Ion pump, following roughing by a zeolite sorption pump, can produce a specimen-chamber pressure 100- to 1000-fold less than that in the region below the objective lens.

An emerging technology: Nuclear magnetic resonance microscopy

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 1000-1001
Author(s):  
M.J. Hennessy ◽  
E. Kwok
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Nmr Microscopy ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Temperature Relaxation ◽  
Nuclear Magnetic

Much progress in nuclear magnetic resonance microscope has been made in the last few years as a result of improved instrumentation and techniques being made available through basic research in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies for medicine. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was first observed in the hydrogen nucleus in water by Bloch, Purcell and Pound over 40 years ago. Today, in medicine, virtually all commercial MRI scans are made of water bound in tissue. This is also true for NMR microscopy, which has focussed mainly on biological applications. The reason water is the favored molecule for NMR is because water is,the most abundant molecule in biology. It is also the most NMR sensitive having the largest nuclear magnetic moment and having reasonable room temperature relaxation times (from 10 ms to 3 sec). The contrast seen in magnetic resonance images is due mostly to distribution of water relaxation times in sample which are extremely sensitive to the local environment.

Electron energy-loss near-edge structure in silicate minerals

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1258-1259
Author(s):  
D W McComb ◽  
R S Payne ◽  
P L Hansen ◽  
R Brydson
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Electron Energy ◽  
State Energy ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
Silicate Minerals ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Careful Processing

Electron energy-loss near-edge structure (ELNES) is an effective probe of the local geometrical and electronic environment around particular atomic species in the solid state. Energy-loss spectra from several silicate minerals were mostly acquired using a VG HB501 STEM fitted with a parallel detector. Typically a collection angle of ≈8mrad was used, and an energy resolution of ≈0.5eV was achieved.Other authors have indicated that the ELNES of the Si L2,3-edge in α-quartz is dominated by the local environment of the silicon atom i.e. the SiO4 tetrahedron. On this basis, and from results on other minerals, the concept of a coordination fingerprint for certain atoms in minerals has been proposed. The concept is useful in some cases, illustrated here using results from a study of the Al2SiO5 polymorphs (Fig.l). The Al L2,3-edge of kyanite, which contains only 6-coordinate Al, is easily distinguished from andalusite (5- & 6-coordinate Al) and sillimanite (4- & 6-coordinate Al). At the Al K-edge even the latter two samples exhibit differences; with careful processing, the fingerprint for 4-, 5- and 6-coordinate aluminium may be obtained.

Signal Interpretation Considerations When Estimating Subglottal Pressure From Oral Air Pressure

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1326-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany L. Perrine ◽  
Ronald C. Scherer ◽  
Jason A. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Standard Condition ◽  
Word Production ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Pressure Waveform ◽  
Pressure Measurements ◽  
Air Leak ◽  
Pressure Signal ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Syllable Repetition ◽  
Subglottal Pressure

Purpose Oral air pressure measurements during lip occlusion for /pVpV/ syllable strings are used to estimate subglottal pressure during the vowel. Accuracy of this method relies on smoothly produced syllable repetitions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oral air pressure waveform during the /p/ lip occlusions and propose physiological explanations for nonflat shapes. Method Ten adult participants were trained to produce the “standard condition” and were instructed to produce nonstandard tasks. Results from 8 participants are included. The standard condition required participants to produce /pːiːpːiː.../ syllables smoothly at approximately 1.5 syllables/s. The nonstandard tasks included an air leak between the lips, faster syllable repetition rates, an initial voiced consonant, and 2-syllable word productions. Results Eleven oral air pressure waveform shapes were identified during the lip occlusions, and plausible physiological explanations for each shape are provided based on the tasks in which they occurred. Training the use of the standard condition, the initial voice consonant condition, and the 2-syllable word production increased the likelihood of rectangular oral air pressure waveform shapes. Increasing the rate beyond 1.5 syllables/s improved the probability of producing rectangular oral air pressure signal shapes in some participants. Conclusions Visual and verbal feedback improved the likelihood of producing rectangular oral air pressure signal shapes. The physiological explanations of variations in the oral air pressure waveform shape may provide direction to the clinician or researcher when providing feedback to increase the accuracy of estimating subglottal pressure from oral air pressure.

The Influence of Language Context on Repetitive Speech Use in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Gladfelter ◽  
Cassidy VanZuiden
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Social Responsiveness ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
Language Context

Purpose Although repetitive speech is a hallmark characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the contributing factors that influence repetitive speech use remain unknown. The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine if the language context impacts the amount and type of repetitive speech produced by children with ASD. Method As part of a broader word-learning study, 11 school-age children with ASD participated in two different language contexts: storytelling and play. Previously collected language samples were transcribed and coded for four types of repetitive speech: immediate echolalia, delayed echolalia, verbal stereotypy, and vocal stereotypy. The rates and proportions of repetitive speech were compared across the two language contexts using Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests. Individual characteristics were further explored using Spearman correlations. Results The children produced lower rates of repetitive speech during the storytelling context than the play-based context. Only immediate echolalia differed between the two contexts based on rate and approached significance based on proportion, with more immediate echolalia produced in the play-based context than in the storytelling context. There were no significant correlations between repetitive speech and measures of social responsiveness, expressive or receptive vocabulary, or nonverbal intelligence. Conclusions The children with ASD produced less immediate echolalia in the storytelling context than in the play-based context. Immediate echolalia use was not related to social skills, vocabulary, or nonverbal IQ scores. These findings offer valuable insights into better understanding repetitive speech use in children with ASD.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document