scholarly journals The Emergence of Forensic Objectivity

Author(s):  
David Peterson

ABSTRACTA central goal of modern science, objectivity, is a concept with adocumented history. Its meaning in any specific setting reflectshistorically-situated understandings of both science and self. Recently,various scientific fields have confronted growing mistrust about thereplicability of findings. Statistical techniques familiar to forensicinvestigations have been deployed to articulate a “crisis of falsepositives.” In response, epistemic activists have invoked a decidedlyeconomic understanding of scientists’ selves. This has prompted a set ofproposed reforms including regulating disclosure of “backstage” researchdetails and enhancing incentives for replication. We argue that, together,these events represent the emergence of a new formulation of objectivity.Forensic objectivity assesses the integrity of research literatures in theresults observed in collections of studies rather than in themethodological details of individual studies and, thus, positionsmeta-analysis as the ultimate arbiter of scientific objectivity. Forensicobjectivity not only presents a challenge to scientific communities butalso raises new questions for the sociology of science.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Freese ◽  
David Peterson

The meaning of objectivity in any specific setting reflects historically situated understandings of both science and self. Recently, various scientific fields have confronted growing mistrust about the replicability of findings, and statistical techniques have been deployed to articulate a “crisis of false positives.” In response, epistemic activists have invoked a decidedly economic understanding of scientists’ selves. This has prompted a scientific social movement of proposed reforms, including regulating disclosure of “backstage” research details and enhancing incentives for replication. We theorize that together, these events represent the emergence of a new formulation of objectivity. Statistical objectivity assesses the integrity of research literatures in the results observed in collections of studies rather than the methodological details of individual studies and thus positions meta-analysis as the ultimate arbiter of scientific objectivity. Statistical objectivity presents a challenge to scientific communities and raises new questions for sociological theory about tensions between quantification and expertise.


1962 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-133
Author(s):  
T. J. Haarhoff

It has been said: ‘The Classics can be scrapped because of the advance of modern science.’ But, apart from the timeless values in the aesthetic and the moral spheres, we now have the amazing fact that in the realm of science itself, Nobel Prizewinners like Heisenberg and Schrödinger have been pleading for a return to the ancient Greeks; and that, too, in the most modern of scientific fields—atomic physics.


Dialogue ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Mirowski

Recent breakthroughs in the history and sociology of science have begun to help us to appreciate the vast complexity and intricate character of empirical endeavours in the sciences. The days when philosophers could blandly gesture towards “observation statements” or “falsification,” as if they were some readily understood phenomena or set of procedures, are gone, happily. This does not mean we can merely use the Duhem-Quine thesis as a shibboleth, however: we are now much more sensitive to immense difficulties in establishing viable claims to replication (Chen 1994) or establishing the absence of selectivity bias, or convincing others of adequacy of experimental controls. Yet, even so, I would still assert that modern science studies, with only a very few exceptions, have ignored the problem of the constitution of error in the context of precision quantitative measurement. While rather broad claims have been made concerning measurement by Hacking, Cartwright, Franklin and others, none goes so far as to examine the actual manipulation of the numerical data. More distressingly, in the areas of economics and economic methodology, we have not even got so far as have the researchers in science studies. This fact alone should provide grounds for scepticism about the claim in Cartwright (1989) that philosophy of scientific inference has something to learn from the history of econometrics.


2019 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Surojbek RUZMETOV

В статье рассматриваются проблемы, связанные с лингвистическим воплощением образа представителя старшего поколения в современной науке . Как утверждается, лингвистический аспект образа пожилого человека является составляющей его психологического портрета. Данный аспект в свою очередьможет быть расчленен на такие условные структурные элементы, как специфические обороты речи, словарный запас, возрастные особенности восприятия некоторых понятий, предпочитаемая тематика бесед, коммуникативные традиции и т.д. Геронтология является однимиз современных научных направлений, которое изучает круг проблем, связанных со старостью и старением. Одним из направлений данной науки, соприкасающимся с лингвистикой, является социальная геронтология, в рамках которойбыли исследованы лишь вопросы лингвистического характера, связанные с речеповеденческой деятельностью человека. Дальнейшее углубление геронтологии в исследовании лингвистических вопросов создаст почву для появления интегрированной научной области, которой дается название геронтологической лингвистики.Вопрос исследования различных возрастных категорий в разных лингвокультурах находился в центре внимания многих современных отечественных и зарубежных языковедов. В связис процессом роста количества пожилых людей во всем мире проблема старения становится однимиз ключевых вопросов для обсуждения наконференциях планетарного масштаба, заседаниях ассамблей ООН, в специальных социологических исследованияхи т.д.На примере слова купонвыявляется, что отдельные лексические единицы могут быть восприняты по-разному представителями разных возрастных групп. Это позволяетпредположить, что у каждого возраста свои ценности, свой вкус и объединяющие их, иногда не воспринимающиеся представителями других возрастовпредметы интереса. Мақолада замонавий илмда кекса авлод вакилининг лингвистик образи намоён бўлиши билан боғлиқ бўлган масалалар ўрганилади. Таъкидлашларича, кекса инсон образининг лингвистик аспекти унинг психологик портрети таркибий қисми ҳисобланади. Ушбу аспект, ўз навбатида, ўзига хос нутқий иборалар, сўз бойлиги, айрим тушунчаларни идрок қилишдаги ёшга оид хусусиятлар, суҳбат қилиш учун мақбул мавзулар, коммуникатив анъаналар каби шартли таркибий элементларга ажратилиши мумкин.Геронтология замонавий фан йўналиши бўлиб, унда кексалик ва кексайиш жараёни билан боғлиқ масалалар ўрганилади. Ушбу фаннинг лингвистика билан бевосита алоқадор йўналиши ижтимоий геронтологиядир ва унинг доирасида инсоннинг нутқий фаолияти билан боғлиқ лингвистикага оид масалалар тадқиқ қилинган. Геронтологиянинг лингвистик масалаларни ўрганишда янада чуқурлашиши натижасида фанда геронтологик лин гвистика деб номланган интегратив соҳанинг вужудга келишига асос бўлади.Бугун турли лингвомаданиятларда ёш категорияларининг тадқиқ қилиниши кўплаб ватандошларимиз ва хориж тилшуносларининг диққат марказида бўлган. Бутун дунёда кекса инсонлар сонининг ўсиб бориши кузатилаётган айни пайтда, кексайиш билан боғлиқ бўлган масалалар халқаро миқёсдаги анжуманлар, БМТ ассамблеяси йиғилишлари, махсус социологик тадқиқотлар ва бошқа доираларда муҳокама қилинадиган долзарб масалага айланмоқда. Мақолада купон сўзи м исолида айрим луғавий бирликларнинг турли ёш вакиллари томонидан турлича тушунилиши мумкинлиги кўрсатиб берилган. Бу ҳар бир ёш вакилларини уйғунлаштирувчи ва баъзан бошқа ёш вакилларига хос бўлмаган қадриятлар ҳамда диднинг мавжудлиги тўғрисида хулоса қилиш имконини беради. The article deals with the problems associated with the linguistic embodiment of the image of the older generation in modern science. As stated, the linguistic aspect of the image of an elderly person is part of his psychological portrait. This aspect, in turn, can be divided into such conditional structural elements as specific language turns, vocabulary, age characteristics of the perception of certain concepts, preferred topics of conversations, communicative traditions, etc.Gerontology is one of the modern scientific fields, which studies the range of problems associated with old age and aging. One of the directions of this science that comes into contact with linguistics is social gerontology, within the framework of which only questions of a linguistic nature related to human speech behavior have been investigated. Further deepening of gerontology in the study of linguistic issues will create the basis for the emergence of an integrated scientific field, which is given the name gerontological linguistics.The question of studying age categories in different linguistic cultures was the focus of attention of many modern domestic and foreign linguists. In connection with the process of growing number of elderly people all over the world, the problem of aging is becoming one of the key issues to be discussed at conferences on a global scale, meetings of UN assemblies, special sociological research, etc. On the example of the word coupon, it is revealed that individual lexical units can be perceived differently by representatives of different age groups. This allows us to generalize that each age has its own values, its own taste and unifying them, sometimes not perceived by representatives of other ages, objects of interest.


2011 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Johnson

I start by explaining what I take computational linguistics to be, and discuss the relationship between its scientific side and its engineering applications. Statistical techniques have revolutionised many scientific fields in the past two decades, including computational linguistics. I describe the evolution of my own research in statistical parsing and how that lead me away from focusing on the details of any specific linguistic theory, and to concentrate instead on discovering which types of information (i.e., features) are important for specific linguistic processes, rather than on the details of exactly how this information should be formalised. I end by describing some of the ways that ideas from computational linguistics, statistics and machine learning may have an impact on linguistics in the future.


2020 ◽  
pp. 112-123
Author(s):  
Subrena E. Smith

Anna Morandi was the foremost anatomist in eighteenth-century Bologna. Although her work was widely recognized as exceptional by the scientists of her day, she was not granted the standing of a scientist. In this chapter, the author uses Morandi as a case study to illuminate aspects of the philosophy of science. In particular, the chapter addresses conceptions of scientific objectivity and the role of social values in science, drawing on the work of Helen Longino. In addition to the phenomena described by Longino, the author argues that social values enter into science and impact scientific research by determining how individuals are positioned in scientific communities, or excluded from them.


1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everett Mendelsohn

The ArgumentIn Merton's early work in the sociology of science three theses are identified: (1) economic and military influence in shaping early modern science; (2) the “Puritan spur” to scientific activity; (3) the critical role of a democratic social order for the support of science. These themes are located in the contemporary economic crisis of the 1930s, the rise of Nazism and fascism, and the emerging radical and Marxist political activism of scientists in the United States and the United Kingdom. Merton's interaction with this context is critical for understanding his choice of problems and issues for the nascent sociology of science. The enunciation of the four-part normative structure of science is closely identified with the political ideals of this context. Merton's transition from an interest in problems of science in society to his postwar concern with the social and organizational structures of science and the social behavior of scientists is framed against the anticommunist and anti-Marxist thrust of immediate postwar politics in the United States. The implications of this change for the paradigms of the sociology of science are noted.


2019 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 100-118
Author(s):  
Jogaila Vaitekaitis

The inconsistency of defining STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) education is being addressed in this article. Seeing STEM education as having implications ranging from migration to workforce policies, it is vital to clarify its (inter)disciplinary structure and curriculum orientation. Using a literature review and analysis of documents, STEM education is being tracked from a post-sputnik era to more recent informal and private endeavors, revealing a multiplication of the STEM acronym and the diversification of its curriculum orientation. The findings confirm that there is no consensus on the exact scientific fields assigned to STEM, and the list of disciplines involved ranges from broad (including Social sciences, Humanities or Arts) to narrow (dominated by Natural and Formal sciences). The article implies that historical context and reforms in natural science education partly explain this inconsistency, as the subjects and their interdisciplinary relations are closely linked to overall curriculum orientation, which could be seen as cyclical in nature, swinging from child centered to labor market or subject centered curriculum, inviting to discuss modern science education not as singular STEM, but as plural STEMs viable to multiple pedagogical approaches, integration patterns and aims.


2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Porus ◽  

Cultural and historical epistemology is not only a special branch of philosophical researches of science, but also the base of reform of a system of the epistemological categories expressing the purposes and values of scientific knowledge. Its need follows from the nature of development of modern science. Preservation of the traditional epistemological categories applied to the analysis of this development results in rough relativism. This danger can be eliminated, having developed the holistic system of epistemological values proceeding from the principle of historicism and “collective” understanding of the subject of scientific knowledge. Both of these bases allow to disclose historical and cultural conditionality of processes of scientific research and broadcast of their results. Such purposes and values of science as the truth and the objectivity of knowledge have historical measurement: they exist only in the course of continuous emergence and destruction, being affected by cultural factors. The collectivity of the subject of scientific knowledge is defined together with concepts of a “transcendental” and “individual and empirical” subject according to the principle of complementarity (N. Bohr) finding an epistemological transcription. The possibilities of political subjectivity of science in connection with the epistemological investigations from participation of scientific communities in political structures and movements are considered.


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