scholarly journals Saving, Sharing, or Spending? The Wealth Consequences of Raising Children

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Lee Maroto
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Investment Model ◽  
Wealth Effects ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Relationship

This study uses 1986-2012 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort data to investigate the relationship between raising children and net worth among younger baby boomer parents. I combine fixed effects and unconditional quantile regression models to estimate changes in net worth associated with having children in different age groups across the wealth distribution. This allows me to test whether standard economic models for savings and consumption over the life course hold for families at different wealth levels. My findings show that the wealth effects of children vary throughout the distribution. Among families at or below the median, children of all ages were associated with wealth declines, likely due to the costs of childrearing. However, at the 75th percentile and above, wealth increased with the presence of younger children but decreased once those children reached age 18. My results, therefore, provide evidence for a saving and investment model of childrearing among wealthier families, but not among families at or below median wealth levels. For these families, the costs of raising children largely outweighed motivations for saving.

scholarly journals THE POWER OF LOOKING AHEAD? A FIXED-EFFECTS MODEL OF FUTURE ASPIRATIONS OVER THE LIFE COURSE AND INCOME

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S6-S6
Author(s):  
Ioana Sendroiu ◽  
Laura Upenieks
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Future Aspirations ◽  
Life Trajectories ◽  
Life Course Approach ◽  
The Face ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Perceived life trajectories are rooted in structural systems of advantage and disadvantage, but individuals also shape their futures through setting goals and expectations. “Future aspirations” have typically been used in life course research to refer to one’s conception of their chances of success across life domains and can serve as a resource to help individuals persevere in the face of hardship. Taking a life course approach and using three waves of data from the MIDUS study, we utilize hybrid fixed effects models to assess the relationship between future aspirations and income. We find that, net of age, health, and a host of other time-varying factors, more positive future aspirations are indeed related to higher income over time, but that this relationship takes different shapes in different contexts. In particular, in lower quality neighborhoods, higher future aspirations lead to worse economic outcomes over the life course, while in higher quality neighborhoods, higher aspirations are indeed related to higher incomes. We thus argue that aspirations are only helpful in some contexts, and are inherently contextual not just in their sources but also in their effects.

scholarly journals Depression in multiple sclerosis across the adult lifespan

2020 ◽  
pp. 135245852097930
Author(s):  
Carol K Chan ◽  
Fan Tian ◽  
Daniela Pimentel Maldonado ◽  
Ellen M Mowry ◽  
Kathryn C Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
The Relationship

Objectives: The objective of this study is to examine the burden of depressive symptoms across the adult age span in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and test if the relationship between depressive symptoms and MS characteristics vary across age groups. Methods: In analyses of the MS Partners Advancing Technology and Health Solutions (MS PATHS) network of adults with MS, we compared the prevalence of depression in MS PATHS with non-MS controls across age and evaluated for effect modification by age in the association between depressive symptoms and clinical and neuroperformance measures via multivariable-adjusted regression models. Results: In total, 13,821 individuals with MS were included. The prevalence of depression was higher in MS versus non-MS controls, but was similar between men/women across age. The association between depression and processing speed (PST; p for interaction = 0.009) or walking speed ( p for interaction = 0.04) varied by age. For example, younger depressed individuals had 0.45 standard deviation (SD) (95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.62, −0.29) worse PST Z-scores versus non-depressed younger participants, whereas older depressed individuals had 0.20 SD (95% CI = −0.32, −0.08) worse PST Z-scores versus non-depressed older participants. Conclusion: Depressive symptoms and age should be considered when interpreting measures of walking speed and cognitive function; these findings may have implications for analyses of neuroperformance change.

scholarly journals Religious Beliefs And Wealth Accumulation

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 407
Author(s):  
E. Anne York ◽  
Marilyn Dutton
Keyword(s):  
Quantile Regression ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Precise Measure ◽  
The Relationship

<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><p style="margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; text-align: justify; mso-pagination: none;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">One of the more interesting findings in the research on household wealth is the relationship between religion and wealth accumulation. In contrast to previous studies that use denominational affiliation, we use a more precise measure of religious belief constructed from responses to survey questions regarding interpretation of the Bible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Regression results indicate that households with more literalist Biblical beliefs have lower net worth overall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additional analysis using quantile regression reveals that this relationship holds only for the upper half of the wealth distribution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There is no relationship at lower levels of wealth.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, while more literalist households are less likely to have an investment account or to have ever received an inheritance, they are more likely to own a home and to have a positive net worth.</span></span></p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span>

More Coffee, Less Crime? The Relationship between Gentrification and Neighborhood Crime Rates in Chicago, 1991 to 2005

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew V. Papachristos ◽  
Chris M. Smith ◽  
Mary L. Scherer ◽  
Melissa A. Fugiero
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Neighborhood Crime ◽  
Black Neighborhoods ◽  
Geographic Spread ◽  
Street Robbery ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Coffee Shops

This study examines the relationship between gentrification and neighborhood crime rates by measuring the growth and geographic spread of one of gentrification's most prominent symbols: coffee shops. The annual counts of neighborhood coffee shops provide an on–the–ground measure of a particular form of economic development and changing consumption patterns that tap into central theoretical frames within the gentrification literature. Our analysis augments commonly used Census variables with the annual number of coffee shops in a neighborhood to assess the influence of gentrification on three–year homicide and street robbery counts in Chicago. Longitudinal Poisson regression models with neighborhood fixed effects reveal that gentrification is a racialized process, in which the effect of gentrification on crime is different for White gentrifying neighborhoods than for Black gentrifying neighborhoods. An increasing number of coffee shops in a neighborhood is associated with declining homicide rates for White, Hispanic, and Black neighborhoods; however, an increasing number of coffee shops is associated with increasing street robberies in Black gentrifying neighborhoods.

Socioeconomic Status and the Frequency of Anger across the Life Course

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Schieman
Keyword(s):  
General Social Survey ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Financial Conditions ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Previous studies suggest that older people report less anger. However, little is known about the relationship between age and the frequency of anger among individuals with different levels of education and economic circumstances. Using data from the 1996 General Social Survey ( N = 1,442), I examine the effects of age on anger across levels of education and objective and subjective economic conditions. A significant and positive age × education interaction suggests that the negative relationship between age and the frequency of anger is stronger at lower levels of education. Adjustment for social roles and economic conditions fails to account for the age × education interaction effect. In addition, differences in anger between individuals who reported worsening financial conditions and those who reported that their finances improved or stayed the same are greatest among the youngest age groups, and the gap decreases at successively older age levels. I discuss the ways that these results contradict recent findings of SES-based age differences in depressive emotions and physical health status.

scholarly journals Augmented wealth in Switzerland: the influence of pension wealth on wealth inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursina Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Occupational Pensions ◽  
Pension Wealth

Abstract Entitlements for social security and occupational pensions present a major wealth component and play a central role for financial security. However, most individual-level data lacks information on pension wealth. By linking various data sources, this contribution estimates the present value of future pension entitlements in Switzerland for statutory pensions, occupational pensions and third pillar accounts and analyses the distribution of augmented wealth, which combines pension wealth and net worth. The CH-SILC survey from 2015 is used to estimate real assets, financial assets and pension wealth of retired individuals. The pension entitlements of non-retired individuals are simulated on the basis of their earning history from administrative records following the accrual method and assuming a real discount rate of 2%. When pension wealth is added to net worth, average wealth doubles, and the Gini-coefficient declines by 26%. The equalising effect is particularly strong for social security pensions. The wealth distribution differs strongly between the three pillars of the pension system; there are also strong differences between gender and age groups. In Switzerland, wealth accumulation continues after retirement age.

scholarly journals Overview

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Gowland ◽  
Bennjamin Penny-Mason
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Human Skeletal Remains ◽  
Age Identity ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Of Information

Historical evidence has provided a rich source of information concerning the structure and experience of the medieval life-course. Archaeology has also contributed to these debates, through the material remains associated with different age groups and the structural remains of houses, but primarily via the wealth of evidence provided by the medieval cemeteries. Human skeletal remains are proving to be a particularly fruitful source of data for understanding the relationship between chronological, biological, and social ages in medieval England. This overview examines the historical, archaeological, and bioarchaeological evidence for the medieval life-course, from infancy to old age. This range of evidence is integrated and discussed with reference to current theoretical approaches to the life course and age identity within the social sciences.

scholarly journals Bilingual Education and English Proficiency

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Jepsen
Keyword(s):  
Bilingual Education ◽  
English Learners ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
English Proficiency ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

In 2001, California instituted a statewide test measuring English proficiency for English learners, students who are not proficient in English. In 2003 and 2004, nearly 500,000 English learners in grades 1–5 took this test each year. The relationship between bilingual education receipt and English proficiency is estimated using value-added regression models for each section of the test—listening and speaking, reading, and writing. In these regression models, students in bilingual education have substantially lower English proficiency of 0.3 standard deviations or more compared with other English learners in first and second grades. In contrast, the difference between bilingual education and other programs is usually less than 0.1 standard deviations for students in grades 3–5. These results hold for ordinary least squares, school fixed effects, and propensity score models.

scholarly journals The Effect of Capital Structure on Profitability: An Empirical Panel Data Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narinder Pal Singh ◽  
Mahima Bagga
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Panel Data Regression ◽  
Data Regression ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

One of the most perplexing issues faced by finance managers is to know about the effect of capital structure on the profitability of firm. Many studies have been carried out to examine the effect of capital structure on the profitability of firms, but most of them belong to other parts of the world, and only few studies have been conducted in India. Thus, the present study has been undertaken to evaluate the effect of capital structure on the profitability of Nifty 50 companies listed on National Stock Exchange of India from 2008 – 2017. The data has been analyzed by using descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple panel data regression models. Four different regression models have been used to study the relationship between capital structure and profitability. In these models, we study the individual effect of total debt and total equity ratios on profitability, that is, ROA and ROE. All four models have been tested with pooled OLS, fixed effects, and random effects. We conclude that there is significant positive impact of capital structure on firm’s profitability.

scholarly journals Work inspections as a control mechanism for mitigating work accidents in Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
Esteban Lafuente ◽  
Viviana Daza
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Safety Function ◽  
Work Accidents ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
The Relationship

This study analyzes the relationship between work inspections—which are a relevant control mechanism of countries’ safety function—and the rate of work accidents in Europe. The empirical application is based on fixed-effects regression models on a sample of 24 European countries for the period 2008-2015. The results confirm the pro-cyclical relationship between the rate of work accidents and economic activity (GDP) among the sampled countries. Additionally, the findings reveal that work inspections are an important control mechanism that significantly contributes to alleviate the rate of work accidents. In line with increased awareness of occupational health and safety (OHS) as a relevant dimension of territories’ productive structures, policy implications and future research avenues are discussed.

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