scholarly journals Statistical and Perceived Diversity and Their Impacts on Neighborhood Social Cohesion in Germany, France and the Netherlands

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruud Koopmans ◽  
Merlin Schaeffer
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Neighborhood Social Cohesion ◽  
Diversity Effects

The question whether ethnic diversity is associated with declining social cohesion has produced much controversy. We maintain that more attention must be paid to cognitive mechanisms to move the debate ahead. Using survey data from 938 localities in Germany, France, and the Netherlands, we explore a crucial individual-level mechanism: perceptions of diversity. We not only consider perceptions of the amount, but also of the qualitative nature of diversity. By asking about various qualitative aspects of diversity, we test the cognitive salience of three explanations that have been proposed in the literature for negative diversity effects: out-group biases, asymmetric preferences and coordination problems. We show that all three mechanisms matter. Perceptions both mediate statistical diversity effects, and have important explanatory power of their own. Moreover, we are able to address the question to what extend the relationship of perceived diversity and neighborhood social cohesion varies across policy contexts. Based on assumptions in the literature about positive impacts of inclusive and culturally pluralist immigrant integration policy approaches, we hypothesize that ethno-cultural diversity is less negatively related to neighborhood social cohesion in more inclusive policy contexts. Our results provide partial support for this hypothesis as perceived diversity has a significantly stronger negative impact on neighborhood cohesion in Germany.

scholarly journals Becoming American: Intermarriage during the Great Migration to the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dribe ◽  
J. David Hacker ◽  
Francesco Scalone
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Marital Outcomes ◽  
Origin Group

Although intermarriage is a common indicator of immigrant integration into host societies, most research has focused on how individual characteristics determine intermarriage. This study uses the 1910 ipums census sample to analyze how contextual factors affected intermarriage among European immigrants in the United States. Newly available, complete-count census microdata permit the construction of contextual measures at a much lower level of aggregation—the county—in this analysis than in previous studies. Our results confirm most findings in previous research relating to individual-level variables but also find important associations between contextual factors and marital outcomes. The relative size and sex ratio of an origin group, ethnic diversity, the share of the native-born white population, and the proportion of life that immigrants spent in the United State are all associated with exogamy. These patterns are highly similar across genders and immigrant generations.

Trust, Ethnicity and Integrity in East Africa: Experimental Evidence from Kenya and Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Burbidge ◽  
Nic Cheeseman
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Trust Games ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Experimental Games ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractPolitical economy comparisons of Kenya and Tanzania have often found the political salience of ethnicity to be far higher in the former than the latter, with a negative impact on intercommunal trust. This difference has tended to be explained on the basis of the different kinds of leadership that the two countries experienced after independence. However, these findings have typically been demonstrated using aggregate or survey data. This paper assesses the salience of ethnicity at the individual level for the first time, deploying monetized two-round trust games in urban Kenya and Tanzania. The experimental games isolate the comparative impact of common knowledge of ethnicity and integrity among a quasi-random selection of 486 citizens. Verifying previous findings, we observe higher levels of trust and trustworthiness in Tanzania as compared with Kenya. Further, in comparison with Kenya, any shared knowledge of ethnic identities in Tanzania leads players to transfer fewer resources, while common knowledge that both players are “honest” led to higher transfers there than in Kenya. These results provide robust evidence of higher levels of trust in Tanzania, and of the negative effect in that country of common knowledge of ethnicity on levels of cooperation. The findings demonstrate the way in which political context can shape the impact of ethnic diversity, and encourage further experimental research that looks at the intersubjective dynamics of social cooperation.

scholarly journals The Situation of Women of a Refugee and Immigrant Background in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-82
Author(s):  
Violetta Gul-Rechlewicz
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Culturally Diverse ◽  
Immigrant Women ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Refugee Women ◽  
Immigrant Background ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds

The problem of discrimination and unequal treatment of women from culturally diverse backgrounds affects countries such as the Netherlands. The centuries of tolerance and openness to an “alien” seem to be ending. This is evidenced by numerous reports and scientifi c studies, statements from specialists, and experts on the issues of immigrant integration. Increasingly, feeling marginalised and deprived of development opportunities, immigrant or refugee women come to the fore. Some of them (those remaining in isolation) are represented by aid organisations, i.e. foundations, associations, volunteer groups, and the municipalities themselves. This article covers the existing issue of the increasing number of refugees and immigrants in the Netherlands, especially refugee and immigrant women towards whom, according to specialists, integration policy should be redefi ned.

scholarly journals Pathways between objective and perceived neighborhood factors among Black breast cancer survivors

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse J. Plascak ◽  
Adana A. M. Llanos ◽  
Stephen J. Mooney ◽  
Andrew G. Rundle ◽  
Bo Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Root Mean Square Error ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Neighborhood Disorder ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Neighborhood Social Cohesion

Abstract Background Mounting evidence supports associations between objective neighborhood disorder, perceived neighborhood disorder, and health, yet alternative explanations involving socioeconomic and neighborhood social cohesion have been understudied. We tested pathways between objective and perceived neighborhood disorder, perceived neighborhood social cohesion, and socioeconomic factors within a longitudinal cohort. Methods Demographic and socioeconomic information before diagnosis was obtained at interviews conducted approximately 10 months post-diagnosis from participants in the Women’s Circle of Health Follow-up Study – a cohort of breast cancer survivors self-identifying as African American or Black women (n = 310). Neighborhood perceptions were obtained during follow-up interviews conducted approximately 24 months after diagnosis. Objective neighborhood disorder was from 9 items audited across 23,276 locations using Google Street View and scored to estimate disorder values at each participant’s residential address at diagnosis. Census tract socioeconomic and demographic composition covariates were from the 2010 U.S. Census and American Community Survey. Pathways to perceived neighborhood disorder were built using structural equation modelling. Model fit was assessed from the comparative fit index and root mean square error approximation and associations were reported as standardized coefficients and 95% confidence intervals. Results Higher perceived neighborhood disorder was associated with higher objective neighborhood disorder (β = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.33), lower neighborhood social cohesion, and lower individual-level socioeconomic factors (final model root mean square error approximation 0.043 (90% CI: 0.013, 0.068)). Perceived neighborhood social cohesion was associated with individual-level socioeconomic factors and objective neighborhood disorder (β = − 0.11, 95% CI: − 0.24, 0.02). Conclusion Objective neighborhood disorder might be related to perceived disorder directly and indirectly through perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion.

scholarly journals Development and effectiveness of models of immigrant integration: The case of Austria, France and the Netherlands

Geografie ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-236
Author(s):  
Lenka Lachmanová
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Immigrant Population ◽  
Integration Policy

This paper deals with contemporary relevance of the classical typology of "integration models" in the case of Austria, France and the Netherlands. Based on the latest development in the field of integration policy, it shows great changes in integration approaches and thus queries the validity of integration typology for these countries. It tries furthermore to compare the level of integration of immigrant population in order to confront the effectiveness of different states' approaches to the process of immigrant integration.

scholarly journals Ethnic Diversity and European's Generalised Trust: How Inclusive Immigration Policy Can Aid a Positive Association

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Zimdars ◽  
Gindo Tampubolon
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Critical Literature

The present article contributes to the discussions of the link as between diversity and social capital levels by focusing on the process linking diversity and trust. We look at country-level policies rather than individual communities and evaluate how policies can influence the relationship between diversity and generalised trust. We analyse Eurobarometer data (2004) using multilevel analysis. We find a positive effect of diversity on trust, controlling for potentially confounding effect at the individual and country level. Furthermore, we find that the inclusiveness of national policies towards migrants matters. More inclusive policies as measured by the migrant integration policy index (Mipex) counterbalance potentially negative effects of increasing diversity. The findings show that while local place is crucial as the locus where diverse ethnic groups interact, countries remain important policy contexts influencing and framing interactions with immigrants. For Europe, there is nothing inevitable about a negative impact of increasing diversity on building cohesive, trusting societies. We conclude by locating our findings within a wider critical literature.

Abstract MP36: Associations of Chronic Individual- and Neighborhood-Level Stressors with Incident Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiarri N Kershaw ◽  
Ana V Diez Roux ◽  
Alain Bertoni ◽  
Mercedes R Carnethon ◽  
Susan A Everson-Rose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Missing Values ◽  
Bayes Estimation ◽  
Neighborhood Safety ◽  
Neighborhood Cohesion ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Neighborhood Social Cohesion ◽  
Burden Scale ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Background: Several individual-level measures of stress have been linked to incident CHD in prospective studies, but less attention has focused on the influence of neighborhood-level stressors. We assessed prospective associations of individual- and neighborhood-level stressors with incident CHD. Methods: MESA participants were aged 45-84 years at baseline (2000-2002). Analyses were conducted separately for those with complete data on individual- (n=6678) and neighborhood-level stressors (n=6105). Missing values on covariates were imputed with multiple imputation. Baseline individual-level sources of stress were assessed using the chronic burden scale, a measure of the presence and perceived stressfulness of ongoing health, job, relationship, and financial problems lasting over 6 months. Survey-based neighborhood safety (3 items) and neighborhood social cohesion (5 items) were examined as neighborhood-level sources of chronic stress. Each participant’s neighborhood safety and neighborhood social cohesion scores were constructed using Empirical Bayes estimation techniques that incorporated the responses of other MESA participants and a sample of non-participants living within a mile of that participant. Scores for each individual- and neighborhood-level stress measures were categorized into approximate tertiles (low, medium, and high) for analyses. CHD was defined as nonfatal myocardial infarction, resuscitated cardiac arrest, or CHD death. Median follow-up time was 8.5 years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate associations of high chronic burden, low neighborhood cohesion, and low neighborhood safety with incident CHD after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics as well as behavioral and biological risk factors. Results: Participants in the high chronic burden category had 55% higher risk of incident CHD (hazard ratio (HR): 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11, 2.15) than those in the low category after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, gender, education, income, marital status and field center. Findings attenuated slightly but remained significant with further adjustment for hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, physical activity, current smoking, and current alcohol use (HR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.00). Neither low (vs. high) neighborhood cohesion (HR: 1.23; 95% CI: 0.74, 2.06) nor low (vs. high) neighborhood safety (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.68, 1.84) was associated with CHD in sociodemographic-adjusted models. Conclusions: Individual-level sources of stress were more strongly associated with incident CHD than neighborhood-level stressors.

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