scholarly journals The Dynamics of Refugee Return: Syrian Refugees and Their Migration Intentions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ala' Alrababa'h ◽  
Daniel Masterson ◽  
Marine Casalis ◽  
Dominik Hangartner ◽  
Jeremy Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Push Factors ◽  
Return Intentions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Return Home

Despite the importance of understanding how refugee crises end, little is known about when and why refugees return home. We study the drivers of refugees’ decision-making using original observational and experimental data from a representative sample of 3,003 Syrian refugees in Lebanon. We find that conditions in a refugee’s home country are the primary drivers of return intentions. Refugees’ decisions are influenced primarily by safety and security in their place of origin, their economic prospects, the availability of public services, and their personal networks. Confidence in information is also important, as several drivers of return only impact intentions among people who have high confidence in their information. By contrast, the conditions in refugee–hosting countries––so-called “push” factors––play a much smaller role. Even in the face of hostility and poor living conditions, refugees are unlikely to return unless the situation at home improves significantly.

scholarly journals Ideological Extremism Among Syrian Refugees Is Negatively Related to Intentions to Migrate to the West

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1362-1374
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jasko ◽  
David Webber ◽  
Erica Molinario ◽  
Arie W. Kruglanski ◽  
Katharine Touchton-Leonard
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
Refugee Status ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Sentiment ◽  
Practical Implications

The conflict in Syria created a dire humanitarian situation, as nations around the world struggled with how best to deal with the more than 6.6 million Syrian refugees who fled their homes to escape aggression. Resistance to granting refugee status to individuals often originates in the belief that the influx of refugees endangers national security because of the presumably extremist religious and political beliefs that refugees hold. The present research surveyed Syrian refugees residing in Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Iraq ( N = 1,000). The results revealed that the majority of surveyed refugees did not intend to migrate to the West and would rather return to their home country. More importantly, refugees most interested in moving to Western countries were the least likely to subscribe to Islamist extremism or to harbor negative sentiment toward the West. Theoretical and practical implications for addressing the current refugee crisis are discussed.

scholarly journals The apparent sizes of atoms in metallic crystals with special reference to aluminium and indium, and the electronic state of magnesium

1940 ◽  
Vol 177 (968) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Solid Solutions ◽  
Brillouin Zone ◽  
Abrupt Change ◽  
Atomic Radius ◽  
Previous Suggestion ◽  
Interatomic Distances ◽  
The Face ◽  
Metallic Aluminium

The interatomic distances in crystals of alloys cannot be accounted for by assigning a fixed atomic radius to each kind of atom, and the causes of this variation are discussed with special references to the Brillouin zone characteristics of different structures. According to the theory of Jones, the effect of an overlap across the side of a Brillouin zone is to compress the zone at right angles to the face concerned, and so to expand the crystal lattice in the same direction. This expansion is not a property of an atom which can be transferred to any of its alloys, but is a characteristic of a structure with sufficient electrons to produce an overlap. The lattice spacings of alloys of aluminium and indium with copper, silver, gold, and magnesium are examined, and the apparent sizes of the aluminium and indium atoms are discussed, and are shown to be in agreement with the theory. The previous suggestion, that in metallic aluminium the atoms exist in an incompletely ionized state, is improbable, and is no longer required in order to explain the facts. New experimental data for the lattice spacings of solid solutions of aluminium and indium are presented, and these show that, whilst the curves connecting the a parameter with the composition are smooth and continuous, the corresponding curves for the c parameter show an abrupt change in direction at about 0.75 atomic % of indium or aluminium. This is taken to imply that, although in metallic magnesium with two electrons per atom, the overlap of the first Brillouin zone is in the a direction only, the structure is so near to the stage at which the c overlap sets in that the addition of less than one electron per hundred atoms causes the c overlap to take place.

Applying TRIZ for Optimization Formulation of Sapphire Precision Lapping

2010 ◽  
Vol 102-104 ◽  
pp. 564-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Cong Da Lu ◽  
Tao Hong
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Parameters Optimization ◽  
Processing Theory ◽  
Optimization Formulation ◽  
The Face ◽  
Optimization Parameters ◽  
Set Up

This paper presents the parameters optimization by TRIZ theory in the precision lapping of sapphire in order to realize the high efficiency and low damaged lapping. The TRIZ theory was used to optimize processing parameters of sapphire precision lapping based on much experimental data of lapping, then the conflict matrix of internal contradictions was set up and the optimization parameters was obtained. The result of experiment indicated that the face quality of sapphire was improved greatly after optimized by TRIZ. There was a conclusion that TRIZ theory can be used to optimize the processing parameters of sapphire precision lapping which is important to enrich the processing theory of sapphire.

scholarly journals A note on dynamical compensation and its relation to parameter identifiability

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer Karin ◽  
Uri Alon ◽  
Eduardo Sontag
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Steady State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Apparent Discrepancy ◽  
Parameter Identifiability ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Face ◽  
System Variables

AbstractWe recently identified a motif for dynamical compensation (DC) – a property where a system maintains the dynamics and steady-state of a regulated variable robust in the face of fluctuations in key parameters. Such parameters are therefore unidentifiable from measurements of the regulated variable at steady-state. On the other hand, since the models showing dynamical compensation are typically non-redundant, their parameters are identifiable from experimental data. We clarify this apparent discrepancy by requiring that the parameters of DC circuits be identifiable both away from steady-state and when measuring other system variables. We use this observation to provide a definition for DC in terms of parameter identifiability and discuss its relevance for the examples provided in Karin et al.

scholarly journals Graham’s Theory of International Values Revisited: A Ricardian Trade Model with Link Commodities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideo Sato
Keyword(s):  
Home Country ◽  
National Level ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Price Adjustments ◽  
Sectoral Productivity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Demand Shifts

F. D. Graham (1890–1949) presented an innovative multi-country, multi-commodity trade model that attached great importance to link commodities and quantity adjustments, not perfect specializations and price adjustments as emphasized by J. S. Mill and A. Marshall. However, due of some shortcomings, this model was not sufficiently understood and has been forgotten. This study reconstructs Graham’s theory of international values by rectifying the shortcomings. Through this reconstruction, the following is clarified. First, in multi-country, multi-commodity trade models, the existence of link commodities is general and perfect specializations seldom appear; therefore, quantity adjustments are normally performed in the face of demand shifts. Second, notwithstanding unchanging sectoral productivity at a national level, national wage rates can vary greatly according to the patterns of the international division of labor. Third, while the domestic relative wage rate increases with an increase in a home country’s productivity of link commodities, it does not increase with an increase in the productivity of commodities produced only in the home country.

Jordan will struggle to attract investors and more aid

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Tax Collection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Donor Support ◽  
Return Home ◽  
To Receive

Significance However, Jordan continues to receive ongoing donor support and is beginning to make progress on some structural weaknesses, such as energy imports and poor tax collection, while investing in growth initiatives. Impacts Iraq and Syria both stand to benefit from increased trade with Jordan. If progress is made on economic growth in Jordan this would be a further disincentive for Syrian refugees to return home. Jordan’s political and economic stability will likely be a factor in any efforts to forge an Israel-Palestine peace deal.

Turkey's Basic Education Policies for Syrian Refugees Under Temporary Protection

2018 ◽  
pp. 218-226
Author(s):  
Kenan İli
Keyword(s):  
Asylum Seekers ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Uncertain Process ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Temporary Protection ◽  
The Face ◽  
Educational Campaign ◽  
Policies And Practices

Migration and asylum are common historical facts in our geography. Therefore, Turkey faces one of the greatest migration movements of its history. The number of asylum seekers exceeding the estimates, uncertainty of the asylum period and a greatly uncertain process necessitate attaching great importance to education dimension of the problem. The problem of Syrian asylum seekers whose official number is approaching 3 million as of February 2017 creates extraordinary conditions for Turkey. The effect of this situation is reflected in the decisions taken in the field of education. In this context, Turkey started educational campaign by taking important decisions on the education for Syrian neighbors who have strong cultural ties with Turkey and take refuge in her in the face of tragedy they suffered. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate Turkey's policies and practices for Syrian students within the scope of temporary protection.

Between Hospitality and Hostility: Public Attitudes and State Policies Toward Syrian Refugees in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sefa Secen ◽  
Mustafa Gurbuz
Keyword(s):  
Public Attitudes ◽  
State Policies ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Active Engagement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Public ◽  
Syrian Civil War ◽  
The Face ◽  
Syrian Conflict

This article provides an overview of the public attitudes and state policies toward Syrian refugees in Turkey between 2011 and 2020. Turkey’s policies toward refugees and the Syrian conflict have gradually changed over the course of the last nine years (2011–2020). Turkey’s legal approach to Syrian refugees has transformed from nonrecognition to recognition and from recognition to integration. Likewise, its military strategy has grown from one of limited engagement into one of active engagement in the face of ISIS attacks and YPG’s consolidation of power in northern Syria. Contrary to the generous policies adopted toward Syrian refugees during the early years of the Syrian civil war, a nativist turn and the weaponization of refugees against the European Union came to characterize the country’s approach in recent years as the country became more involved militarily in the Syrian conflict.

The time pattern of remittances and the decay hypothesis: Evidence from migrants in South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Makina ◽  
Andries Masenge
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Loan Repayment ◽  
Time Pattern ◽  
Migration Experience ◽  
Return Intentions ◽  
Over Time

Using a dataset of migrants who migrated to South Africa over the period 1979-2007, we investigate the time pattern of remittances and the determinants of remittances. We find that the level of remittances first increases with the time spent in the host country and later on declines after an estimated 8 years of migration experience and thus exhibiting an inverted-U pattern over time. This finding lends support to the remittance decay hypothesis. We also find the level of remittances to be significantly positively related to the number of dependents in the home country, legal status, access to banking, income and savings levels, and negatively related to the education level, return intentions, frequency of home visits and economic and political reasons for migrating. Furthermore, the level of remittances is observed to exhibit an inverted U-profile with the age of the migrant, that is, it first rises in early age and falls in old age. The remittance decay phenomenon is seen to stem from a mixture of the theories of altruism and the informal loan repayment alluded to in the literature.

Cultivating Precarisation: Intersecting Vulnerabilities of Syrian Refugees in the Turkish Agricultural Sector

2021 ◽  
pp. 095001702110412
Author(s):  
Saniye Dedeoglu
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Syrian Refugees ◽  
Migrant Labour ◽  
Syrian Refugee ◽  
The Face ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Way Of Thinking

This article explores how the vulnerabilities of Syrian refugees influence their integration into Turkish labour markets, in particular the agricultural sector. ‘Vulnerable integration’ refers to the inclusion of the most vulnerable migrant labour – women and children – in the face of rivalry among different segments of the precariat to obtain existing agricultural jobs. With a focus on intersectional vulnerabilities and the feminisation of precarisation of Syrian labour in Turkey, I aim to highlight the interconnectedness between women’s production and social reproduction. Therefore, I develop a sociological multidimensional dynamic way of thinking about the integration of Syrian refugee labour in Turkey’s seasonal agricultural labour markets.

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