scholarly journals Pauses and reversals of infant mortality decline in India in 2017 and 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Drèze ◽  
Aashish Gupta ◽  
Sai Ankit Parashar ◽  
Kanika Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Mortality Decline ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Sample Registration System ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Economic Slowdown

This note examines recent trends in infant mortality in India, based on summary reports from the Sample Registration System (SRS). We find evidence of slowdown, pauses, and reversals in infant mortality decline in large parts of India in 2017 and 2018, the last two years for which SRS data are available. In urban areas, the infant mortality rate stagnated at 23 deaths per 1,000 births between 2016 and 2018. Worse, overall infant mortality increased in the poorer states of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh in this period. This occurred despite sustained improvements in household access to sanitation and clean fuel. One possible interpretation of these findings is that, in addition to their impact on unemployment and poverty, the demonetization experiment in late 2016 and the subsequent economic slowdown had an adverse effect on child health. In any case, these trends reinforce earlier evidence of faltering human development in India in recent years.

scholarly journals Long-Term Trend in Infant Mortality in India: A Joinpoint Regression Analysis for 1971–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-406
Author(s):  
Aalok Ranjan Chaurasia
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Joinpoint Regression Analysis ◽  
Sample Registration System ◽  
Official Sample

Infant mortality rate (IMR) in India remains high by international standards. India accounts for the largest number of global infant deaths. This study analyses the trend in IMR in India over almost four decades beginning 1971 through 2018. The analysis is based on annual estimates of IMR available through India’s official sample registration system and follows the joinpoint regression analysis approach. The analysis reveals that the trend in IMR in India changed three times during 1971–2018 and the pace of decrease has been different in different sub-periods with a considerable deceleration in the decrease during 1992–2006. It is only after the launch of National Rural Health Mission in 2005 that the decrease in IMR in India and selected states accelerated to more than 4 per cent per year.

scholarly journals Geovisualization and Spatial Analysis of Infant Mortality and Preterm Birth in Ohio, 2008-2015: Opportunities to Enhance Spatial Thinking

2020 ◽  
Vol 135 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-482
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Dowling Root ◽  
Emelie D. Bailey ◽  
Tyler Gorham ◽  
Christopher Browning ◽  
Chi Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Geographic Clustering

Objectives Geovisualization and spatial analysis are valuable tools for exploring and evaluating the complex social, economic, and environmental interactions that lead to spatial inequalities in health. The objective of this study was to describe spatial patterns of infant mortality and preterm birth in Ohio by using interactive mapping and spatial analysis. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Ohio vital statistics records from 2008-2015. We geocoded live births and infant deaths by using residential address at birth. We used multivariable logistic regression to adjust spatial and space–time cluster analyses that examined the geographic clustering of infant mortality and preterm birth and changes in spatial distribution over time. Results The overall infant mortality rate in Ohio during the study period was 6.55 per 1000 births; of 1 097 507 births, 10.3% (n = 112 552) were preterm. We found significant geographic clustering of both infant mortality and preterm birth centered on large urban areas. However, when known demographic risk factors were taken into account, urban clusters disappeared and, for preterm birth, new rural clusters appeared. Conclusions Although many public health agencies have the capacity to create maps of health outcomes, complex spatial analysis and geovisualization techniques are still challenging for public health practitioners to use and understand. We found that actively engaging policymakers in reviewing results of the cluster analysis improved understanding of the processes driving spatial patterns of birth outcomes in the state.

scholarly journals Stochastic Analysis of Infant Deaths by Age and Estimation of Parameters

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Brijesh P. Singh ◽  
Shweta Dixit ◽  
Tapan Kumar Roy
Keyword(s):  
Age Distribution ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Digit Preference ◽  
Infant Deaths ◽  
Sample Registration System ◽  
Vital Registration System

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is a sensitive and powerful index of development. Birth and death, registered through vital registration system in the developing countries suffer from age misreporting, omissions and under count. To overcome this defectiveness in data and to obtain reliable estimates of birth and death rates, India introduced Sample Registration System (SRS) in 1960 but still they suffer from considerable degree of errors. It is observed in retrospective surveys that events are misreported due to ignorance and digit preference of the respondents. Thus, the data on deaths collected, suffer from one defect or other as mentioned above. To resolve this problem attempts have been made to develop and fit suitable models to data on age distribution of deaths. In this paper an attempt has been made to develop a model with an idea of the majority of infant deaths occurs within the first month of their life. The model is used to give a functional shape to the phenomenon of infant deaths distribution and apply on real data taken from NFHS.Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2015, 20(1): 1-5

Culture, Class, and Infant Mortality during the Swedish Mortality Transition, 1750-1850

1995 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Sundin
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Mortality Decline ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Health Transition ◽  
Cultural Determinants ◽  
Great Mortality ◽  
Hygienic Conditions

Until recently material factors had usually been regarded as the most important forces behind the great mortality decline in Western Europe during the last two centuries. Today, the discussion among historical demographers is much more diversified. Greater consideration is given to other factors than was previously. Predominant in several recent summaries is the argument that there was not one single cause of the mortality decline everywhere and in every age group (Brändstrom 1993; Health Transition Review 1991: 1-2; Mercer 1990; Schofield, et al., 1991; Sundin 1992a). One factor which has gained recognition especially in urban areas is the efforts by local and national agencies to improve hygienic conditions (Riley 1987). Cultural determinants of health have also received increased attention both in articles and monographs, especially in relation to mortality among infants and children (Johansson 1991; Preston and Haines 1991).

scholarly journals The Integrated Maternity Management Model Through Promoting and Preventive Encouragement in the Attempts of Lowering the Maternal and Infant Mortality Rates

Jurnal NERS ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Diyan Indriyani ◽  
Asmuji Asmuji
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Maximum Score ◽  
Minimum Score ◽  
Female Teenagers

Introduction: Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) remain the major indicator in assessing the level of certain country’s health quality. Both of Indonesia’s MMR and IMR levels are high enough compared to other ASEAN countries. To address this problem, a synergic cooperation among the cross-linked authorities is of prime important. One possible alternate option is building the Integrated Maternity Management model through promoting and preventive encouragement particularly designated for rural societies whose knowledge is relatively lower than the ones in urban areas. Methods: This research is conducted in Mumbulsari and Sukorambi Sub-Districts. The data collection techniques used in this research are survey/observation, interview, FGD, in-depth interview and, PRA conducted both to societies (local figures, people at risk, female teenagers, under-aged pregnant mother and young mothers) and local institutions and authorities. Result: This research has been able to formulate the Integrated Maternity Management model through promoting and preventive encouragement particularly designated for rural societies in the attempts of lowering the MMR and IIMR. This model has undergone trial, although the trial is simple in nature, by using the module medias of (1) teenager’s reproductive health which generated the average perception of the teenagers shown by the figure of 58,67 regarding their reproductive health prior to the intervention with minimum score of 30 and maximum score of 85. Meanwhile, upon applying the intervention, the average showed the figure of 81,33 with minimum score of 60 and maximum score of 95. The margin between the pre-test and post-test values reaches the figure of 22,36. This means that the supply of information regarding the module (1) which discusses the health reproductive issue generates better knowledge of those female teenagers concerning the respective issue. Discussion: Therefore, it is suggested that the implementation of the Integrated Maternity Management model through promoting and preventive encouragement put into action by initiating a comprehensive trial in order to generate the most suitable model, respectively.Keywords: integrated maternity management model, promotive and preventive, MMR and IMR, rural societies

scholarly journals Maternal Deaths in India: A Review of Trends and Programmes

2021 ◽  
Vol 07 (03) ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Cimil Babu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Care Facility ◽  
Health Care Facility ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Sample Registration System ◽  
The Government ◽  
Eag States ◽  
Inter State

High-quality services during childbirth in a health care facility reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. High maternal mortality in India is a critical concern. In an attempt to decrease the maternal mortality rate (MMR), the Government of India has launched many programmes. This article discusses the trends in maternal mortality in India with the inter-state disparities. As per Sample Registration System (SRS), MMR in India was estimated to be 556 in 1990, but globally it was only 385 at that time. India has achieved about a 77% reduction in maternal mortality compared to the global average of 43% between 2005 and 2017, but a huge inter-state disparity in maternal death still exists. Approximately 65%-75% of the estimated maternal deaths in India occur in a few states, including the eight Empowered Action Group (EAG) states (Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand), and Assam. For instance, the MMR reported for Assam (state which has the highest MMR) was 215 in 2017-18 which is five times higher than that of Kerala (43), which has the least MMR of all states. Most of the maternal deaths are due to direct causes and are largely preventable and treatable. There was a consistent reduction in MMR as a result of a number of interventions and programmes including Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) which helped in surging institutional deliveries.

scholarly journals Long-term Trend in Infant Mortality in India: A Joinpoint Regression Analysis for 1981-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aalok Ranjan Chaurasia
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Registration System ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
Joinpoint Regression Analysis ◽  
Long Term Trend

AbstractInfant mortality rate (IMR) in India remains high by international standards. India accounts for largest number of global infant deaths. This study analyses the trend in IMR in India over almost four decades beginning 1981 through 2018. The analysis is based on the official estimates of IMR available through sample registration system. Long-term trend in IMR is analysed by using joinpoint regression analysis which reveals that the trend in IMR in India changed four times during the period 1981-2018 and the trend has been different for different states of the country. The annual proportionate decrease in IMR was the most rapid during 1985-92 in the country and in most of its states but slowed down considerably during the period 1992-99. The significant deceleration in the decrease in IMR during 1992-99 appears to be the result of the policy shift in the delivery of maternal and child health services. Had the decrease in IMR not decelerated during 1992-99, the IMR in India would have been decreased to less than 20 by 2018.

scholarly journals Psychiatry in India

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Patel ◽  
Shekhar Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Low Income Country

India is a low-income country that is characterised by huge diversity within and between its 35 states and union territories. For example, the infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) ranges from a low of 16.3 in Kerala to a high of 86.7 in Uttar Pradesh, over a fivefold difference (International Institute for Population Sciences & ORC Macro, 2001). This considerable variation is evident in virtually every aspect of human development in India, and any summary figures are likely to be unrepresentative of most parts of the country. Within the scope of this short article, this important limitation of averages must be recognised at the outset.

THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES AND INFANT MORTALITY IN TURKEY

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
İsmet Koç ◽  
Mehmet Alİ Eryurt
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Consanguineous Marriage ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Consanguineous Marriages ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth

SummaryTurkey has high levels of infant mortality and consanguineous marriages. It has had a high level of infant mortality for its economic level for many years. Over recent decades, although adult mortality rates have not been very different from those of other countries with similar socioeconomic structures, its life expectancy at birth has remained low due to its high infant mortality rate. This has been called the Turkish Puzzle. According to the Turkey Family Structure and Population Issues Survey, 27% of women had a consanguineous marriage in 1968. Subsequent Turkish Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHSs) found the rate of consanguineous marriages to be stagnated at 22–24%, with a resistance to reduction. According to the TDHS-2008, 24% of women had a consanguineous marriage. Numerous studies in various countries of the world have indicated that consanguineous marriages, particularly of first-degree, have the effect of increasing infant mortality. The main aim of this study was to assess the causal impact of consanguineous, particularly first-degree consanguineous, marriages on infant mortality, controlling for individual, cultural, bio-demographic and environmental factors. Data were merged from four Turkish DHS data sets (1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008). Multivariate analysis revealed that first-degree consanguineous marriages have increased infant mortality by 45% in Turkey: 57% in urban areas and 39% in rural areas. The results indicate that there is a causal relationship between consanguineous marriages and infant mortality. This finding should be taken into account when planning policies to reduce infant mortality in Turkey, and in other countries with high rates of consanguineous marriage and infant mortality.

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