scholarly journals Ethnic Enclaves, Education, and Crime among Immigrant Youth

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Are Skeie Hermansen
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Immigrant Youth ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Neighborhood Environment ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Upper Secondary Education ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
Key Dimensions ◽  
Ethnic Neighborhood

While the spatial concentration of immigrant minorities raises concern about the intergenerational consequences of place-based ethnic inequalities, influential theories of assimilation emphasize that mobilization of social capital within local ethnic networks is central in shaping the future life chances of immigrant youth. This study asks how properties of the ethnic neighborhood environment in adolescence predict future criminal behavior and educational careers among immigrant youth using rich administrative data from Norway. I find that immigrant youth’s adolescent exposure to better-educated coethnic immigrant neighbors from the same origin country is related to lower risks of criminal engagement, higher likelihoods of completing upper-secondary education, and better academic achievements while growing up in areas with less-educated coethnics is associated with adverse outcomes. These associations are robust to adjustment for a broad set of background characteristics and fixed effects at the level of neighborhoods and national-origin groups. By contrast, the educational characteristics of other immigrant and native majority neighbors during adolescence seems to matter less. Overall, these findings support the view that the socioeconomic profile of coethnic neighbors in adolescence are consequential for key dimensions of immigrant youth’s assimilation.

scholarly journals Statin use and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. postgradmedj-2020-139172
Author(s):  
Rimesh Pal ◽  
Mainak Banerjee ◽  
Urmila Yadav ◽  
Sukrita Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
Statin Use

PurposeObservations studies have shown that prior use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. However, the available data are limited, inconsistent and conflicting. Besides, no randomised controlled trial exists in this regard. Hence, the present meta-analysis was conducted to provide an updated summary and collate the effect of statin use on clinical outcomes in COVID-19 using unadjusted and adjusted risk estimates.MethodsPubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were systematically searched using appropriate keywords till December 18 2020, to identify observational studies reporting clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients using statins versus those not using statins. Prior and in-hospital use of statins were considered. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Unadjusted and adjusted pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% CIs were calculated.ResultsWe included 14 observational studies pooling data retrieved from 19 988 patients with COVID-19. All the studies were of high/moderate quality. Pooled analysis of unadjusted data showed that statin use was not associated with improved clinical outcomes (OR 1.02; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.50, p=0.94, I2=94%, random-effects model). However, on pooling adjusted risk estimates, the use of statin was found to significantly reduce the risk of adverse outcomes (OR 0.51; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.63, p<0.0005, I2=0%, fixed-effects model).ConclusionsStatin use is associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Individuals with multiple comorbidities on statin therapy should be encouraged to continue the drug amid the ongoing pandemic.

The effects of absent fathers on adolescent criminal activity: an economic approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
David M. Zimmer
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Unobserved Heterogeneity ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Absent Fathers ◽  
Lagged Dependent Variable ◽  
Criminal Behaviors ◽  
Least Squares Estimates

Abstract Simple ordinary least squares estimates indicate that absent fathers boost probabilities of adolescent criminal behavior by 16–38%, but those numbers likely are biased by unobserved heterogeneity. This paper first presents an economic model explaining that unobserved heterogeneity. Then turning to empirics, fixed effects, which attempt to address that bias, suggest that absent fathers reduce certain types of adolescent crime, while lagged-dependent variable models suggest the opposite. Those conflicting conclusions are resolved by an approach that combines those two estimators using an orthogonal reparameterization approach, with model parameters calculated using a Bayesian algorithm. The main finding is that absent fathers do not appear to directly affect adolescent criminal activity. Rather, families with absent fathers possess traits that appear to correlate with increased adolescent criminal behaviors.

Are Western-Educated Leaders Less Prone to Initiate Militarized Disputes?

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Barceló
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Militarized Disputes ◽  
Leader Selection

Recent theories on the causes of war focus on how institutional and structural factors shape leaders’ decisions in foreign policy. However, citizens, policy-makers, and a growing number scholars argue that leaders’ background experiences may matter for both domestic and foreign policy choices. This article contributes to an emerging body of scholarship on leaders in international relations by showing how personal attributes influence the initiation of militarized disputes. Based on the soft power theory of international experiences and the impressionable-years hypothesis of socialization, I theorize that leaders with the experience of attending a university in a Western democratic country should be less likely than non-Western-educated leaders to initiate militarized interstate disputes. I test this proposition by employing a new dataset, building on Archigos and LEAD, that includes background attributes of more than 900 leaders from 147 non-Western countries between 1947 and 2001. The results strongly support the hypothesis, even when accounting for leader selection, time-variant country and leader-level controls, other leaders’ background characteristics, and country and year fixed effects. This finding lends credence to the soft power thesis of academic institutions on international sojourners, and highlights the value of considering leaders’ experiences in analyses about international relations.

scholarly journals Age Equity: A Framework for Addressing Ageism, Stigma, and Bias

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 431-431
Author(s):  
Charles Emlet ◽  
Karen Fredriksen Goldsen
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health Aging ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Aging And Sexuality ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Older Adult Population

Abstract In the Covid-19 context, researchers and policy makers have turned their attention to long-standing disparities in health equity, including by race, ethnicity, poverty, sexuality, and gender. Yet, scholarship to date does not conceptualize age as a critical aspect of difference requiring an equity lens. In this presentation, we utilize an Age Equity Framework to investigate ageism based on research findings from the 2018 National Health, Aging and Sexuality/Gender Study (NHAS): Aging with Pride. Investigating ageism, stigma, and bias, we found nearly half of LGBTQ older adults feel invisible and disrespected. After adjusting for background characteristics, experiences of ageism were associated with higher rates of stigma, lifetime victimization, discrimination, lower support and community engagement, and adverse outcomes (lower mental and physical health and quality of life). The rapidly growing older adult population highlights the pressing need to consider age inequities and the importance of achieving age equity across the life course.

scholarly journals Quits and ladders: does mobility improve outcomes?

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1201-1214
Author(s):  
Ivan Privalko
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Job Mobility ◽  
Career Progression ◽  
Job Fit ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
Internal Mobility ◽  
Internal Promotions

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to compare internal and external job mobility (quits and promotions) as separate mechanisms for workers improving earnings and job fit. Design/methodology/approach The authors sample the core workforce from the British Household Panel Survey, estimating the effects of quits and promotions on two sets of outcomes. The first is subjective; satisfaction with work, pay and hours. The second is objective realities about the job; gross monthly pay and weekly working hours. The authors use linear fixed-effects estimation to control for individual heterogeneity. Findings Quits and promotions are distinctly different mechanisms for improving earnings and job fit. Quits improve measures of job fit (satisfaction with work, pay and hours) but have little effect on earnings. Internal promotions bring earnings growth but have little effect on job fit. The findings shed light what drives “voluntary” mobility; internal mobility may be driven by higher “reservation wages” and career progression, while external mobility may be driven by job matching and the need to find more appropriate work. Social implications Researchers should treat mobile labour markets with scepticism. The growth of “boundaryless careers” may closer resemble a release valve for poor working conditions in a varied market than a growth in new opportunities for earnings and career progression. Originality/value Studies of job mobility overwhelmingly focus on the effects quitting without explicitly comparing this mobility to promotions. This omission gives an incomplete picture of mobility. Bringing promotions back into the discussion, helps to understand why workers commit to internal careers and firm tenure. The paper shows that quits and promotions yield distinctly different outcomes for core workers, despite both mobility types being labelled “voluntary”. Thus, the authors show that inequality in earnings and working conditions is closely tied to access to the “life-chances” of mobility; those who are able to pursue promotion are rewarded objectively; those who quit for a new employer seek a better job fit.

scholarly journals Venous thromboembolic events in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Wu ◽  
Zhihong Zuo ◽  
Deyi Yang ◽  
Xuan Luo ◽  
Liping Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Thromboembolic Events ◽  
Severe Condition ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Venous Thromboembolic Events ◽  
Venous Thromboembolic

Abstract Background High incidence of venous thromboembolic complications in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients was noted recently. Objective This study aimed to explore the factors associated with prevalence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in COVID-19 patients. Methods A literature search was conducted in several online databases. Fixed effects meta-analysis was performed for the factors associated with prevalence of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Results A total of 39 studies were analysed in this analysis. The incidence of pulmonary embolism and VTE in severe COVID-19 patients were 17% (95% CI, 13–21%) and 42% (95% CI, 25–60%), respectively. VTE were more common among individuals with COVID-19 of advance age. Male COVID-19 patients are more likely to experience VTE. Higher levels of white blood cell (WBC; WMD = 1.34 × 109/L; 95% CI, 0.84–1.84 × 109/L), D-dimer (WMD = 4.21 μg/ml; 95% CI, 3.77–4.66 μg/ml), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT; WMD = 2.03 s; 95% CI, 0.83–3.24 s), fibrinogen (WMD = 0.49 μg/ml; 95% CI, 0.18–0.79 g/L) and C-reactive protein (CRP; WMD = 21.89 mg/L; 95% CI, 11.44–32.34 mg/L) were commonly noted in COVID-19 patients with VTE. Patients with lower level of lymphocyte (WMD = −0.15 × 109/L; 95% CI, −0.23-−0.07 × 109/L) was at high risk of developing VTE. The incidence of severe condition (OR = 2.66; 95% CI, 1.95–3.62) was more likely to occur among COVID-19 patients who developed VTE. Conclusion VTE is a common complication in severe COVID-19 patients and thromboembolic events are also associated with adverse outcomes.

scholarly journals The Minimum Legal Drinking Age and Public Health

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Carpenter ◽  
Carlos Dobkin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Drinking Age ◽  
Minimum Legal Drinking Age ◽  
Panel Fixed Effects

The Amethyst Initiative, signed by more than 100 college presidents and other higher education officials calls for a reexamination of the minimum legal drinking age in the United States. A central argument of the initiative is that the U.S. minimum legal drinking age policy results in more dangerous drinking than would occur if the legal drinking age were lower. A companion organization called Choose Responsibility explicitly proposes “a series of changes that will allow 18–20 year-olds to purchase, possess and consume alcoholic beverages.” Does the age-21 drinking limit in the United States reduce alcohol consumption by young adults and its harms, or as the signatories of the Amethyst Initiative contend, is it “not working”? In this paper, we summarize a large and compelling body of empirical evidence which shows that one of the central claims of the signatories of the Amethyst Initiative is incorrect: setting the minimum legal drinking age at 21 clearly reduces alcohol consumption and its major harms. We use a panel fixed effects approach and a regression discontinuity approach to estimate the effects of the minimum legal drinking age on mortality, and we also discuss what is known about the relationship between the minimum legal drinking age and other adverse outcomes such as nonfatal injury and crime. We document the effect of the minimum legal drinking age on alcohol consumption and estimate the costs of adverse alcohol-related events on a per-drink basis. Finally we consider implications for the correct choice of a minimum legal drinking age.

scholarly journals Gendered dynamics of transnational social protection

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Başak Bilecen ◽  
Karolina Barglowski ◽  
Thomas Faist ◽  
Eleonore Kofman
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Life Chances ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Social Risks ◽  
Joint Investigation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Dimensions

AbstractSocial protection refers to resources and strategies to deal with social risks, such as poverty or obligations and needs of care, which might impede the realization of life chances and well-being. Previous research has shown that migrants are particularly affected by challenges when accessing or providing social protection, because of unfamiliar welfare regulations in the immigration country and their family and friends being located in various locations, calling for an investigation of gendered dynamics in transnational spaces. In this special issue we aim to advance these vital debates by elucidating the social consequences of the articulation and organization of formal and informal social protection across borders for different actors involved through a joint investigation of gender and transnationality as key dimensions of social inequality. More specifically, the papers collected in this special issue are devoted to investigating the link of formal and informal dimensions of transnational social protection and showing its impact on unequal life chances of mobile people in Europe. This introduction frames the articles collected in this special issue from an inequality perspective, thereby pointing to the ways in which gender and transnationality interact with other dimensions of inequality in the field of social protection, which currently constitutes one of the most vital issues in the field of migration scholarship.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Risk Factors Associated with Death and Severe Disease in Patients Suffering From COVID-19: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunchok Dorjee ◽  
Hyunju Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Us

AbstractIntroductionProgression of COVID-19 to severe disease and death is insufficiently understood.ObjectiveSummarize the prevalence adverse outcomes, risk factors, and association of risk factors with adverse outcomes in COVID-19 patients.MethodsWe searched Medline, Embase and Web of Science for case-series and observational studies of hospitalized COVID-19 patients through May 22, 2020. Data were analyzed by fixed-effects meta-analysis, using Shore’s adjusted confidence intervals to address heterogeneity.ResultsForty-four studies comprising 20594 hospitalized patients met inclusion criteria; 12591 from the US-Europe and 7885 from China. Pooled prevalence of death [%(95% CI)] was 18% (15-22%). Of those that died, 76% were aged≥ 60 years, 68% were males, and 63%, 38%, and 29% had hypertension, diabetes and heart disease, respectively. The case fatality risk [%(95% CI)] were 62% (48-78) for heart disease, 51% (36-71) for COPD, and 42% (34-50) for age≥ 60 years and 49% (33-71) for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Summary relative risk (sRR) of death were higher for age≥ 60 years [sRR=3.8; 95% CI: 2.9-4.8; n=12 studies], males [1.3; 1.2-1.5; 17], smoking history [1.9; 1.1-3.3; n=6], COPD [2.0; 1.6-2.4; n=9], hypertension [1.8; 1.7-2.0; n=14], diabetes [1.5; 1.4-1.7; n=16], heart disease [2.0; 1.7-2.4; 16] and CKD [2.0; 1.3-3.1; 8]. The overall prevalence of hypertension (55%), diabetes (31%) and heart disease (16%) among COVODI-19 patients in the US were substantially higher than the general US population.ConclusionsPublic health screening for COVID-19 can be prioritized based on risk-groups. A higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in COVID-19 patients can suggest increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 acquisition in the population.

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