scholarly journals xtoaxaca - Extending the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition Approach to Panel Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Kröger ◽  
Jörg Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Decomposition Techniques ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition approach has been widely used to attribute group-level differences in an outcome to differences in endowment, coefficients, and their interactions. The method has been implemented for Stata in the popular oaxaca program for cross-sectional analyses. In the last decades, however, research questions have been more often focused on the decomposition of group-based differences in change over time, e.g. diverging income trajectories, as well as decomposition of change in differences between groups, e.g. change in the gender pay gap over time. We review five existing methods for the decomposition of changes in group means and contribute a complementing interventionist perspective, which is suitable for applications with a clear before-after comparison. These decompositions of levels and changes over time can be implemented using a first version of the program {\tt xtoaxaca}, which works as a postestimation command for different regression commands in Stata. It is built to maximize flexibility in modeling and implements all decomposition techniques presented in this paper.

Extending the Kitagawa–Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition approach to panel data

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-410
Author(s):  
Hannes Kröger ◽  
Jörg Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Decomposition Techniques ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Decomposition Approach ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

The Kitagawa–Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition approach has been widely used to attribute group-level differences in an outcome to differences in endowment, coefficients, and their interactions. The method has been implemented for Stata in the popular oaxaca command for cross-sectional analyses. In recent decades, however, research questions have been more often focused on the decomposition of group-based differences in change over time, for example, diverging income trajectories, as well as decomposition of change in differences between groups, for example, change in the gender pay gap over time. We review five existing methods for the decomposition of changes in group means and contribute an extension that takes an interventionist perspective suitable for applications with a clear before–after comparison. These decompositions of levels and changes over time can be implemented using the xtoaxaca command, which works as a postestimation command for different regression commands in Stata. It is built to maximize flexibility in modeling and implements all decomposition techniques presented in this article.

Equality and Equity in Chinese Higher Education in the Post-massification Era: An Analysis Based on Chinese Scholarly Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Qiang Zha
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Chinese Higher Education ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Core Issues ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This paper examines several research questions relating to equality and equity in Chinese higher education via an extended literature review, which in turn sheds light on evolving scholarly explorations into this theme. First, in the post-massification era, has the Chinese situation of equality and equity in higher education improved or deteriorated since the late 1990s? Second, what are the core issues with respect to equality and equity in Chinese higher education? Third, how have those core issues evolved or changed over time and what does the evolution indicate and entail? Methodologically, this paper uses a bibliometric analysis to detect the topical hotspots in scholarly literature and their changes over time. The study then investigates each of those topical terrains against their temporal contexts in order to gain insights into the core issues.

Temporal Trends in the Severity and Mortality of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in the Era of Hypothermia

Neonatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Cristina Vega-Del-Val ◽  
Juan Arnaez ◽  
Sonia Caserío ◽  
Elena Pilar Gutiérrez ◽  
Marta Benito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽  
Annual Decline ◽  
Over Time

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> There is a paucity of studies examining temporal trends in the incidence and mortality of moderate-to-severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) during the last decade of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Multicenter cross-sectional study of all infants ≥35 weeks gestational age diagnosed with moderate-to-severe HIE within 6 h of birth in an extensive region of Spain between 2011 and 2019, in order to detect trend changes over time in the (1) annual incidence, (2) severity of neurological and systemic organ involvement, and (3) neonatal death from HIE. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Annual incidence rate of moderate-to-severe HIE was 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7–0.97) per 1,000 births, without trend changes over time (<i>p</i> = 0.8), although the proportion of severe HIE infants showed an average annual decline of 0.86 points (95% CI 0.75–0.98). There were 102 (70%) infants diagnosed with moderate HIE and 44 (30%) with severe HIE. TH was offered to 139/146 (95%) infants. Infants with clinical and/or electrical seizures showed a decreasing trend from 56 to 28% (<i>p</i> = 0.006). Mortality showed a nonstatistically significant decline (<i>p</i> = 0.4), and the severity of systemic damage showed no changes (<i>p</i> = 0.3). Obstetric characteristics remained unchanged, while higher perinatal pH values (<i>p</i> = 0.03) and Apgar scores (<i>p</i> = 0.05), and less need for resuscitation (<i>p</i> = 0.07), were found over time. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The annual incidence of moderate-to-severe HIE has stabilized at around 1 per 1,000 births, with a temporal trend toward a decrease in severe HIE infants and a slight decline of mortality. No association was found between temporal trends and changes in perinatal/obstetric characteristics over time.

Natural History Wet Collections: Observations on PH Readings from the Use of Different Ethanol and Label Types

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-17
Author(s):  
Ximo Mengual ◽  
France Gimnich ◽  
Hannah Petersen ◽  
Jonas J. Astrin
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Good Starting Point ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Fluid Preservation ◽  
Over Time

Abstract We examined the effects of different types of specimen labels and tags on pH of different concentrations of ethanol typically used for fluid preservation in natural history collections. Labels were immersed in three different concentrations of ethanol, 96% pure undenatured ethanol (EtOH), 96% EtOH denatured with methyl-ethyl ketone (MEK), and 99.8% pure undenatured EtOH, with or without the presence of insect specimens, and the solutions were evaluated after 26 months for changes over time in pH reading. In general, pH readings of all label trials with 96% and 99.8% ethanol increased over time, except for trials of denatured alcohol, which demonstrated lower pH readings in almost all treatments, regardless of label type. Samples that contained labels with ordinary, nonstandardized, not explicitly acid-free printing paper had higher pH readings compared after the trial. Our observations are a good starting point for further experiments to answer research questions related to chemical interactions with labels in ethanol-preserved specimens, including tissue samples for molecular analyses, which can guide collection staff in their daily work.

scholarly journals Stability of risk attitude, agricultural policies and production shocks: evidence from Italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Bozzola ◽  
Robert Finger
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article investigates the stability of farmers’ risk attitude over time. To this end, we estimate responses to changes in agricultural policies and production shocks. We use a unique panel data of over 36,000 Italian farms specialised in cereals, during the period 1989–2009. We find evidence of risk preference changes over time in response to changes in the European Union Common Agricultural Policy and possibly after a drought-induced production shock.

scholarly journals Cross-sectional and prospective associations between sleep regularity and metabolic health in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Fritz ◽  
Andrew J K Phillips ◽  
Larissa C Hunt ◽  
Akram Imam ◽  
Kathryn J Reid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Health ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Diabetes Risk ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Diabetes Incidence ◽  
Antidiabetic Medication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hispanic Community ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Study Objectives Sleep is an emergent, multi-dimensional risk factor for diabetes. Sleep duration, timing, quality, and insomnia have been associated with diabetes risk and glycemic biomarkers, but the role of sleep regularity in the development of metabolic disorders is less clear. Methods We analyzed data from 2107 adults, aged 19–64 years, from the Sueño ancillary study of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, followed over a mean of 5.7 years. Multivariable-adjusted complex survey regression methods were used to model cross-sectional and prospective associations between the sleep regularity index (SRI) in quartiles (Q1-least regular, Q4-most regular) and diabetes (either laboratory-confirmed or self-reported antidiabetic medication use), baseline levels of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), beta-cell function (HOMA-β), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and their changes over time. Results Cross-sectionally, lower SRI was associated with higher odds of diabetes (odds ratio [OR]Q1 vs. Q4 = 1.64, 95% CI: 0.98–2.74, ORQ2 vs. Q4 = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.70–1.81, ORQ3 vs. Q4 = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.62–1.62, ptrend = 0.023). The SRI effect was more pronounced in older (aged ≥ 45 years) adults (ORQ1 vs. Q4 = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.14–3.12, pinteraction = 0.060) compared to younger ones. No statistically significant associations were found between SRI and diabetes incidence, as well as baseline HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, and HbA1c values, or their changes over time among adults not taking antidiabetic medication. Conclusions Our results suggest that sleep regularity represents another sleep dimension relevant for diabetes risk. Further research is needed to elucidate the relative contribution of sleep regularity to metabolic dysregulation and pathophysiology.

Trajectories of major depression disorders: A systematic review of longitudinal neuroimaging findings

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 441-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Dohm ◽  
Ronny Redlich ◽  
Pienie Zwitserlood ◽  
Udo Dannlowski
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Course Of Depression

Objective: Structural and functional brain alterations in major depression disorder (MDD) are well studied in cross-sectional designs, but little is known about the causality between onset and course of depression on the one hand, and neurobiological changes over time on the other. To explore the direction of causality, longitudinal studies with a long time window (preferably years) are needed, but only few have been undertaken so far. This article reviews all prospective neuroimaging studies in MDD patients currently available and provides a critical discussion of methodological challenges involved in the investigation of the causal relationship between brain alterations and the course of MDD. Method: We conducted a systematic review of studies published before September 2015, to identify structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies that assess the relation between neuronal alterations and MDD in longitudinal (⩾1 year) designs. Results: Only 15 studies meeting minimal standards were identified. An analysis of these longitudinal data showed a large heterogeneity between studies regarding design, samples, imaging methods, spatial restrictions and, consequently, results. There was a strong relationship between brain-volume outcomes and the current mood state, whereas longitudinal studies failed to clarify the influence of pre-existing brain changes on depressive outcome. Conclusion: So far, available longitudinal studies cannot resolve the causality between the course of depression and neurobiological changes over time. Future studies should combine high methodological standards with large sample sizes. Cooperation in multi-center studies is indispensable to attain sufficient sample sizes, and should allow careful assessment of possible confounders.

scholarly journals Institutional logic and scholars' reactions to performance measurement in universities

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 104-130
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Mari Kallio ◽  
Tomi J. Kallio ◽  
Giuseppe Grossi ◽  
Janne Engblom
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measurement ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Institutional Logic ◽  
Institutional Work ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Performance Measurement Systems ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

PurposeEmploying institutional logic and institutional work as its theoretical framework, this study analyzes scholars' reactions to performance measurement systems in academia.Design/methodology/approachLarge datasets were collected over time, combining both quantitative and qualitative elements. The data were gathered from a two-wave survey in 2010 (966 respondents) and 2015 (672 respondents), conducted among scholars performing teaching- and research-oriented tasks in three Finnish universities.FindingsThe analysis showed statistically significant changes over time in the ways that the respondents were positioned in three major groups influenced by different institutional logics. This study contributes to the international debate on institutional change in universities by showing that in Finnish universities, emerging business logics and existing professional logics can co-exist and be blended among a growing group of academics. The analysis of qualitative open-ended answers suggests that performance measurement systems have led to changes in institutional logic, which have influenced the scholars participating in institutional work at the microlevel in academia.Social implicationsWhile most scholars remain critical of performance measurement systems in universities, the fact that many academics are adapting to performance measurement systems highlights significant changes that are generally occurring in academia.Originality/valueWhile most extant studies have focused on field- and organizational-level analyses, this study focuses on understanding how the adoption of performance measurement systems affects institutional logic and institutional work at the microlevel. Moreover, the study's cross-sectional research setting increases society's understanding of institutional evolution in academia.

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