scholarly journals Towards Spatial Assimilation? Contextual Mobility and Neighborhood Attainment among Norwegian Immigrant Descendants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Are Skeie Hermansen ◽  
Pål Oskar Hundebo ◽  
Gunn Elisabeth Birkelund
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Spatial Assimilation ◽  
Socioeconomic Attainment ◽  
Neighborhood Contexts ◽  
Immigrant Generations ◽  
Neighborhood Level

We study contextual mobility and neighborhood attainment among immigrant descendants using administrative data from Norway. We find that immigrant descendants often remain in adult neighborhood contexts—characterized by relative economic disadvantage and comparatively few native-origin residents—that largely resemble their childhood neighborhoods. Intergenerational stability is strongest among descendants of immigrants from Pakistan, the Middle East, and Africa. Further, group-level differences in individual socioeconomic attainment, family background, and characteristics of their childhood neighborhoods account for a substantial part of the adult native-immigrant gaps in neighborhood-level economic composition, but less so for neighborhood-level proximity to native-origin residents. The role of childhood residential segregation is most important in accounting for adult native-immigrant gaps in neighborhood attainment. Our findings offer only partial support for spatial assimilation theory—which predicts that acculturation and socioeconomic progress will lead to a convergence in neighborhood profiles relative to natives across immigrant generations—but may reflect external barriers in the housing market or persistent in-group preferences for (co-ethnic) immigrant neighbors.

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL DISCRIMINATION AND MRI-ASSESSED BRAIN ENDPOINTS: HANDLS BRAINCHILD

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S14-S14
Author(s):  
Danielle L Beatty Moody ◽  
Rao P Gullapalli ◽  
Christos Davatzikos ◽  
Shuyan Sun ◽  
Lesile Katzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Brain Pathology ◽  
Brain Health ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Abstract Emerging evidence demonstrates that exposure to race-related adversity, specifically, individual-level discrimination, in middle-age is adversely linked with white matter lesion volume, a prospective marker of future cerebrovascular disease as indicated on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). It remains unclear whether exposure to indices of neighborhood-level structural discrimination (e.g., residential segregation, % of population employed & with high school diploma/equivalency), are linked to MRI-assessed brain pathology and how these linkages may be patterned by key sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., race, age, sex, class). Knowledge of this linkage may help us further understand well-documented racial disparities in multiple clinical brain health endpoints including stroke, dementia, cognitive decline, functional disability, and subclinical brain pathology in adulthood. Thusly, this talk will focus on work that examines whether neighborhood-level structural discrimination is associated with MRI-brain assessed indicators of subclinical brain pathology and the role of key sociodemographic factors, with emphasis on the role of race.

White and Latino Locational Attainments: Assessing the Role of Race and Resources in U.S. Metropolitan Residential Segregation

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber R. Crowell ◽  
Mark Fossett
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Spatial Assimilation ◽  
Locational Attainment ◽  
Stratification Theory ◽  
Socioeconomic Assimilation ◽  
Place Stratification

This study examines White-Latino residential segregation in six U.S. metropolitan areas using new methods to draw a connection between two dominant research traditions in the segregation literature and empirically analyze prevailing conceptual frameworks. Based on microlevel locational attainment analyses, we find that for Latinos, acculturation and socioeconomic status are positively associated with greater residential contact with Whites and thus promote lower segregation consistent with predictions of spatial assimilation theory. However, standardization and decomposition analysis reveals that a substantial portion of White-Latino segregation can be attributed to White-Latino differences in the ability to translate acculturation and socioeconomic assimilation into co-residence with Whites. Thus, consistent with predictions of place stratification theory, evidence suggests that spatial assimilation dynamics are limited by continuing race-based factors leading to the expectation that segregation will persist at moderate to high levels even after Latinos reach parity with Whites on social and economic resources that shape locational attainments. Therefore, we offer two conclusions. First, contemporary White-Latino segregation is due in part to group differences in social and economic resources that determine locational attainments and that this component of White-Latino segregation will continue to be significant so long as Whites and Latinos differ along these social and economic characteristics. Second, while spatial assimilation dynamics can promote partial reductions in White-Latino segregation, we expect segregation to continue at moderate to high levels because place stratification dynamics limit Latino residential integration even when Latinos and Whites are comparable on relevant resources.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Characteristics and Cancer Survivorship: An Overview of the Current Literature on Neighborhood Landscapes and Cancer Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7192
Author(s):  
Sima Namin ◽  
Yuhong Zhou ◽  
Joan Neuner ◽  
Kirsten Beyer
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survivorship ◽  
Neighborhood Effects ◽  
Survivorship Care ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Neighborhood Development ◽  
Neighborhood Factors ◽  
Neighborhood Contexts ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Neighborhood Level

There is a growing literature on the association between neighborhood contexts and cancer survivorship. To understand the current trends and the gaps in the literature, we aimed to answer the following questions: To what degree, and how, has cancer survivorship research accounted for neighborhood-level effects? What neighborhood metrics have been used to operationalize neighborhood factors? To what degree do the neighborhood level metrics considered in cancer research reflect neighborhood development as identified in the Leadership for Energy and Environmental Design for Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) guidelines? We first conducted a review guided by PRISMA extension for scoping review of the extant literature on neighborhood effects and cancer survivorship outcomes from January 2000 to January 2021. Second, we categorized the studied neighborhood metrics under six main themes. Third, we assessed the findings based on the LEED-ND guidelines to identify the most relevant neighborhood metrics in association with areas of focus in cancer survivorship care and research. The search results were scoped to 291 relevant peer-reviewed journal articles. Results show that survivorship disparities, primary care, and weight management are the main themes in the literature. Additionally, most articles rely on neighborhood SES as the primary (or only) examined neighborhood level metric. We argue that the expansion of interdisciplinary research to include neighborhood metrics endorsed by current paradigms in salutogenic urban design can enhance the understanding of the role of socioecological context in survivorship care and outcomes.

scholarly journals Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor Transport from Indian to Sahelian Regions

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdoulaye Sy ◽  
Bouya Diop ◽  
Joël Van Baelen ◽  
Christophe Duroure ◽  
Yahya Gour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Indian Monsoon ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Monsoon Region ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Tropical Easterly Jet

We present a study of upper tropospheric westward transport of air masses coming from the Indian monsoon zone over the period 1998–2008. The objective is to characterize upper tropospheric transport of water vapor from the Indian to Sahelian regions, and to improve the understanding of the dynamical mechanisms that govern water vapor variations in West Africa and the interconnections between India and the Sahel, focusing on the direct role of the Indian monsoon region on Sahel tropospheric water vapor and precipitation. The calculations of forward trajectories with LACYTRAJ (LACY TRAJectory code) and humidity fluxes show that a substantial part (40 to 70% at 300 hPa) of trajectories coming from the upper troposphere of the monsoon region crossed the Sahelian region in a few days (3–14 days), and water vapor fluxes connecting these two regions are established when the Indian monsoon begins at latitudes higher than 15° N in its south–north migration. The intensity and orientation of water vapor fluxes are related to the tropical easterly jet, but they are from the east above the high convection zones. Between 1998 and 2008, these fluxes between the 500–300 hPa pressure levels are associated with precipitation in Sahel only if they are from the east and with an intensity exceeding 8 kg·(m·s)−1.

Constraints in the Demand for Education: What Can we Learn from Subjective Assessments?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga V. Sorokina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Credit Constraints ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Demand For Education ◽  
Subjective Assessments

Abstract While the large disparities in educational attainment by socioeconomic status in the United States point towards the importance of credit constraints, there is no consensus in the economic literature regarding their pervasiveness. To evaluate how subjective information can enhance our understanding of the role of credit constraints in education, I focus on NLSY79 respondents' assessments of financial obstacles to schooling. About 12 percent of young adults in the data expect to underinvest in education because of financial reasons or the need to work. Using this information in a regression model of educational attainment shows that it provides valuable behavioral insights, above and beyond standard measures of income and family background.

Does Schooling Decrease Socioeconomic Inequality in Early Achievement? A Differential Exposure Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 000312242110491
Author(s):  
Giampiero Passaretta ◽  
Jan Skopek
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Learning Domains ◽  
Differential Exposure ◽  
Schooling Effects

Does schooling affect socioeconomic inequality in educational achievement? Earlier studies based on seasonal comparisons suggest schooling can equalize social gaps in learning. Yet recent replication studies have given rise to skepticism about the validity of older findings. We shed new light on the debate by estimating the causal effect of 1st-grade schooling on achievement inequality by socioeconomic family background in Germany. We elaborate a differential exposure approach that estimates the effect of exposure to 1st-grade schooling by exploiting (conditionally) random variation in test dates and birth dates for children who entered school on the same calendar day. We use recent data from the German NEPS to test school-exposure effects for a series of learning domains. Findings clearly indicate that 1st-grade schooling increases children’s learning in all domains. However, we do not find any evidence that these schooling effects differ by children’s socioeconomic background. We conclude that, although all children gain from schooling, schooling has no consequences for social inequality in learning. We discuss the relevance of our findings for sociological knowledge on the role of schooling in the process of stratification and highlight how our approach complements seasonal comparison studies.

US-China Relations

2019 ◽  
pp. 571-589
Author(s):  
Clay Wilson ◽  
Nicole Drumhiller
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Economic Disadvantage ◽  
Cyber Warfare ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cyber Espionage

It is assumed by most observers that China is copying or stealing vast amounts of intellectual property from US military and private industry through its cyber espionage activities, and then sharing that information with state-owned industries, giving them unfair economic advantages. The US also conducts cyber espionage against China and other nations, but chooses to not share the vast collections of intellectual property and data with its own domestic industries. By choosing not to do the same thing as China, the US may be placing itself at an economic disadvantage, and may also mistakenly be accusing China of threatening cyber warfare. What is needed is a clearer understanding of differences in national cultures that contribute to intolerance between the US and China when it comes to economics, threats of war, and the evolving new role of cyber espionage.

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