scholarly journals Assessing the Monetary Value of Vehicle-to-Grid Considering Battery Degradation: Agent-Based Approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradyumansinh Raj
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Spot Market ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Battery Degradation ◽  
Charging Strategy

Electrification of the transport sector is increasing the electricity demand in the energy system. On the other hand, penetration of renewable energy sources is increasing the intermittency in the power system, posing the challenge in the real-time balancing of the electricity supply and demand. With V2G or bi-directional charging, it is possible to link both the system in a way that can provide synergistic benefits to both. In V2G research, system benefits have been studied thoroughly in the past compared to EV user benefits of V2G services. Moreover, research on EV user benefits lacks the socio-technical approach that takes into account user behaviour, social values, and business models.Considering above mentioned research gaps, in this thesis, V2G monetary benefits are researched for the EV users in the Netherlands. The study specifically focuses on EV users trading at spot market in the Netherlands while providing V2G storage (arbitrage). Moreover, simplistic battery degradation cost and lifetime economic analysis have also taken into consideration for the calculation of V2G net benefits. This research has been conducted under SparkCity agent-based model framework, which has been developed at the Eindhoven University of Technology and currently maintained by Zenmo simulations in the Netherlands.Agent-based modelling approach comprises the heterogeneous behaviours and characteristics of the agents (EV users), their collective influence on the spot market and individual agent’s V2G benefits which are affected by the global change in prices of the spot market. V2G charging strategy has been compared with baseline charging strategy and cost-based charging strategy for the comparison of the benefits. EV users with diverse characteristics in the neighbourhood have been compared to study the effects of individual characteristics on monetary benefits. Simulation has been run for three different years with varying EV adoption rate and renewable energy penetration into the energy system.Results show V2G as a promising solution for the energy system with high renewable and EVs. It can provide a tremendous amount of flexibility and storage to the system and offset the storage costs into the future energy system. However, V2G benefits for EV users under spot market are lower comparing to other market mechanisms. It might be less attractive for users to provide storage for a more extended period with comparably less profit gain. Moreover, battery degradation costs are higher taking into consideration current battery prices. However, with more PV installation in the renewable mix, the potential to gain benefits during the day time increase significantly.

European Energy System Based on 100% Renewable Energy – Transport Sector

2021 ◽  
pp. 519-562
Author(s):  
Manish Ram ◽  
Dmitrii Bogdanov ◽  
Arman Aghahosseini ◽  
Siavash Khalili ◽  
Michael Child ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Transport ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transport Sector

scholarly journals Integrated Energy Planning with a High Share of Variable Renewable Energy Sources for a Caribbean Island

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Dominković ◽  
Greg Stark ◽  
Bri-Mathias Hodge ◽  
Allan Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Energy Planning ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Caribbean Island ◽  
Smart Charging ◽  
Variable Renewable Energy Sources

Although it can be complex to integrate variable renewable energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaics into an energy system, the potential benefits are large, as it can help reduce fuel imports, balance the trade, and mitigate the negative impacts in terms of climate change. In order to try to integrate a very large share of variable renewable energy sources into the energy system, an integrated energy planning approach was used, including ice storage in the cooling sector, a smart charging option in the transport sector, and an excess capacity of reverse osmosis technology that was utilised in order to provide flexibility to the energy system. A unit commitment and economic dispatch tool (PLEXOS) was used, and the model was run with both 5 min and 1 h time resolutions. The case study was carried out for a typical Caribbean island nation, based on data derived from measured data from Aruba. The results showed that 78.1% of the final electricity demand in 2020 was met by variable renewable energy sources, having 1.0% of curtailed energy in the energy system. The total economic cost of the modelled energy system was similar to the current energy system, dominated by the fossil fuel imports. The results are relevant for many populated islands and island nations.

Power usage in the transport sector – potential, costs and greenhouse gas abatement of different well-to-wheel pathways

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Millinger ◽  
Philip Tafarte ◽  
Matthias Jordan ◽  
Alena Hahn ◽  
Kathleen Meisel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Abatement ◽  
Surplus Power

<p>The increase of variable renewable energy sources (VRE), i.e. wind and solar power, may lead to a certain mismatch between power demand and supply. At the same time, in order to decarbonise the heat and transport sectors, power-based solutions are often seen as promising option, through so-called sector coupling. At times when VRE power supply exceeds demand, the surplus power could be used for producing liquid and gaseous electrofuels. The power is used for electrolysis, producing hydrogen, which can in turn be used either directly or combined with a carbon source to produce hydrocarbon fuels.</p><p>Here, we analyse the potential development of surplus power for the case of Germany, at an ambitious VRE expansion until 2050 and perform a cost analysis of electrofuels at different production levels using sorted residual load curves. These are then compared to biofuels and electric vehicles with the aid of an optimisation model, considering both cost- and greenhouse gas (GHG)-optimal options for the main transport sectors in Germany.</p><p>We find that, although hydrocarbon electrofuels are more expensive than their main renewable competitors, i.e. biofuels, they are most likely indispensable in addition for reaching climate targets in transport. However, the electrofuel potential is constrained by the availability of both surplus power and carbon. In fact, the surplus power potential is projected to remain limited even at currently ambitious VRE targets for Germany and carbon availability is lower in an increasingly renewable energy system unless direct air capture is deployed. In addition, as the power mix is likely to contain fossil fuels for decades to come, electrofuels based on power directly from the mix with associated conversion losses would cause higher GHG-emissions than the fossil transport fuel reference until a very high share of renewables in the power source is achieved. In contrast, electric vehicles are a more climate competitive option under the projected power mix with remaining fossil fuel fractions, due to a superior fuel economy and thereby lower costs and emissions.</p><p>As part of the assessment, we quantify the greenhouse gas abatement costs for different well-to-wheel pathways and provide an analysis and recommendations for a transition to sustainable transport.</p>

scholarly journals Collective Energy Practices: A Practice-Based Approach to Civic Energy Communities and the Energy System

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Verkade ◽  
Johanna Höffken
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Community Building ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Commercial Activity ◽  
To Come ◽  
Grid Management

Civic energy communities (CECs) have emerged throughout Europe in recent years, developing a range of activities to promote, generate, and manage renewable energy within the community. Building on theories of Social Practice, we develop the notion of Collective Energy Practice to account for the activity of CECs. This expands the practice-based understanding of energy, which thus far has mostly focused on energy practices of the home. Additionally, we build on earlier practice-based thinking to come to our understanding of a ‘system of energy practices’. This view places the collective energy practices of CECs in a broader mesh of sites of practice, including policymaking, commercial activity, and grid management. Taking account of the enabling and/or restricting the influence of this broad system of energy practices is crucial in understanding the development of CECs’ practices. We accomplish this through the qualitative analysis of our long-term empirical research of five Dutch CEC sites, but also draw on our earlier fieldwork on smart grid projects in the Netherlands.

scholarly journals From Niche to Market—An Agent-Based Modeling Approach for the Economic Uptake of Electro-Fuels (Power-to-Fuel) in the German Energy System

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5522
Author(s):  
Christian Schnuelle ◽  
Kasper Kisjes ◽  
Torben Stuehrmann ◽  
Pablo Thier ◽  
Igor Nikolic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Model Potential ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Framework Conditions ◽  
Scale Integration

The transition process towards renewable energy systems is facing challenges in both fluctuating electricity generation of photovoltaic and wind power as well as socio-economic disruptions. With regard to sector integration, solutions need to be developed, especially for the mobility and the industry sector, because their ad hoc electrification and decarbonization seem to be unfeasible. Power-to-fuel (P2F) technologies may contribute to bridge the gap, as renewable energy can be transferred into hydrogen and hydrocarbon-based synthetic fuels. However, the renewable fuels production is far from economically competitive with conventional fuels. With a newly developed agent-based model, potential developments in the German energy markets were simulated for a horizon of 20 years from 2016 to 2035. The model was constructed through a participatory modeling process with relevant actors and stakeholders in the field. Model findings suggest that adjusted regulatory framework conditions (e.g., exemptions from electricity surtaxes, accurate prices for CO2-certificates, strong start-up subsidies, and drastic emission reduction quotas) are key factors for economically feasible P2F installations and will contribute to its large-scale integration into the German energy system. While plant capacities do not exceed 0.042 GW in a business-as-usual scenarios, the above-mentioned adjustments lead to plant capacities of at least 3.25 GW in 2035 with concurrent reduction in product prices.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Energy Metabolic System in Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Konara Mudiyanselage Gayani Kaushalya Konara ◽  
Akihiro Tokai
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Metabolic System ◽  
Energy Flows

Fast growing economy of Sri Lanka with an annual GDP growth rate of 5% has significantly increased demand for energy. As energy supply must grow in a sustainable way to meet the demand, concern over the environmental impact of energy flows have been gaining attention during policy development and implementation. Therefore, there is a need of comprehensively evaluating energy metabolic system in Sri Lanka to identify resource dependencies of the country that must be addressed to increase the sustainability. A conceptual energy metabolic model was developed identifying economic, social and demographic variables affecting energy demand, transformation and supply and GHG emissions in Sri Lanka. Developed model was used to evaluate the current energy flows and forecast the behaviour of energy metabolism while assessing the sustainability of the energy system using number of sustainability indicators. Developed model indicates an average annual growth rate of 4.06% in energy demand, 4.17% in non-renewable energy supply and 3.36% in GHG emissions. Transport sector has the highest GHG emissions percentage of 73%. Sustainability evaluation of the energy metabolic system shows that Sri Lanka is becoming more efficient and less energy intensive over the years. However, increase in GHG emissions per capita and emission intensity has a negative impact on the environmental sustainability while increase renewable energy share in total energy supply can be considered positive. The findings of the research give new insights to the energy system of Sri Lanka which enable energy planners to implement policies to transition towards a more secure and sustainable energy system.

scholarly journals A Suggested Improvement for Small Autonomous Energy System Reliability by Reducing Heat and Excess Charges

Batteries ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Savard ◽  
Emiliia Iakovleva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Petri Net ◽  
System Reliability ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
System Failure ◽  
Battery Degradation ◽  
Physical Access ◽  
Energy Autonomy

Devices operating in complete energy autonomy are multiplying: small fixed signaling applications or sensors often operating in a network. To ensure operation for a substantial period, for applications with difficult physical access, a means of storing electrical energy must be included in the system. The battery remains the most deployed solution. Lead-acid batteries still have a significant share of this market due to the maturity of their technology. However, even by sizing all the system elements according to the needs and the available renewable energy, some failure occurs. The battery is the weak element. It can be quickly discharged when the renewable energy source is no longer present for a while. It can also be overloaded or subjected to high temperatures, which affects its longevity. This paper presents a suggested improvement for these systems, systematically adding extra devices to reduce excess charges and heat and allowing the battery use at lower charges. The interest of this strategy is presented by comparing the number of days of system failure and the consequences for battery aging. To demonstrate the interest of the proposed improvement track, a colored Petri net is deployed to model the battery degradation parameters evolution, in order to compare them.

scholarly journals Vehicle-to-Grid in Standard and Fast Electric Vehicle Charging: Comparison of Renewable Energy Source Utilization and Charging Costs

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamarija Falkoni ◽  
Antun Pfeifer ◽  
Goran Krajačić
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Renewable Electricity ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Fast Charging

Croatia aims to achieve 10% of its energy production from the renewable energy sources in the total energy consumption in the transport sector. One of the ways to achieve this goal is by the use of electric vehicles. This work comparatively analyses the financial and social aspects of vehicle-to-grid charging in standard and fast charging mode, their impact on the renewable electricity production and the total electricity consumption regulated through variable electricity prices. Data were taken for the wider urban area of the Dubrovnik region. The assumption is that the Dubrovnik region will be self-sufficient by the year 2050 with 100% renewable electricity production and that all conventional vehicles will be replaced by electric vehicles. This work aims to show that the fast charging based on 10 min time steps offers more opportunities for flexibility and utilization of renewable generation in the energy system than the standard charging based on hourly time step. The results of this work showed the opposite, where in most of the scenarios standard charging provided better results. Replacement of the existing two tariff model in electricity prices with variable electricity prices contributes to the stability of the energy system, providing better regulation of charging and higher opportunities for renewable electricity utilization in standard and fast charging and reduction of charging costs. According to the financial aspects, fast charging is shown to be more expensive, but for the social aspects, it provides electric vehicles with more opportunities for better competition in the market.

scholarly journals An Optimization Strategy for Sustainable Development of Renewable Energy System

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2S2) ◽  
pp. 629-636
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Renewable Energy System

The main objective of this paper is to present the detailed information about various renewable energy sources for creating a technique used for sustainable development. Such kind of technique comprises of energy saving, increasing energy production and replacing fossil fuels using different renewable energy sources. It is motivated to include various novel techniques with large-scale renewable energy plants for integrating and measuring the efficiency of the plants. According to India, this paper discussed about the various problems and issues associated with converting available energy systems into complete renewable energy system. From the overall discussion, it is concluded that converting total energy system into renewable energy system is possible. Also, what are all the requirements, current available resources and future methods to improve the energy system are discussed. But converting the transport sector into flexible energy system methods is difficult.

scholarly journals Moving Toward a Sustainable Energy System: A Case Study of Viken County of Norway

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5912
Author(s):  
Fredrik Ege Abrahamsen ◽  
Sturla Grina Ruud ◽  
Alemayehu Gebremedhin
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
The Future

Increasing awareness of climate issues and environmental policy has been a key factor behind the continuous transition of energy systems at different levels. This paper aimed to analyse the energy system of Viken county, located in Norway. An energy system model using the energy system analysis tool EnergyPLAN was developed. Based on the reference year 2018, two future scenarios which focus on changes in the transport sector for the year 2030 and 2050 were designed. Besides changes in the transport sector, the integration of renewable energy sources is considered in the future scenarios. The results of the analysis regarding the future scenario shows substantial CO2 reduction as a result of energy-carrier switching within the transport sector. The integration of new energy sources, in this case, solar PV and wind power, helps to offset increased import dependency. The primary energy supply decrease and the share of renewable energy increases significantly.

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