scholarly journals Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension in a Rural Community of Western Nepal: A Cross Sectional Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Kafle ◽  
D Sharma ◽  
N Paudel ◽  
S Sapkota ◽  
VM Alurkar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Community Screening ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

Background and aim: Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Hypertension evolved as a major public problem in urban populations of many countries including Nepal, but little is known about its prevalence and risk factors in rural areas. The objective of our study was to assess the prevalence of and risk factors associated with hypertension.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried out in November 2017 in a four days health camp where peoples from ward number eight of Suklagandaki municipality of Tanahu district were called for screening of diabetes mellitus. No prior notice was given to the population about screening of hypertension. We screened total of 568 participants. Demographics, anthropometry and two independent blood pressure (BP) readings were taken. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 18.0.Results: A total of 568 individuals were interviewed and taken complete BP, weight and height measurements. More than 1/3rd (36.26%) of the respondents were in age group 18- 39 years with mean age 47.49 ± 16.61. Nearly, 60% of the respondents were female. Whilst 17.3% were smokers and 20% reported drinking alcohol. Overall prevalence of hypertension was 41.55% and this was significantly associated with age, gender, education, size of family, smoking habits, intake of alcohol, presence of diabetes mellitus.Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension was found to be high and it has become a important public health issue even in rural part of Nepal. Community screening program, timely detection, lifestyle modification, treatment and prevention are all important to deal  

scholarly journals Screening of Gestational Diabetes and Hypertension Among Antenatal Women in Rural West India

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viral R. Dave ◽  
Bhavik M. Rana ◽  
Kantibhai N. Sonaliya ◽  
Suraj J. Chandwani ◽  
Samkit V. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Screening Program ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Screening Guidelines ◽  
History Of

Background: Hypertension and gestational diabetes are among the leading causes of maternal and perinatal mortality, especially in rural areas of developing countries with meager health facilities. With early diagnosis and timely treatment, these adverse events can be decreased. The primary aim of this study was to implement a screening program for gestational diabetes and hypertension, and to assess risk factors associated with these conditions among antenatal women in the rural area of the Gujarat province in India.Methods: A cross–sectional study was conducted at one of the rural areas of Gujarat province in India. Following a random  cluster sampling procedure, the village of Davas was selected. A multistage random sampling method was utilized, resulting in a sample of 346 antenatal women. Screening guidelines from the American Diabetes Association were followed for gestational diabetes screening.Results: The majority of antenatal mothers (55.50%) were between 21-25 years of age. 242 antenatal women were multigravida, and among them, 85.96% had institutional delivery at their last pregnancy. Of the total 346 women, 17.60% were prehypertensive. The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 1.40%, diastolic hypertension was 0.90%, and gestational diabetes was 1.73%.Conclusion: Socioeconomically upper class, a family history of hypertension, and BMI ≥ 25 were strong risk factors for hypertension during pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Health education should be made readily available to antenatal mothers by paramedical workers regarding symptoms of hypertension and gestational diabetes mellitus for early self identification.

scholarly journals RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN RURAL NIGERIA: A CROSS SECTIONAL SURVEY AND A REVIEW OF THE CURRENT LITERATURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-375
Author(s):  
Anthonia A. Ikpeme*,Nchiewe E. Ani, Edoise M. Isiwele, Andrew E. Ekpenyong,Emmanuel E. Ekanem
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross River State

Introduction: Over 80% of cardiovascular deaths take place in low and middle incomecountries. These cardiovascular deaths are caused by modifiable risk factors. Evidenceis emerging that some of these factors maybe even more prevalent in rural areas whichare generally underserved.Aim: The aim of this study was to record risk factors for cardiovascular disease inrural communities in south southern Nigeria and review some related literature.Methods: A cross sectional study during clinical outreach activities that took placein 2016 to 2018 in several rural and few urban communities in Cross River State,Nigeria. Participating individuals gave full consent and ethical clearance obtained.Socio-demographic data, Anthropometric data and Blood sugar measurements wereobtained. Data extracted was transferred into EXCEL thereafter analysis was doneusing SPSS version 21. p values less than 0.05 were deemed statistically significant.Tests of significance included Anova, chi square and student t- tests.Results: Total population investigated over the 3 year period was 504. (2016-33.1%),(2017 -37.9%), (2018 – 28%) with a Female: Male distribution of 1:1.Most participants tended to be overweight across the years 59.7%, 59.1%, 73.7%,2016, 2017, and 2018 respectively. The prevalence of Hypertension was 10.71%. Nosignificant gender difference in the prevalence of Hypertension (6.94% males to 3.77%females, p=0.097). The prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus was 10.67%. There was nosignificant gender prevalence (6.67% males to 4.00% females, p =0.431)Conclusion: Cardiovascular disease remains relatively uncommon in Sub-SaharanAfrica, despite an increasing prevalence of risk factors, but it’s incidence is rising.Steps should be taken in Sub-Saharan Africa to prevent an epidemic. This involvesdetailed and regular screening for cardiovascular risk factors in rural communities.Key words: RISK FACTORS, Cardio vascular disease, South South Nigeria.

scholarly journals The Prevalence and Awareness of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors among the Lebanese Population: A Prospective Study Comparing Urban to Rural Populations

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iqbal Fahs ◽  
Zainab Khalife ◽  
Diana Malaeb ◽  
Mohammad Iskandarani ◽  
Pascale Salameh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Undiagnosed Hypertension ◽  
Lebanese Population ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction. CVDs are largely driven by modifiable risk factors. This study sought to determine the awareness and prevalence of the modifiable CVDs risk factors among the Lebanese population.Methods. In a cross-sectional survey, 1000 participants aged ≥ 45 years were randomly selected from pharmacies and interviewed. The data was analyzed with SPSS version 21.0 software.Results. Differences between urban and rural areas include alcohol consumption (2.8% versus 1.7%;p=0.0001), cardioprotective vegetable servings (6.1% versus 2.3%;p=0.016), sedentary hours per day (18.6% versus 15.1%;p=0.002), and hypertension (38.5% versus 25.4%;p=0.001). The prevalence of overweight and obesity (77.3% versus 75.2%;p=0.468), smoking (39.3% versus 43.3%;p=0.232), diabetes (25.4% versus 21.4%;p=0.173), and dyslipidemia (25 versus 21.2%) was reported. Measurements revealed 19.3% of undiagnosed hypertension (12.4% versus 22.4%,p=0.001), 61.7% of hypertension (59.8% versus 62.6%;p=0.203), and 7.9% of undiagnosed diabetes (6.6% versus 8.6%;p=0.323). The declared awareness of CVDs risk factors was highest for smoking (91.5% versus 89.7%;p=0.339) and lowest for diabetes (54.4 versus 55.7%;p=0.692).Conclusion. This study has shown a high prevalence of modifiable CVDs risk factors in the Lebanese population ≥ 45 years, among which hypertension is the most prominent.

scholarly journals Study on Associated Risk Factors of Hypertension at Sipaghat of Sindhupalchowk District, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Naresh Manandhar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Family History ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Percent Level ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family History Of Hypertension ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: Hypertension is a progressive cardiovascular syndrome arising from complex and interrelated etiologies. Males have slightly higher prevalence than female in most of countries of Southeast-Asian region.Objective: The objective of study is to find out prevalence and the risk factors of hypertension at Sipaghat, Sindhulchowk, Nepal.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sipaghat of Sindhupalchowk district in May 2016 and 260 persons were selected randomly. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was higher in male (25.4%) than female (17.4%). Mean age of study population was 42.08 years with standard deviation, 15.95 years. Variables namely age group, smoking, alcohol consumption and family history of hypertension were found to be significant at 5 percent level of significance. Alcohol consumption and smokers have more than two times higher chance of getting hypertension compared to alcohol non-consumer and nonsmoker with 95% confidence intervals were 1.08-4.80 and 1.21-6.10, respectively. Persons with family history of hypertension have 3.8 times more chance of getting hypertension compared to no family history of hypertension with 1.89-7.61 of 95% confidence interval.Conclusion: Lifestyle modification reduces blood pressure which prevents or delays the incidence of hypertension. Hypertension can be controlled and prevented by modifying the lifestyle. People should be advised to avoid modifiable risk factors of hypertension like smoking, consumption of alcohol and physical inactivity through health education programs.Nepalese Journal of Statistics, 2017, Vol. 1, 73-82

scholarly journals Diabetes Burden in Urban and Rural Senegalese Populations: A Cross-Sectional Study in 2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Seck ◽  
D. G. Dia ◽  
D. Doupa ◽  
A. Diop-Dia ◽  
I. Thiam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Family History Of Diabetes ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
History Of

Diabetes represents a challenging global health issue in the 21st century. Data from sub-Saharan African populations are scarce and are usually restricted to urban settings. The objective of this study was to compare prevalence and risk factors of diabetes in rural and urban areas in Senegal.Methods.In a community-based survey between January and May 2012, we included 1027 adults aged≥18 years living in northern Senegal. Sociodemographic, clinical, and biological data were collected during household visits. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with diabetes.Results.Mean age of participants was48.0±16.9years and 65.7% were female. Participants from urban area represented 55.7%. The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes was 7.6% (6.0% in men versus 9.0% in women). Prevalence of diabetes was higher in urban areas (8.1%) compared to rural areas (4.6%). Disease awareness rate was 43%. After multivariate analysis, age (OR = 1.63,p=0.001), familial history of diabetes (OR = 1.42,p=0.001), and abdominal obesity (OR = 1.17,p=0.05) were associated with diabetes.Conclusion.Diabetes is frequent in urban and rural areas in Senegal. Awareness rate is very low among populations. Age, family history of diabetes, and abdominal obesity are the main risk factors identified.

Status and disparities of diabetes among urban and rural residents aged 40 years and older: insight from a population-based study in northeast China, 2017–2019

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-213755
Author(s):  
Liying Xing ◽  
Yuanmeng Tian ◽  
Li Jing ◽  
Min Lin ◽  
Zhi Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Haemoglobin A1c ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Prevalence

ObjectivesTo evaluate the up-to-date epidemiology of diabetes in northeast China.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2017 and March 2019 using a multistage, stratified and cluster random sampling method. 18 796 participants (28.9% urban and 71.1% rural) aged ≥40 years were enrolled. Diabetes and pre-diabetes were diagnosed according to the history, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels.ResultsThe prevalence of diabetes was 17.1%, higher in urban than in rural residents (20.2% vs 15.8%, p<0.001). Meanwhile, the prevalence of pre-diabetes was 44.3%, higher in rural than in urban areas (49.4% vs 31.8%, p<0.001). The overall FPG and HbA1c were 6.10±1.94 mmol/L and 5.59%±1.08%. The FPG level was higher in rural area than in urban areas (6.15±1.83 mmol/L vs 5.97±2.18 mmol/L, p<0.001). Among participants with diabetes, 47.5% were aware of their diabetes condition; 39.5% were taking antidiabetic medications and 36.8% of people had their diabetes controlled. The awareness and treatment rates in rural areas were lower than those in urban areas (47.3% vs 57.5%, 34.4% vs 49.5%, p<0.001). Patients with diabetic, especially those in rural areas, tended to have multiple risk factors including hypertension (71.7%), overweight or obesity (69.6%) and dyslipidaemia (52.8%).ConclusionA considerable burden of diabetes was observed in northeast China, with high percentage of untreated diabetes, high prevalence of pre-diabetes, high overall FPG level and multiple uncontrolled risk factors in patients with diabetics. Therefore, region-specific strategies on prevention and management of diabetes should be emphasised.

scholarly journals Prevalence of overweight, obesity and its associated risk factors among school children aged 6-16 years of Biratnagar

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay Kumar Sah ◽  
Arun Giri ◽  
Rupak Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Private Schools ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as a ‘global epidemic. Overweight and obese children are at higher risk for developing long-term chronic diseases like hypertension. With globalization bringing more lifestyle modifications, adolescents are exposed to multiple risk factors including obesity, diet, academic stress, lack of physical work apart from hereditary risk factors. Early diagnosis of obesity and hypertension is an important strategy in its control, effective treatment and prevention of complications. The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of and the factors associated with childhood overweight/obesity among school childrenMaterial and Methods It is a school based cross sectional study done in schools of Biratnagar. School going children aged 6 to 16 years from 10 different schools of Biratnagar were taken as study population. Five were private schools and five were government schools. All the school going children aged 6 to 16 years were included in the study. Children with any chronic illness were excluded from the study.Results A total of 1900 students were included between age group of 6 to 16 years. The prevalence of overweight, obesity and hypertension were 2.9%, 1.8% and 6.1%.Conclusion Overweight, obesity was significantly associated with hypertension. Students studying in private schools and family income > Rs.10,000 were strongly associated with overweight, obesity and hypertension. Family history of hypertension was also associated with overweight/obesity.Journal of Nobel Medical College Vol.5(2) 2016; 22-25

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension among persons aged 15–49 in India: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e029714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumitra Ghosh ◽  
Manish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Life Style Changes ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

ObjectivesThis is the first attempt to provide estimates on the prevalence of hypertension at the national, state and district level, a prerequisite for designing effective interventions. Besides, the study aims to identify the risk factors of hypertension.DesignWe analysed cross-sectional survey data from the fourth round (2015–2016) of National Family Health Survey (NFHS). NFHS was conducted between January 2015 and December 2016, gathering information on a range of indicators including blood pressure. The age adjusted prevalence of hypertension was calculated for state comparison, while multilevel logistic regression analysis was done to assess the correlates of hypertension.Setting and participantsIndia (2015–2016; n=811 917) aged 15–49.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome is hypertension, which has been defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg.ResultsThe age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension in India was 11.3% (95% CI 11.16% to 11.43%) among persons aged between 15 and 49 and was four percentage points higher among males 13.8% (95% CI 13.46% to 14.19%) than among females 10.9% (95% CI 10.79% to 11.06%). Persons in the urban location (12.5%, 95% CI 12.25% to 12.80%) had a marginally higher prevalence than persons in rural location (10.6%, 95% CI 10.50% to 10.78%). The proportion of population suffering from hypertension varied greatly between states, with a prevalence of 8.2% (95% CI 7.58% to 8.85%) in Kerala to 20.3% (95% CI 18.81% to 21.77%) in Sikkim. Advancing age, obesity/overweight, male sex, socioeconomic status and consumption of alcohol were found to be the major predictors of hypertension.ConclusionsHypertension prevalence is now becoming more concentrated among the poor. Policy measures should be taken to improve the hazardous working conditions and growing social pressures of survival responsible for ‘life-style’ changes such as consumption of high calorie food and alcohol.

scholarly journals Risk and Triggering Factors Associated with Bronchial Asthma Among School-Going Children in an Urban City of Coastal Karnataka

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Sowmini P. Kamath ◽  
Shrividya Shrishakumar ◽  
Animesh Jain ◽  
Anand Ramakrishna ◽  
Shantharam B Baliga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Trigger Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Triggering Factors ◽  
At Home

Introduction: Asthma is common in childhood and is a major public health issue. The objectives of this study were to identify risk and triggering factors associated with asthma among school children.Material and Methods: A prospective cross sectional study was conducted among 6-15 years old children, over two months in two private schools at Mangalore city. Trigger factors were assessed as per asthma trigger inventory (ATI). Responses were graded from 0-5 score based on ‘never’,’ rarely’, ‘sometimes’, ‘most of the time’ and ‘always’. A predesigned questionnaire suiting the city environment was prepared and used to assess the risk and triggering factors. Analysis was done using SPSS version 16.Results: Asthma and allergic rhinitis in parents (34.1%,40.7%), smoking at home(24.2%), exclusive breast feeding absence (27.5%),early weaning(24.2%), living in a flat (37.4%) and pets at home(37.4%) were risk factors noted. As per ATI, it was found that ‘having a cold’ was the most frequently selected trigger at 94.5% (47.3% ‘sometimes’, 2.2% ‘always’), followed by ‘running’ at 79.1% (27.5% ‘sometimes’, 13.2% ‘always’), and ‘house dust’ at 69.2% (31.9% ‘sometimes’, 6.6% ‘always’). The highest mean was for infections, (2.228, SD=0.546), followed by physical exercise (2.167, SD=0.331). Animal allergens had lowest mean (1.527, SD=0.104), followed by psychological triggers at second lowest (1.579, SD=0.181). However none of the risk and trigger factors had statistical significance with asthma.Conclusion: Avoiding exposure to probable triggers and identifying risk factors would aid in planning effective strategic measures with better quality of life.

scholarly journals How many people have been bitten by dogs? A cross-sectional survey of prevalence, incidence and factors associated with dog bites in a UK community

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carri Westgarth ◽  
Megan Brooke ◽  
Robert M Christley
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dog Bite ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Point Change ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hospital Records ◽  
Dog Bites ◽  
Related Risk

BackgroundDog bite studies are typically based on hospital records and may be biased towards bites requiring significant medical treatment. This study investigated true dog bite prevalence and incidence at a community-level and victim-related risk factors, in order to inform policy and prevention.MethodsA cross-sectional study of a community of 1280 households in Cheshire, UK, surveyed 694 respondents in 385 households. Data included dog ownership and bite history, demographics, health and personality (Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) brief measure). Multivariable logistic regression modelled risk factors for having ever been bitten by a dog, accounting for clustering of individuals within households.ResultsA quarter of participants (24.78%, 95% CI 21.72 to 28.13) reported having ever been bitten by a dog during their lifetime, with only a third of bites described requiring further medical treatment and 0.6% hospital admission. Incidence of dog bites was 18.7 (11.0–31.8) per 1000 population per year. Males were 1.81 times more likely to have been bitten in their lifetime than females (95% CI 1.20 to 2.72, P=0.005). Current owners of multiple dogs were 3.3 times more likely (95% CI 1.13 to 9.69, P=0.03) to report having been bitten than people not currently owning a dog. Regarding all bites described, most commonly people were bitten by a dog that they had never met before the incident (54.7%). Individuals scoring higher in emotional stability had a lower risk of having ever been bitten (OR=0.77 for 1 point change in scale between 1 and 7, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.9, P=0.001).ConclusionThis study suggests that the real burden of dog bites is considerably larger than those estimated from hospital records. Further, many bites do not require medical treatment and hospital-based bite data are not representative of bites within the wider population. Victim personality requires further investigation and potential consideration in the design of bite prevention schemes.

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