Price Variation of Injectable Antibiotics Commonly used in Bharatpur, Chitwan

Introduction: High dispersion in price of injectable antibiotics makes choice of drugs difficult for the patients and increase economic burden. Thus, objective of this study is to find outrange of price variation of injectable antibiotics commonly used in Bharatpur, Chitwan. Methods: Descriptive observational study of 30 commonly used injectable antibiotics available in medical stores of Bharatpur, Chitwan was done. Range in price variation of the study items of different pharmaceutical companies was calculated in terms of price percentage difference and price ratio by selecting the highest and lowest price. The effect of rise in number of companies for the same drugs over the prices was also studied subjectively based upon graph. Results: We found that the price percentage difference was greatest (204.82%) for Ceftriaxone 500 mg. The maximum retail price (MRP) of the most expensive brand for Ceftriaxone 500 mg was almost three-fold higher than the MRP of the least expensive brand. The growing number of companies also increased dispersion in the price of drugs. Conclusions: There is wide range of price variation of injectable antibiotic commonly used in the Bharatpur, Chitwan. Increasing number of companies in the market has further widened the range. Policy to regulate the price of injectable antibiotic is needed.

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Cost analysis study of oral hypoglycemic agents available in Nepalese market

Medical Journal of Shree Birendra Hospital ◽

10.3126/mjsbh.v13i2.13107 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 6-9

Author(s):

Binaya Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Economic Consequences ◽

Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Manufacturing Companies ◽

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents ◽

Price Variation ◽

Average Percentage ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Difference ◽

Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the major causes of morbidity, mortality and needs lifelong treatment. There is a wide range of variation in the prices of antidiabetic drugs marketed in Nepal. Thus, a study was planned to find out price variations in the oral hypoglycemic drugs available singly and number of manufacturing companies for each, also to evaluate the difference in cost of different brands of same active drug by calculating percentage variation of cost.Methods: Cost of a particular drug being manufactured by different companies, in the same strength and dosage forms was obtained from the price list provided by the pharmaceutical companies in Nepal and Indian Drug Review September 2013. The difference in the maximum and minimum price of the same drug manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies and percentage variation in price was calculated.Results: Percentage price variation of the commonly used drugs found was metformin (500mg) 171.42%, metformin (850mg) 128.42%, metformin (1000mg) 80%, pioglitazone (15mg) 150% pioglitazone (30mg) 188.89%, sitagliptin (50mg) 33.33%, sitagliptin (100mg) 40% acarbose (25mg) 39.58%, acarbose (50mg) 32.60%, gliclazide (80mg) 108%, gliclazide (40mg) 83.33%, glibenclamide (2.5mg) 87%, glibenclamide (5mg), 80%, glimiperide (1mg) 91.67%, glimiperide (2mg) 300%, glimiperide (3mg) 100%, glimiperide (4mg) 36.84%.Conclusion: The average percentage price variation of different brands of the same oral hypoglycemic drugs manufactured in Nepal is very wide. The appraisal and management of marketing drugs should be directed toward maximizing the benefits of therapy and minimizing negative personal and economic consequences.

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Patterns of use, effectiveness and safety of gadolinium contrast agents: a European prospective cross-sectional multicentre observational study

BMC Medical Imaging ◽

10.1186/s12880-021-00600-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jarl Åsbjørn Jakobsen ◽

Carlo Cosimo Quattrocchi ◽

Frank H. H. Müller ◽

Olivier Outteryck ◽

Andrés Alcázar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Image Quality ◽

Observational Study ◽

Contrast Agents ◽

Marketing Authorisation ◽

Safety Data ◽

Radiological Diagnosis ◽

Routine Practice ◽

Diagnostic Confidence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Wide Range

Abstract Background The EU gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) market has changed in recent years due to the European Medicines Agency decision to suspend the marketing authorisation of linear GBCA and the marketing authorisation of new generic macrocyclic GBCA. The study aims to understand the patterns of (GBCA) use, and to study the effectiveness and safety of GBCA in routine practice across Europe. Methods Prospective, cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study in patients undergoing contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance. Reported usage patterns included indication, referral and examination details. Assessment of effectiveness included changes in radiological diagnosis, diagnostic confidence and image quality. Safety data were collected by spontaneous patient adverse event (AE) reporting. Results 2118 patients were included from 8 centres across 5 European countries between December 2018 and November 2019. Clariscan, Dotarem (gadoteric acid), Gadovist (gadobutrol) and ProHance (gadoteridol) were utilised in 1513 (71.4%), 356 (16.8%), 237 (11.2%) and 12 (0.6%) patients, respectively. Most were performed in CNS-related indications (46.2%). Mean GBCA doses were 0.10 mmol/kg body weight, except for Gadovist (mean 0.12 mmol/kg). GBCA use increased confidence in diagnosis in 96.2% of examinations and resulted in a change in radiological diagnosis in 73.9% of patients. Image quality was considered excellent or good in 96.1% of patients and across all GBCA. Four patients reported AEs (0.19%), with only 1 (0.05%) considered serious. Conclusions This European study confirmed that GBCAs are used appropriately in Europe for a wide range of indications. The study demonstrated a significant increase in diagnostic confidence after GBCA use and confirmed the good safety profile of GBCAs, with comparable results for all agents used.

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A coma-free super-high resolution optical spectrometer using 44 high dispersion sub-gratings

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80307-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hua-Tian Tu ◽

An-Qing Jiang ◽

Jian-Ke Chen ◽

Wei-Jie Lu ◽

Kai-Yan Zang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Spectral Resolution ◽

Wavelength Region ◽

Ultra Violet ◽

High Spectral Resolution ◽

Visible Range ◽

High Dispersion ◽

Charge Coupled Device ◽

Wide Range ◽

High Resolution Spectrometer

AbstractUnlike the single grating Czerny–Turner configuration spectrometers, a super-high spectral resolution optical spectrometer with zero coma aberration is first experimentally demonstrated by using a compound integrated diffraction grating module consisting of 44 high dispersion sub-gratings and a two-dimensional backside-illuminated charge-coupled device array photodetector. The demonstrated super-high resolution spectrometer gives 0.005 nm (5 pm) spectral resolution in ultra-violet range and 0.01 nm spectral resolution in the visible range, as well as a uniform efficiency of diffraction in a broad 200 nm to 1000 nm wavelength region. Our new zero-off-axis spectrometer configuration has the unique merit that enables it to be used for a wide range of spectral sensing and measurement applications.

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Modelling the atmosphere of lava planet K2-141b: implications for low- and high-resolution spectroscopy

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ◽

10.1093/mnras/staa2487 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 499 (4) ◽

pp. 4605-4612

Author(s):

T Giang Nguyen ◽

Nicolas B Cowan ◽

Agnibha Banerjee ◽

John E Moores

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Ocean Circulation ◽

Scale Height ◽

High Resolution Spectroscopy ◽

Return Flow ◽

High Dispersion ◽

Magma Ocean ◽

Steady State Flow ◽

Wide Range ◽

Very High

ABSTRACT Transit searches have uncovered Earth-size planets orbiting so close to their host star that their surface should be molten, so-called lava planets. We present idealized simulations of the atmosphere of lava planet K2-141b and calculate the return flow of material via circulation in the magma ocean. We then compare how pure Na, SiO, or SiO2 atmospheres would impact future observations. The more volatile Na atmosphere is thickest followed by SiO and SiO2, as expected. Despite its low vapour pressure, we find that a SiO2 atmosphere is easier to observe via transit spectroscopy due to its greater scale height near the day–night terminator and the planetary radial velocity and acceleration are very high, facilitating high dispersion spectroscopy. The special geometry that arises from very small orbits allows for a wide range of limb observations for K2-141b. After determining the magma ocean depth, we infer that the ocean circulation required for SiO steady-state flow is only 10−4 m s−1, while the equivalent return flow for Na is several orders of magnitude greater. This suggests that a steady-state Na atmosphere cannot be sustained and that the surface will evolve over time.

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The Economic Burden of Overactive Bladder (OAB) in Brazil: A Retrospective Observational Study Using Data from the Sistema Unico De Saude (SUS)

Value in Health ◽

10.1016/j.jval.2018.04.833 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 ◽

pp. S122

Author(s):

G Lozano-Ortega ◽

DB Ng ◽

SM Szabo ◽

A Deighton ◽

CM Gomes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Overactive Bladder ◽

Observational Study ◽

Economic Burden ◽

Retrospective Observational Study ◽

Using Data

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Levels of vitamin D among overweight and obese adolescents: an observational study

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20174136 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 1934

Author(s):

T. Prashanth Reddy ◽

Kishore Reddy ◽

Madhu Sudhan Reddy ◽

Manjunath G. A.

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Observational Study ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Vitamin D Status ◽

Obese Adolescents ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Study Results ◽

Wide Range

Background: Normal growth and development requires vitamin D, and its deficiency compromises long term health and increases the risk of chronic disease. Severe vitamin D deficiency include rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, increased risk of fracture, tooth loss. Studies indicate that vitamin D insufficiency (less severe than deficiency) is associated with a wide range of illnesses and chronic conditions, including type 1 diabetes, hypertension, multiple sclerosis and many types of cancer. Currently world is facing an unrecognized and untreated pandemic of vitamin D deficiency. This study aims at showing the relation between Vitamin D status and obesity in adolescent children and to know the dietary factors, life style factors like physical activity contributing to overweight and obesity in adolescents.Methods: Study design: This is an observational study of 30 overweight and obese adolescents based on BMI were studied and their Vitamin D levels were assessed.Results: A total of 14(46.7%) overweight and 16(53.3%) obese adolescents Vitamin D levels were assessed. 20(66.7%) had vitamin D levels <20ng/ml that is in the deficiency range.4(13.3%) had in the insufficiency range (21-30ng/ml), 6(20%) had in the sufficient range. Results shows vitamin D levels were significantly less in obese and overweight adolescents.Conclusions: Study results confirm that Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is common to obese and overweight adolescents, this may help to explain the relationship between obesity and several chronic diseases that are associated with poor Vitamin D status.

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Establishing a national high fidelity cadaveric emergency urology simulation course to increase trainee preparedness for independent on-call practice: a prospective observational study

BMC Medical Education ◽

10.1186/s12909-020-02268-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nicholas Bullock ◽

Thomas Ellul ◽

Suzanne Biers ◽

James Armitage ◽

Sophia Cashman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Prospective Observational Study ◽

Course Completion ◽

Confidence Score ◽

High Fidelity ◽

Emergency Procedures ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Wide Range ◽

Student’S T ◽

Numeric Scale

Abstract Background Whilst competence in the management of a wide range of urological emergencies is a requirement for certification in urology, many conditions are uncommon and exposure during training may be limited. This prospective observational study sought to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a standardised cadaveric emergency urology simulation course aimed at improving operative confidence and competence prior to independent on-call practice in the United Kingdom. Methods A two-day cadaveric emergency urology simulation course supported by the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) was implemented at two pilot centres. All delegates that undertook one of the initial series of courses were invited to complete online pre- and post-course questionnaires relating to prior operative experience, documented competence and perceived confidence in being able to perform specific emergency procedures independently. Primary outcome was a self-reported ‘confidence score’ selected from a linear numeric scale ranging from 1 (not at all confident to perform a given procedure independently) to 10 (fully confident). Statistical analysis was undertaken using SPSS Statistics for Mac Version 25 and the paired student’s t-test used to compare mean pre- and post-course scores. Results One hundred and four delegates undertook the course during the study period. Of these, 85 (81.7%) completed the pre-course survey and 67 (64.4%) completed the post-course survey, with 61 (58.7%) completing both. The greatest proportion of respondents were Speciality Trainees in Urology of ST5 level or higher (equivalent of Resident/Fellows with 4 or more years of surgical training; n = 31, 36.5%). Delegates reported variable pre-course exposure, with most experience reported in loin approach to the kidney (median 10) and least in exploration and packing of a transurethral resection cavity and emergency nephrectomy (median 0). Following course completion, a statistically significant increase in confidence score was observed for each procedure, with the greatest increases seen for shunt for priapism (4.87 to 8.80, p < 0.001), ureteric reimplantation (3.52 to 7.33, p < 0.001) and primary ureteric anastomosis (3.90 to 7.49, p < 0.001). Conclusions A standardised high fidelity cadaveric simulation course is feasible and significantly improves the confidence of trainees in performing a wide range of emergency procedures to which exposure is currently limited.

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Comparison of Above-Water Seabird and TriOS Radiometers along an Atlantic Meridional Transect

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12101669 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1669

Author(s):

Krista Alikas ◽

Viktor Vabson ◽

Ilmar Ansko ◽

Gavin H. Tilstone ◽

Giorgio Dall’Olmo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Ocean Color ◽

Percentage Difference ◽

Wide Range ◽

Before And After ◽

Reference Measurements ◽

Satellite Ocean Color ◽

Good Agreement

The Fiducial Reference Measurements for Satellite Ocean Color (FRM4SOC) project has carried out a range of activities to evaluate and improve the state-of-the-art in ocean color radiometry. This paper described the results from a ship-based intercomparison conducted on the Atlantic Meridional Transect 27 from 23rd September to 5th November 2017. Two different radiometric systems, TriOS-Radiation Measurement Sensor with Enhanced Spectral resolution (RAMSES) and Seabird-Hyperspectral Surface Acquisition System (HyperSAS), were compared and operated side-by-side over a wide range of Atlantic provinces and environmental conditions. Both systems were calibrated for traceability to SI (Système international) units at the same optical laboratory under uniform conditions before and after the field campaign. The in situ results and their accompanying uncertainties were evaluated using the same data handling protocols. The field data revealed variability in the responsivity between TRiOS and Seabird sensors, which is dependent on the ambient environmental and illumination conditions. The straylight effects for individual sensors were mostly within ±3%. A near infra-red (NIR) similarity correction changed the water-leaving reflectance (ρw) and water-leaving radiance (Lw) spectra significantly, bringing also a convergence in outliers. For improving the estimates of in situ uncertainty, it is recommended that additional characterization of radiometers and environmental ancillary measurements are undertaken. In general, the comparison of radiometric systems showed agreement within the evaluated uncertainty limits. Consistency of in situ results with the available Sentinel-3A Ocean and Land Color Instrument (OLCI) data in the range from (400…560) nm was also satisfactory (−8% < Mean Percentage Difference (MPD) < 15%) and showed good agreement in terms of the shape of the spectra and absolute values.

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Analysis of Institutional Factors Affecting Share Prices: The Case of National Stock Exchange

Global Business Review ◽

10.1177/0972150917713865 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 707-721 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Neeraj Nautiyal ◽

P. C. Kavidayal

Keyword(s):

Stock Prices ◽

Stock Price ◽

Transition Period ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

Market Price ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Value Added ◽

Price Variation ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact

This study offers empirical findings on the impact of institutional variables on firm’s stock market price performance. In order to identify the influence of companies financial on NIFTY 50 Index, our sample consists of balanced panel of 30 actively traded companies (that becomes the study’s index representative) over a massive transition period, 1995–2014. Attempts have been made with a wide range of econometric models and estimators, from the relatively straightforward to (static) more complex (dynamic panel analyses) to deal with the relevant econometric issues. Results indicate that increasing debt in capital structure does not establish any significant relation with the stock prices. Earnings per share (EPS) shows a poor explanation of price variation. Economic value added (EVA) indicates a positive relation with current as well as previous year’s stock price performances. However, dividend payout (DIVP) and dividend per share (DPS) achieve negative relationship at moderately significant level. The present study confirms that performance of companies fundamental ratios will be essential and immensely helpful to investors and analysts in assessing the better stocks that belong to different industry groups.

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