scholarly journals Evaluation of Ground Water Quality of Kathmandu Valley and Antibiotic Susceptibility test against Klebsiella pneumoniae

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 83-90
Author(s):  
Samita Ghartimagar ◽  
Puja Khatri ◽  
Swekshya Neupane ◽  
Dev Raj Joshi ◽  
Tista Prasai Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess quality status of ground water in Kathmandu valley and describe the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methods: A total of 100 samples were collected from different places of Kathmandu valley with 50 each from two different groundwater sources namely boring and well. This study was conducted from June to September, 2019 at Environment and Climate Study Laboratory, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST). The physicochemical analysis of the samples was done according to standard methodology. Membrane filtration technique was performed for the enumeration of total coliform and different biochemical tests were performed for isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae followed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method for antibiotic susceptibility test. Results: This study reveals the poor microbiological aspects of ground water sources as 98% of total water samples crossed the standard value for total coliform count. The pH, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate and iron content were found to be higher than Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS 2005) in 15%, 26%, 34%, 7% and 26% of total water samples respectively. The chloride and arsenic content in all the water samples were within the NDWQS, 2005. The 12 out of 18 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from ground water source were highly resistant against first generation Cefazolin however, 15 out of 18 isolates were sensitive to Chloramphenicol. Additionally, four isolates showed zone of inhibition in intermediate range provided by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guideline towards Imipenem and Meropenem. Conclusion: This study concludes that ground water sources were heavily contaminated by coliform bacteria and most of the physicochemical aspects were under standard limit. Although Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from ground water were not multidrug resistant, one isolate was recorded to be resistant to Meropenem. These results alarm for circulation of antibiotic resistance in environmental bacterial isolates. Therefore, the appropriate water purification methods should be applied before consumption and should be examined periodically.

scholarly journals Physicochemical and Bacteriological Water Analysis of Bagmati and Bishnumati River

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Shah ◽  
Shashi Bhushan Chaturwedi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
River Water Samples ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Standard Value ◽  
Bagmati River

 Water pollution, one of the serious environmental issues of the world, results from contaminants being introduced into the natural environment. This study was conducted in the Microbiology laboratory, DAV College, Dhobighat, Lalitpur, Nepal from January to May 2018 with aims to assess the physicochemical and microbiological status of river water of Kathmandu valley. All together 60 water samples were collected, 20 water samples each from different places of Bagmati river, Bishnumati river and river junction (Teku Dovan). The physicochemical parameters including pH, ammonia and iron, hardness and alkalinity were analyzed by standard methods and the microbiological parameters such as total mesophilic count and total coliform count were analyzed by pour plate technique. Among all 60 water samples tested, the temperature (12.8°C), BOD value (3.11 mg/l), iron value (0.87 mg/l) and turbidity (102.2NTU) were found to be highest in Bagmati river water samples whereas the value of TSS (755.2 mg/l), TDS (748.4 mg/l), copper (0.01 mg/l) and COD (911.5 PPM) were found to be highest in water of Bishnumati river. The heavy meals Manganese (0.29 mg/l) and Nickel (0.01 mg/l) were detected only in Bishnumati river water samples. The river junction water samples showed the exceeded value of DO (9.56 mg/l) and chloride (0.12 mg/l). All the 60 samples showed total mesophilic counts more than 300 cfu/ml and the average number of total mesophilic counts were found to be 5.21×106 cfu/ml. The average number of total coliform counts were found to be 2.1×105 cfu/ml in the water samples of Bagmati river, Bishnumati river and river junction. Most of the tested parameter of the samples had more than the standard value of water quality indicating the deterioration of river water quality and thus may affect the aquatic as well as human and animal lives.

scholarly journals Rural Drinking Water Quality Status in Central Development Region, Nepal: A Comparative Study of Spring water and Ground water

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Bishnu Pandey ◽  
Suman Shakya
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Spring Water ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Development Region ◽  
Water Quality Status ◽  
Quality Status

This study assesses the rural drinking water quality status in Central Development Region of Nepal. With a total of 250 samples collected from 15 districts of the region, drinking water quality of spring water and ground water representing hill and Terai (lowland) regions were tested and compared for their physicochemical parameters and faecal coliform contamination.None of the spring samples as well as ground water samples violated National Drinking Water Standards (NDWS) for electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), appearance, chloride and nitrate. Similarly none violated the standards for total hardness (TH) indicating soft nature of the water. The spring samples were within the NDWS for manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) whereas 15.4% and 39.0% of the ground water samples violated the standards for manganese and iron, respectively. Gravity water is found to be more alkaline than ground water. Faecal coliforms were the most problematic in both types of sources followed by Ammonia (NH3) and pH in spring sources and by iron, Mn, pH and ammonia in ground water sources, respectively. Spring sources were more contaminated by bacteria than ground water sources. Correlation and regression analysis revealed highly significant correlations between EC and TDS (r=0.979) and between CaH and TH (r=0.988) in ground water suggesting that aquifer chemistry of ground water to be mainly controlled by EC, TDS, TH, and CaH. Similarly, highly significant correlations were found between the following pairs in gravity water: EC and TDS (r=0.983), TA and TDS(r=0.853), CaH and TDS (r=0.912), TH and TDS (r=0.955), EC and CaH (r=0.898), and between CaH and TH (r=0.951).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v9i0.7074 Hydro Nepal Vol.9 July 2011 52-56

scholarly journals Poor Quality of Treated Water in Kathmandu: Comparison with Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujan Maharjan ◽  
Tista Prasai Joshi ◽  
Sujen Man Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Water Quality Standards ◽  
Treated Water

Objectives: In order to evaluate the quality assurance of drinking water in Kathmandu valley, this study analyzed selected physiochemical and microbial parameters of treated water samples and compared with Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS). Methods: Treated water samples were collected from all over the Kathmandu valley and analyzed in terms of physicochemical and microbiological parameters over the period of one year from July 2017 to July 2018. The physio-chemical parameters of water samples were performed according to standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The total coliforms were enumerated by standard membrane filtration technique. Results: We report that microbiological aspect of treated water was the major problem as 66% of the water samples crossed the guideline value for total coliform count. Above 92% of jar water samples, 77% of tanker water samples and 69% of filtered water samples had the total coliform count exceeding the NDWQS. Moreover, 20% of bottled water was contaminated by coliform bacteria. Iron and ammonia content were found to be higher than the guideline values in 16% and 21% of the total treated water samples respectively. Analyzing the types of treated water samples showed that 35% and 15% of tanker water samples had higher ammonia and iron content respectively, and the same parameters were higher in 23% and 19% in the filtered water samples respectively than the standard criteria recommended by NDWQS. Conclusion: The treated water samples exceed the standard values set by NDWQS and hence had poor quality. The presence of faecal pollution indicating coliform bacteria was the key problem for treated drinking water of Kathmandu valley. Therefore, monitoring and proper treatment of water should be conducted to prevent dissemination of waterborne diseases.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Quality of Kathmandu Valley

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neel Kamal Koju ◽  
Tista Prasai ◽  
Sujen Man Shrestha ◽  
Prakash Raut
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Who Standards

This research was conducted to analyze drinking water quality of Kathmandu valley. Total 969 water samples (392 from dug wells, 287 from deep boring, 218 from treated water, 46 from tap and 26 from other water sources) received from different places of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts during March 2012 to March 2013. These samples were analyzed for the determination of physical (pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity), chemical (hardness, chloride, iron, arsenic, ammonia, nitrate) and microbiological (total Coliform) parameters. It was found that the temperature and nitrate were within the WHO standards while pH, conductivity, turbidity, chloride, iron, arsenic, ammonia, and Coliform bacteria exceeded the WHO standard guideline. In ground water ( well and Boring), pH, conductivity, hardness, turbidity, iron, arsenic, chloride, ammonia and total Coliform count crossed WHO standards as 5%, 2%, 0.8%, 36%, 51%, 0.1%, 2%, 11% and 86 % respectively. Hardness was within the standard in both  reated and tap water samples. Compared to treated water, pH, arsenic and chloride were within the standard in tap water. The common problematic parameters of different sources of drinking were turbidity, iron, ammonia and conductivity. Coliform bacteria were found in 36% samples of treated water whereas 80% tap water samples were contaminated from Coliform bacteria.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12027Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 115-120

scholarly journals Drinking water quality and risk for human health in Pelengana commune, Segou, Mali

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-621
Author(s):  
Amadou Toure ◽  
Duan Wenbiao ◽  
Zakaria Keita ◽  
Abdramane Dembele ◽  
Elsamoal Elzak Abdalla Elzaki
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
World Health

Abstract Water is an indispensable commodity for the survival of all living beings and for their well-being. The objective of this work is to evaluate the level of pollution of different drinking water sources consumed and its link with health in Pelengana commune, Mali. Samples of water were taken from various sources, namely, hand pumps, boreholes, dug wells, and shallow wells for physical, chemical, heavy metals, and bacteriological analyses, using American Public Health Association (APHA) Standard Techniques. Results revealed that the nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−N) values of the water samples from the different water sources had concentrations exceeding the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (US-EPA) regulation of 10 mg/L, as well as World Health Organization Guideline for Drinking Water Quality (WHO GDWQ) (11 mg/L). The same applies to heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, and Fe, in which, concentrations exceed their allowable limits in certain locations. Moreover, apart from water samples from some different boreholes, total coliform, and Escherichia coli have been detected in all selected water sources, which indicates fecal contamination. In all, there is a pressing need to stop the consumption of drinking water from contaminated sources and to effect appropriate treatment.

scholarly journals Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Groundwater Quality of Kathmandu Valley

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-134
Author(s):  
Sujan Maharjan ◽  
Tista Prasai Joshi ◽  
Rashim Koju ◽  
Sujan Man Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Ammonia Content

The limited availability, accessibility and deterioration of the water quality in Kathmandu valley have led to the high demand of ground water. This study aims to evaluate ground water quality of the Kathmandu valley. In this study, the physio-chemical parameters of water samples were performed using standard procedures. Also, total coliforms were enumerated using standard membrane filtration technique to quantify the bacterial contamination. Water samples were collected from July 2017 to July 2018. The results revealed that 56% and 73% of well and boring water samples, respectively exceeded standard value of iron recommended by National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2005. Likewise, ammonia content was higher in 41% of well water and 35% of boring water samples than standard. However, few numbers of water samples were contaminated with arsenic (0.27% and 2.6% of well and boring water samples, respectively) and nitrate (3% and 8% of well and boring water samples, respectively). Besides, 96% of well water samples and 88% of boring water samples were contaminated with total coliform bacteria. Our data indicated that groundwater quality of Kathmandu valley was poor, which was not suitable for direct drinking purposes. Therefore, regular monitoring and treatment of groundwater is recommended before using accordingly.

scholarly journals A Study on Distribution of Water Quality Parameters in Potable/Ground Waters of Visakhapatnam Coastal Region with Multivariate Factor Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 2645-2652
Author(s):  
V.V.K.P.L.N. Murty ◽  
P. V.S. Machiraju ◽  
P. Shyamala ◽  
A. Vinod Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Ground Waters ◽  
Multivariate Factor Analysis

Chemical components of the earth crust influence the ground water quality. In addition, anthropogenic activities also contribute in deteriorating the quality of ground waters and contaminate the water sources. In present study, 22 water samples were collected from the potable/ground water sources in south coastal region of Visakhapatnam district, India during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and characterized for physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), salinity, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TA), bicarbonate, carbonate, chloride, fluoride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium. The distribution of parameters was explained by Box-Whisker plot. Further Piper diagrams were drawn to identify the geochemical expressions between the parameters. Multivariate factor analysis was used to assess the degree of factor loadings and to identify the group of parameters influencing the variance of different water quality parameters. The analytical data indicated that majority of water samples in the study area have higher concentration of TDS, TH, TA, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl−, HCO3 − and F−.

scholarly journals A peep into the state of ground water quality in the district of Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India, from a radiological and chemical toxicity perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Durai Ganesh ◽  
G. Senthilkumar ◽  
P. Eswaran ◽  
M. Balakrishnan ◽  
S. N. Bramha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Uranium Concentration ◽  
The State ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Ground Water Quality ◽  
Led Fluorimeter

AbstractUranium concentration in the ground water samples from the district of Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, was measured using an LED fluorimeter. All the samples were qualified as potable water from the radiological perspective. Though some samples showed mild chemical toxicity, they are still safe for ingestion. Different risk coefficients were calculated, and they were compared with recommended safety limits specified by various agencies. Software tools such as QGIS 15, GraphPad Prism 8 and Surfer 15 were employed for developing maps and plots.

scholarly journals Physiochemical and Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water in Chattogram City, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
Kanij Fatema Nishan ◽  
Nilufa Yeasmin ◽  
Urmi Rani Devi ◽  
Sumiya Akter ◽  
Md. Abu Bakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid

Chattogram is the second most populated city in Bangladesh. This port city faces a serious threat mainly due to the lack of safe drinking water. This study was conducted for determining drinking water quality of groundwater sources in Chattogram city. The study was performed in the BCSIR laboratory, Chattogram. It was carried out for a period of six months from 1st July, 2018 to 31th December, 2018. Total six water samples were collected from three different locations (Baluchora, C&B colony and Khulshi area). Each sampling location consists of two separate sampling points. Physicochemical parameters of the collected samples like Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solid (TDS), Hardness, Turbidity and concentration of Cl, As, Mn, Fe, Pb, Cr and Cd were examined. Microbial parameters like Total Coliform (TC) were also measured. All the analyzed parameters compared with BSTI and WHO drinking water quality standards to understand the overall ground water quality status of the study area. The results reveal that water samples in almost all locations were contaminated with microbial contamination and that the range of physico-chemical parameters was not adequate for consumption. Preliminary treatments like boiling, filtering etc are required before using groundwater for drinking and the necessary measures must be taken for a safe alternative source of drinking water.

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