Reforma prawa fundacyjnego w poglądach Henryka Ciocha

2021 ◽  
Vol 4(165) ◽  
pp. 159-174
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Dębińska-Domagała
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Scientific Output ◽  
Innovative Approach ◽  
Special Place ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Rich

Among the rich and diverse scientific activities conducted by Henryk Cioch, foundation law occupies a special place. This subject matter became the focus of the Professor’s interest since the Law on Foundations came into force. A characteristic feature of his work was a critical and innovative approach to statutory provisions regulating the functioning of the foundation. The whole scientific output of Henryk Cioch allows us to conclude that he postulated the need for a reform of foundation law. The purpose of this article is to analyse the views expressed by Henryk Cioch on the necessity to make the necessary amendments to the existing text of the Law on Foundations. It is, first of all, an indication of those de lege ferenda postulates put forward by the Professor, which have been included either in the hitherto amendments to the Law on Foundations or reflected in the case-law. The analysis contained in this article will focus on the key problems of foundation law, which according to Henryk Cioch were: the concept and types of foundations, the establishment of foundations, the system of foundations and supervision over their activities, transformation and abolition of foundations.

Territorial Sovereignty Issues in Maritime Disputes: A Jurisdictional Dilemma for Law of the Sea Tribunals

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Buga
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Territorial Sovereignty ◽  
Boundary Disputes ◽  
Maritime Boundary ◽  
Maritime Disputes ◽  
The Law

Abstract It is unclear whether Law of the Sea tribunals under the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC, or the Convention) have jurisdiction to determine maritime boundary disputes involving concurrent land sovereignty issues. The text of the Convention and case law are silent in this respect. The only reference is in LOSC Article 298(1)(a)(i), which allows States to make declarations exempting maritime delimitations from compulsory dispute settlement, excluding concurrent territorial questions even from conciliation. However, it leaves unclear whether concurrent land sovereignty issues are also excluded in the absence of such declarations. There are indications that LOS tribunals may be able to decide ancillary land issues so long as these do not constitute the ‘very subject-matter’ of the dispute, or rely on an alternative jurisdictional basis. The question of competence over mixed disputes may be less extensive in effect than is often believed. States should not avoid initiating proceedings based on the view that LOS tribunals might not ultimately exercise jurisdiction.

scholarly journals El Derecho ante las emergencias ordinarias. El confuso marco jurídico actual y una propuesta para su ordenación.

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-245
Author(s):  
Javier MORENO GARCÍA
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Management ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Civil Protection ◽  
Rescue Services ◽  
Legal Response ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Rich

LABURPENA: Babes zibileko eskubide tradizionala, larrialdi oso larri eta katastrofikoetara zuzenduta dagoena, oso desberdinak diren larrialdien erregulazioa eta kudeaketa hartzen ari da bere gain. Larrialdi berezi horiek egunez egun gertatzen dira, gizarte baten edo pertsona-talde baten ohiko funtzionamendua aldatu gabe; larrialdi arrunt deritze. Lan honek emaitza horretara eraman duen prozesua deskribatzen du, arau-bilakaera eta Konstituzio Auzitegiaren jurisprudentzia ugaria aztertuz, bai babes zibilari dagokionez, bai larrialdiak arautzen dituzten araudi sektorialei dagokienez. Horren ondoren, proposatzen da babes zibileko eskubideak larrialdi larrienei soilik zuzenduta egon behar duela, aparteko erantzun juridikoa behar duelako, eta ohiko larrialdien aurrean administrazio publiko guztien erantzuna bermatu eta koordinatzera bideratutako diziplina bat eraiki behar dela, argi eta garbi bereizita laguntza-zerbitzua zuzenean ematetik, zeina, alderdi desberdinetan, administrazio sektorialei baitagokie: osasungintza, suhiltzaileak, poliziak edo salbamendua eta erreskatea lehorreko, itsasoko eta aireko eremuetan. Biak, ohiz kanpoko larrialdiak eta larrialdi arruntak, diziplina zabalagoan biltzen dira, zuzenbide konparatu aurreratuenak larrialdiak kudeatzeko eskubide gisa deitzen duen diziplinan, alegia. ABSTRACT: The traditional Law on civil protection aimed at the severe or catastrophic emergencies is taking up the regulation and management of some other different emergencies, those that happen from the day to day without altering the functioning of a society or a group of persons, the so called ordinary emergencies. This work describes the process that has led to this result by means of the analysis of the normative evolution and the rich case law of the Constitutional Court, both with reference to the area of the civil protection and to the sector-specific regulations on emergencies. After that, it is advanced the proposal that the Law on civil protection be exclusively aimed at the most severe emergencies given the extraordinary legal response that require and that a legal discipline is created to ensure and coordinate the response by all public administrations in the face of ordinary emergencies, crearly differentiated from the direct provision of assistance that in their different facets corresponds to sector-specific administrations: health, firemen, police, rescue services in the field of land, sea and air. Both, severe and ordinary emergencies, are assembled in a broader legal branch of study called by the most advanced Comparative law Emergency Management Law. RESUMEN: El tradicional derecho de protección civil, dirigido a las emergencias muy graves y catastróficas, está asumiendo la regulación y gestión de otro tipo de emergencias muy distintas, las que día a día acontecen sin alterar el ordinario funcionamiento de una sociedad o colectivo de personas, denominadas emergencias ordinarias. Este trabajo describe el proceso que ha conducido a este resultado a través del análisis de la evolución normativa y de la abundante jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional, tanto en relación con la materia protección civil, como con las normativas sectoriales que regulan las emergencias. Tras ello, se formula la propuesta de que el derecho de protección civil siga exclusivamente dirigido a las emergencias más graves, dada la extraordinaria respuesta jurídica que requieren, y que se construya una disciplina dedicada a garantizar y coordinar la respuesta de todas las administraciones públicas ante las emergencias ordinarias, claramente diferenciada de la directa prestación del servicio de auxilio que, en sus distintas faceta, compete a las administraciones sectoriales: sanitaria, bomberos, policías o salvamento y rescate en los ámbitos de tierra, mar y aire. Ambas, emergencias extraordinarias y ordinarias, se agrupan en una disciplina más amplia denominada por el derecho comparado más avanzado como derecho de gestión de emergencias.

Romans 8: Dead to the Law, Alive in the Spirit

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Lohse
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Interpretation ◽  
Philosophy Of Law ◽  
Interpretive Theory ◽  
The Law ◽  
Interpretive Strategies ◽  
Civil Death ◽  
Romans 8

This essay comments on the nature of the language of the law and legal interpretation by exam- ining their effects on their recipients. Two forms of philosophy of law are examined, legal positiv- ism and teleological interpretive theory, which are then applied to their specific manifestations in literature and case law, both relating to antebellum slave law. In these cases, the slave sustains civil death under the law, permissible by means of these legal interpretive strategies.

The Constitutional Principle of Accountability: A Study of Contemporary South African Case Law

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuks Okpaluba
Keyword(s):  
Judicial Review ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Law ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
The Many

‘Accountability’ is one of the democratic values entrenched in the Constitution of South Africa, 1996. It is a value recognised throughout the Constitution and imposed upon the law-making organs of state, the Executive, the Judiciary and all public functionaries. This constitutional imperative is given pride of place among the other founding values: equality before the law, the rule of law and the supremacy of the Constitution. This study therefore sets out to investigate how the courts have grappled with the interpretation and application of the principle of accountability, the starting point being the relationship between accountability and judicial review. Therefore, in the exercise of its judicial review power, a court may enquire whether the failure of a public functionary to comply with a constitutional duty of accountability renders the decision made illegal, irrational or unreasonable. One of the many facets of the principle of accountability upon which this article dwells is to ascertain how the courts have deployed that expression in making the state and its agencies liable for the delictual wrongs committed against an individual in vindication of a breach of the individual’s constitutional right in the course of performing a public duty. Here, accountability and breach of public duty; the liability of the state for detaining illegal immigrants contrary to the prescripts of the law; the vicarious liability of the state for the criminal acts of the police and other law-enforcement officers (as in police rape cases and misuse of official firearms by police officers), and the liability of the state for delictual conduct in the context of public procurement are discussed. Having carefully analysed the available case law, this article concludes that no public functionary can brush aside the duty of accountability wherever it is imposed without being in breach of a vital constitutional mandate. Further, it is the constitutional duty of the courts, when called upon, to declare such act or conduct an infringement of the Constitution.

A Russian Island in the Orthodox East: Mount Athos in the 19th – early 20th Centuries

2018 ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Лора Герд ◽  
Lora Gerd
Keyword(s):  
The Balkans ◽  
Special Place ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich

Mount Athos holds a special place in the East Christian world. The Russian monastery foun-ded in the 11th century experienced its height in the 19th – early 20th centuries, when it received an official title “Russian” and its brethren numbered up to 1800 people. The deep respect towards the Holy Mount in Russia, the diplomatic support from the Russian Embassy at Constantinople and the rich donations contributed to the prosperity of “Russian Athos”. The systematic indepth study of the sources made it possible to rewrite the history of this unique phenomenon on the Balkans.

Formation of Contract and Third Parties in Cambodia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ly Tayseng
Keyword(s):  
Academic Writing ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Third ◽  
Contract Formation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Formal Requirements

This chapter gives an overview of the law on contract formation and third party beneficiaries in Cambodia. Much of the discussion is tentative since the new Cambodian Civil Code only entered into force from 21 December 2011 and there is little case law and academic writing fleshing out its provisions. The Code owes much to the Japanese Civil Code of 1898 and, like the latter, does not have a requirement of consideration and seldom imposes formal requirements but there are a few statutory exceptions from the principle of freedom from form. For a binding contract, the agreement of the parties is required and the offer must be made with the intention to create a legally binding obligation and becomes effective once it reaches the offeree. The new Code explicitly provides that the parties to the contract may agree to confer a right arising under the contract upon a third party. This right accrues directly from their agreement; it is not required that the third party declare its intention to accept the right.

Contracts for the Benefit of Third Parties in Japan

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masami Okino
Keyword(s):  
Case Analysis ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
German Model ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
The Law

This chapter discusses the law on third party beneficiaries in Japan; mostly characterized by adherence to the German model that still bears an imprint on Japanese contract law. Thus, there is neither a doctrine of consideration nor any other justification for a general doctrine of privity, and contracts for the benefit of third parties are generally enforceable as a matter of course. Whether an enforceable right on the part of a third party is created is simply a matter of interpretation of the contract which is always made on a case-by-case analysis but there are a number of typical scenarios where the courts normally find the existence (or non-existence) of a contract for the benefit of a third party. In the recent debate on reform of Japanese contract law, wide-ranging suggestions were made for revision of the provisions on contracts for the benefit of third parties in the Japanese Civil Code. However, it turned out that reform in this area was confined to a very limited codification of established case law.

Property Rights, Fiduciary Duties, and the Control of Assets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruna Nair
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Fiduciary Duties ◽  
Legal Power ◽  
The Law ◽  
Fiduciary Relationships ◽  
Relationship Of

This chapter examines the law governing the availability of claims to traceable proceeds. It argues that the language used in the case law—which uses the terminology of property rights and of fiduciary relationships—cannot fully explain the law, since such claims are often available in the absence of fiduciary duties and are not available to holders of many types of property right. It argues that such claims instead presuppose a relationship of ‘control of assets’: where the defendant has a legal power to deal with some asset, correlating to a vulnerability to a loss of rights in that asset on the part of the claimant, and coupled with a duty not to exercise the power. It argues that relationships that have this formal structure also share normative characteristics that justify the subordination of defendant autonomy that has been shown to be at the heart of the tracing concept.

scholarly journals A tale of two citizens: The Brey-Dano proportionality gap in UK courts and tribunals

2021 ◽  
pp. 138826272110049
Author(s):  
Victoria E. Hooton
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
National Level ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The Law

The role of proportionality and individual assessments in EU residency and welfare access cases has changed significantly over the course of the last decade. This article demonstrates how a search for certainty and efficiency in this area of EU law has created greater uncertainty, more legal hurdles for citizens, and less consistency in decision-making at the national level. UK case law illustrates the difficulty faced by national authorities when interpreting and applying the rules relating to welfare access and proportionality. Ultimately, the law lacks the consistency and transparency that recent CJEU case law seeks to obtain, raising the question of whether the shift from the Court's previous, more flexible, case-by-case approach was desirable after all.

scholarly journals The Principle of Directive-Compliant Development of the Law and the Contra Legem Limit

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-488
Author(s):  
Thomas M.J. Möllers
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Broad Term ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Classical Methodology ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Methodology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Domestic Law

AbstractThe Europeanisation of domestic law calls for a classical methodology to ‘update’ the established traditions of the law. The relationship between European directives and national law is difficult, since directives do apply, but European legal texts need to be implemented into national law. Whilst directives are not binding on private individuals, there is no direct third-party effect, but only an ‘indirect effect’. This effect is influenced by the stipulations of the ECJ, but is ultimately determined in accordance with methodical principles of national law. The ECJ uses a broad term of interpretation of the law. In contrast, in German and Austrian legal methodology the wording of a provision defines the dividing line between interpretation and further development of the law. The article reveals how legal scholars and the case-law have gradually shown in recent decades a greater willingness to shift from a narrow, traditional boundary of permissible development of the law to a modern line of case-law regarding the boundary of directive-compliant, permissible development of the law.

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