scholarly journals Nadzor nad mikrobiološkim statusom zraka u zdravstvenoj ustanovi u prostorima za sterilizaciju

Sigurnost ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-318
Author(s):  
Anita Rakić ◽  
Katja Ćurin ◽  
Ivana Gjeldum
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar ◽  
Mesophilic Bacteria ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
By Products

SUMMARY: Microorganisms in the air are part of the bioaerosol which is composed of different particles of biological substances, dust particles, bacteria cells and their portions, mould spores and a number of by-products of their metabolism. This research focuses on analysing the primary microclimate indicators (temperature and relative humidity) and the presence of microorganisms in the work environment (air). Measurements were taken after the process of sterilisation of infective waste over three months with the objective to determine the total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and the total number of moulds. The microclimate indicators were measured with an attested device. The study monitored the microbiological purity of the air in a given place using the sedimentation method, with samples subsequently processed in a microbiology lab in keeping with the prescribed standards. After incubation and following the counting of developed colonies on microbiological substrates (Tryptic soy agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar), different strains of bacteria and moulds were identified. The most common were Gram (+) sporogenes bacteria Micrococcus spp and Staphylococcus spp., and as for fungi the most commonly found were Aspergillus spp and Penicillium spp. It was found that temperature and relative humidity affect the total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and fungi which was confirmed using the Wilcoxon equivalent pairs test at the level of statistic significance p<0.05.

scholarly journals Review Article: Indoor Biological Contaminants in the Built Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-45
Author(s):  
Nur Baitul Izati Rasli ◽  
Nor Azam Ramli ◽  
Mohd Rodzi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Elderly Care ◽  
Child Day Care ◽  
Biological Contaminants ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Dominant Bacteria ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Occupants of buildings spent most of their time indoors and posed themselves to the indoor biological contaminants (i.e. bacteria and fungi) in the built environment. However, the factors that influenced the prevalence of suspended bacteria and fungi in the air of the built environment are not well recognised. Authorities must take the growth of biological contaminants seriously to prevent serious health effects among occupants of buildings. This review summarises the factors (i.e. outdoor air, dust, ventilation problems, humidity/moisture surface problems and human occupancy) of indoor biological contaminants and their species in buildings that could worsen the indoor air quality. Bacteria species could exist in various indoor buildings (i.e. schools, cafeterias, mosques, faculties, child day-care centres, hospitals, dwellings, educational buildings, homes, elderly care centres, libraries, restaurants, and factories). The dominant bacteria were Bacillus spp. (24.1 %), Staphylococcus spp. (20.7 %), and Micrococcus spp. (20.7 %) whereas for fungi species were Penicillium spp. (25 %), Cladosporium spp. (21.9 %), and Aspergillus spp. (21.9 %).

scholarly journals Isolation and identification of some genera and species of bacteria and fungi from conjunctiva in cattle in Al-Diwaniya city

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
H. H. H. Handool
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Moraxella Bovis ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigates ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Penicillium Spp

This study was designed to identify some genera and species of bacteria and fungi that infect conjunctiva in cattle, as the studies on this subject are few somewhat, especially those that include isolating fungi that infect the conjunctiva as rare cases and that may be caused by low body immunity after topical corticosteroid and antibacterial therapy to an inflamed eye, This study included examination of (100) eye swabs, from cows from different ages and regions in diwaniya city. This study extended from 1/5/2012 – 27/11/ 2012. The samples were collected from clinically healthy and infected eyes of animals. (7) bacterial species were isolated they included Staphylococcus spp. 26.4% , E. coli 24.8%, Staphylococcus aureus 19% , Moraxella bovis 9.9% , Streptococcus spp. 8.3%, , , Pseudomonas spp. 8.3%, Proteus spp. 3.3%. The isolated bacteria were 121, Gram-positive bacteria were 63 (52.1%) while Gram-negative bacteria 58 (47.9%). Many types of bacteria isolated from healthy swabs 75 (62%) and 46 (38.1%) from infected swabs. The study also included isolation and identification of some species of fungi associated with the mycotic conjunctivitis in cattle, the observed study Aspergillus niger was the most frequent species isolated and was accounted to 37.5% of all isolates, while other fungi included Aspergillus fumigates 25% , Alternaria spp. 25% and Penicillium spp. 12.5%.

scholarly journals Exposure Assessment of Airborne Bacteria Emitted from Swine Manure Composting Plant

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1283
Author(s):  
Ki-Youn Kim
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Swine Manure ◽  
Airborne Bacteria ◽  
Particulate Matters ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Rotary Type

This study was performed to investigate the distribution characteristics of airborne bacteria emitted from swine manure composting plants. The types of swine manure composting plants selected for the survey in this study were as follows: screw type, rotary type, and natural dry type. Mean levels of airborne bacteria in swine manure composting plants were 7428 (±1024) CFU m−3 for the screw type, 3246 (±1407) CFU m−3 for the rotary type, and 5232 (±1217) CFU m−3 for the natural dry type, respectively. Based on the results obtained from this study, the swine manure composting plant operated by screw type showed the highest concentration of airborne bacteria, followed by the natural dry type and rotary type. The monthly concentration of airborne bacteria was the highest in August and the lowest in November, regardless of the type of swine manure composting plant. The respirable size of airborne bacteria accounted for about 50% of the total. The ratio of respirable to the total quantity of airborne bacteria was 50%. The correlation relationships between airborne bacteria and environmental factors (temperature, relative humidity, particulate matters, and odor) were not found to be significant in the swine manure composting plants. The predominant genera of airborne bacteria identified were Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia(E-coli) spp., Enterococcus spp., and Enterobacteriaceae spp.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Evaluation of Schiff Bases of 4-Amino-5-(chlorine substituted phenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione as Antimicrobial Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Kishor Devkota ◽  
Govinda Pathak ◽  
Bhushan Shakya
Keyword(s):  
Schiff Base ◽  
Schiff Bases ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Triazole Ring ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Spectral Techniques ◽  
Schiff Base Derivatives ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Different Strains

Triazole ring system has attracted a continuously growing interest of synthetic organic chemists and those dealing with the medicinal compounds due to its versatile potential to interact with biological systems. Schiff bases are also considered as one of the most biologically active compounds.  The aim of the present study was to synthesize new Schiff bases bearing triazole nucleus and to assess their antimicrobial activities. Four new Schiff base derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione were synthesized by combining two different pharmacophores viz. triazole nucleus and Schiff base moiety and were characterized by spectral techniques (UV, FT-IR, and NMR). The Schiff bases were evaluated for antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and antifungal (Candida albicans) activities. The synthesized compounds exhibited good to moderate activities against different strains of bacteria and fungi tested.

scholarly journals Microbial Contamination in Some Commercial Biscuits in Baghdad City

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 867-875
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

This study has been conducted to know the level of microbial ( bacteria and fungi) contamination in 5 types of biscuits from local markets of Baghdad city. Fifty samples (ten sample for each kind of biscuit) were studed,Two are local,others are Iranian,Turkish,and Holandies. The following results have been achieved :1. The highest number of bacteria was 21.6×103 cell/g in Iranian biscuit while the lowest number was 14.3× 103 cell/g in local biscuit No.1 . The highest number of fungi was 16×103 colony/g and the lowest number was 5.3×103 colony/g in the Iranian and the local biscuit No.1,respectively.2. Staphylococcus aureus was the major bacteria appeared at highest level of 100% in Turkish biscuit. The lowest percentage was found in Hollandian biscuit with 37.28%. Bacillus cereus was the major bacteria with a percentage of 100% in local biscuit No.2 where as the lowest was in local biscuit No,1with a percentage of 20.93%, while it was not existed in Turkish biscuit. Esherichia coli was found in Hollandian biscuit at highest rate of 38.98% , the lowest value was appeared in Iranian biscuit with 28.16% while it was not exited in local biscuit No.1,2 and Turkish biscuit.3. Aspergillus niger appeared at highest level of 66.66% in Hollandian biscuit, while was the lowest 37.73% in local biscuit No.1 and not existed in local biscuit No.2, The highest value of A.flavus was 69.76% in local biscuit No.2 and the lowest value in Hollandian biscuit in percentage 8.33%. It has not appeared in Iranian and Turkish biscuit. The A. terreus appeared at highest rate in Turkish biscuit with 33.33% , the lowest value was in local biscuit No.2 at 11.62% and was not appeared in Hollandian biscuit.The Penicillium spp. Was found at highest rate 25% in Hollandian biscuit , the lowest value of 9.52% was appeared in Turkish biscuit.

scholarly journals Synergistic effect of water-soluble species and relative humidity on morphological changes in aerosol particles in the Beijing megacity during severe pollution episodes

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaole Pan ◽  
Baozhu Ge ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Yu Tian ◽  
Hang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Urban Site ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Aerodynamic Diameter ◽  
Soluble Species ◽  
Pollution Episodes

Abstract. Depolarization ratio (δ) of backscattered light is an applicable parameter for distinguishing the sphericity of particles in real time, which has been widely adopted by ground-based lidar observation systems. In this study, δ values of particles and chemical compositions in both PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) and PM10 (aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm) were concurrently measured on the basis of a bench-top optical particle counter with a polarization detection module (POPC) and a continuous dichotomous aerosol chemical speciation analyzer (ACSA-14) from November 2016 to February 2017 at an urban site in Beijing megacity. In general, measured δ values depended on both size and sphericity of the particles. During the observation period, mass concentrations of NO3- in PM2.5 (fNO3) were about an order of magnitude higher than that in PM2.5−10 (cNO3) with a mean fNO3∕cNO3 ratio of 14±10. A relatively low fNO3∕cNO3 ratio (∼5) was also observed under higher relative humidity conditions, mostly due to heterogeneous processes and particles in the coarse mode. We found that δ values of ambient particles in both PM2.5 and PM2.5−10 obviously decreased as mass concentration of water-soluble species increased at unfavorable meteorological conditions. This indicated that the morphology of particles was changed as a result of water-absorbing processes. The particles with optical size (Dp) of Dp = 5 µm were used to represent mineral dust particles, and its δ values (δDp=5) decreased by 50 % as the mass fraction of cNO3 increased from 2 % to 8 % and ambient relative humidity increased up to 80 %, suggesting that mineral dust particles were likely to be spherical during humid pollution episodes. During the observation, relative humidity inside the POPC measuring chamber was stable at 34±2 %, lower than the ambient condition. Its influence on the morphology was estimated to be limited and did not change our major conclusion. This study highlights the evident alteration of non-sphericity of mineral dust particles during their transport owing to a synergistic effect of both pollutant coatings and hygroscopic processes, which plays an important role in the evaluation of its environmental effect.

THE IONIZATION OF THE ATMOSPHERE MEASURED FROM FLYING AIRCRAFT

1931 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 625-635
Author(s):  
D. C. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Negative Ions ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Measuring Apparatus ◽  
Positive Ions ◽  
Humidity Measurements ◽  
Water Drops ◽  
Atmospheric Ionization

The Gerdian type of atmospheric ionization measuring apparatus was attached to a cabin aeroplane so that the state of ionization of the atmosphere could be studied. The limitations of the apparatus for aeroplane use are discussed. Measurements were taken from ground level to heights of 15000 ft. The results are plotted in number of ions per cc. (separate curves for positive and negative) at different altitudes.The results indicate that at the cloud level there is an abnormal excess of small positive ions and a minimum in the excess of positive ions over negative ions from 4000–6000 ft. higher. This does not include large ions such as charged water drops or dust particles. The observations were taken in regions free from clouds, the cloud level being determined by observation on clouds in the sky, and by relative humidity measurements taken at the same time.

scholarly journals Studies of Biologically Active Heterocycles: Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Some 2,5-Disubstituted-1,3,4-Oxadiazoles

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Nagalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Oxychloride ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Shigella Dysenteriae ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Antimicrobial Evaluation ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Agar Well Diffusion Method

1,3,4-oxadiazoles are important because of its versatile biological actions. In the present study, several 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (3a-o) have been synthesized by the condensation of 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide (1) with various aromatic acids (2a-o) in presence of phosphorus oxychloride. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds have been established on the basis of elemental analysis, UV, IR and 1H NMR spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro growth inhibiting activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus and the results were compared with the standard antibiotics such as chloramphenicol (50?g/ml) and Griseofulvin (50?g/ml) using agar diffusion technique. Compounds 3b, 3e, 3g, 3h, 3j, 3m and 3n exhibited strong antibacterial activity and compounds 3a, 3d, 3g, 3h and 3i showed good antifungal activity. Key words: 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide, phosphorus oxychloride, antimicrobial evaluation, agar well diffusion method. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 6(2): 69-75, 2007 (December)

Characterization of Bacteria and Fungi Bioaerosol in the Indoor Air of selected Primary Schools in Malaysia

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Husna Mat Hussin ◽  
Lye Munn Sann ◽  
Mariana Nor Shamsudin ◽  
Zailina Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Inadequate Ventilation ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

This study reports the types and concentrations of bacterial and fungal bioaerosols found in five randomly selected primary schools in Malaysia. Normal flora bacteria was the most frequently isolated bacteria including Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. Terribacillus spp. found in this study had never been reported before. The most frequently isolated fungal genera were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Rhizopus and Zygomycetes. The average concentration of bacteria in indoor and outdoor air were 1025 ± 612 CFU/m3 and 1473 ± 1261 CFU/m3, respectively, while the average concentration of fungal bioaerosol in indoor and outdoor air were 292 ± 83 CFU/m3 and 401 ± 235 CFU/m3, respectively. The percentages of bacterial and fungal samples that were within the American Conference of Industrial Hygenists (ACGIH) recommended levels were 44% and 33.8%, respectively. The ratio of indoor to outdoor fungi concentration was below 1.0, suggesting minimal indoor generative source for fungal bioaerosols. However, the ratio of indoor to outdoor bacteria concentration was approaching 1.0, suggesting the presence of potential internal generative source and inadequate ventilation. Building occupants might be one of the potential sources of bacteria in the indoor air as the bacteria concentrations without occupants were significantly lower than with occupants (p < 0.05).

scholarly journals Antimicrobial effects of spices and herbs essential oils

2009 ◽  
pp. 195-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Skrinjar ◽  
Nevena Nemet
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Food Preservatives ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Spices and herbs have been used as food additives since ancient times, as flavouring agents but also as natural food preservatives. A number of spices shows antimicrobial activity against different types of microorganisms. This article gives a literature review of recent investigations considering antimicrobial activity of essential oils widely used spices and herbs, such as garlic, mustard, cinnamon, cumin, clove, bay, thyme, basil, oregano, pepper, ginger, sage, rosemary etc., against most common bacteria and fungi that contaminate food (Listeria spp., Staphylococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia spp., Pseudomonas spp., Aspergillus spp., Cladosporium spp. and many others). Antimicrobial activity depends on the type of spice or herb, type of food and microorganism, as well as on the chemical composition and content of extracts and essential oils. Summarizing results of different investigations, relative antimicrobial effectiveness can be made, and it shows that cinnamon, cloves and mustrad have very strong antimicrobial potential, cumin, oregano, sage, thyme and rosemary show medium inhibitory effect, and spices such as pepper and ginger have weak inhibitory effect.

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